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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

"PEDRO RUIZ GALLO"

FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND


Math

Professional School: ING. COMPUTATION and IT

THESIS PROJECT

EXPERT SYSTEM FOR THE GRANADILLA PLANT

Authors:

BERNUY FUJIHUARA KENYI

CHIRINOS ACUÑA GUSTAVO ENRIQUE

RAMIREZ DIAZ FRANK

Adviser:

ING. BRICEO SALVADOR IVAN

CHICLAYO - PERU

MAY - 2019
I

Dedication
We dedicate this work to our families, teachers and friends, who are the pillar, support and

encouragement in our day to day to achieve the goals that we have set, both professionally

and personally.
II

Thanks
Thank God first who gave us life, health, and has allowed us to reach this point.

To our families for the unconditional support they give us.

To the engineers who are the ones who contributed to our academic and professional

training our engineer and Doctor Ivan Salvador Briceño for his guidance and

contribution in the development of this research project.


III

Index

SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 1

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 92

1.1 INVESTIGATION LOGIC MARK .................................................................................................

114...............................................................................................................................................

11

1.1.1BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................................................

114...............................................................................................................................................

11

1.1.2THEORETICAL BASE ..................................................................................................................

147...............................................................................................................................................

14

1.1.3OPERATIONALIZATION OF VARIABLES..............................................................................

5854.............................................................................................................................................

58

2.1METHODS AND MATERIALS .......................................................................................................

6057.............................................................................................................................................

60

2.1.1MATERIALS ...................................................................................................................................

6057.............................................................................................................................................

60
IV

2.1.2METHODS .......................................................................................................................................

6057.............................................................................................................................................

60

3.1RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .......................................................................................................

6259.............................................................................................................................................

62

4.1.CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................

7461.............................................................................................................................................

74

5.1RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................................................

7663.............................................................................................................................................

76
V

TABLE INDEX
Table 1 : Recommendations for soil preparation in seedling adequacy. .................................. 38

Table 2 : Recommendations for soil disinfection in seedling adequacy .................................. 39


VI

IMAGE INDEX
Figure 1. 1: Architecture of the Expert System31 .................................................................................................. 30

Figure 1. 2: Secadera disease38 ............................................................................................................................. 37

Figure 1. 3: Secadera disease38 ............................................................................................................................. 37

Figure 1. 4: Purple Leaf Virus Disease44 .............................................................................................................. 43

Figure 1. 5: Chicken Eye Disease46 ...................................................................................................................... 45

Figure 1. 6: Fruit Gnathy Disease49 ...................................................................................................................... 48

Figure 1. 7: Grey Mold Floral Button Disease52 ................................................................................................... 51

Figure 1. 8: Floral Button Fly Plague53 ................................................................................................................. 52

Figure 1. 9: Floral Button Fly Plague53 ................................................................................................................. 52

Figure 1. 10: Plague Trips54 .................................................................................................................................. 53

Figure 1. 11: Plague Trips55 .................................................................................................................................. 53

Figure 1. 12 : Red Arañita Plague (Acaro)56 ......................................................................................................... 54

Figure 1. 13 Plague Nematodes ............................................................................................................................ 55

Figure 1. 14 Chizas Plague .................................................................................................................................... 56

Figure 1. 15 Fruit Fly Plague60 ............................................................................................................................. 58

Figure 1. 16 Floral Button Fly Plague .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
VII
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Summary
The cultivation of granadilla, can be affected by many diseases and pests, these can be prevented

very carefully so that they do not disperse throughout the crop and cannot affect the trade.

This research project presents an expert system that analyzes the symptoms of both diseases,

pests and viruses of the granadilla, detecting and providing the possible treatment to prevent

the loss of the crop.

The expert system collects the data entered, then verifies it in the knowledge base, uses the

method of inference and finding that the data match one of the diseases, pests or viruses, gives

the answer the name of the possible disease, as to treat it, prevent it and if it does not find

matches, such an expert system will continue to learn by adding this new knowledge.

It should be clarified that such knowledge of the expert system is given by an agronomist, but

that it still does not replace human knowledge, but will serve as a support and aid tool for the

identification of the disease faster.


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Introduction
This research project is based on artificial intelligence in the area of expert systems, abstracts

the knowledge of agronomists, storing it in a knowledge base and using the inference method

to find the possible Disease. So, it is proposed "EXPERT SYSTEM FOR GRANADILLA

FLOOR" LAMBAYEQUE-2019.
10

CHAPTER I:

THEORETICAL

DESIGN
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1.1 LOGIC OF INVESTIGATION

1.1.1. GENERAL AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

OVERALL GOAL

 Develop a research project on the expert system for the granadilla plant,

such that it allows to have knowledge about the diseases that affect the

granadilla plant.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

 Analyzing the requirements of the expert system for the granadilla plant

 Increasing the dissemination of expert systems

 Get the knowledge of the expert system for the granadilla silver

 Check the results of the expert system for the granadilla plant

1.1.2 Background

International level

Antecedent 1

TITLE: "Expert System for diagnosing Zika disease based on fuzzy logic"

AUTHOR: Kelvy Alex Gonzales Cassas

UNIVERSITY: Universidad Mayor de San Andrés

YEAR: 2016 - Bolivia

CONCLUSION: The developed expert system improves the diagnosis of Zika

disease in the specialty of infectology by doing the following:


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Diagnosis is done quickly and reliably, provided that the patient's data provided in

the consultation with the specialist doctor is reliable and sufficient.

Antecedent 2

TITLE: "Expert System for Traditional Bolivian Medicine"

AUTHOR: Guillermo Isaac Choque Aspiazu

UNIVERSITY: Decan American University

YEAR: 2015 - Bolivia

CONCLUSION: Traditional medicine comprises various practices, approaches,

knowledge and health beliefs including plants, animals and/or mineral-based

medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises where Expert

systems are the first major practical application of intelligent systems released from

abusing research labs.

National Level

Antecedent 3

TITLE: "Mobile Expert System for Diagnosing Comprehensive Pest Management

in Rice"

AUTHOR: Barrantes Angulo Carlos Jonathan & Vigo Portilla Luis Alberto

UNIVERSITY: National University of Trujillo

YEAR: 2015 - Trujillo

CONCLUSION: The implementation of the expert system was carried out with the

Quick Guide to the Development of Expert Systems, which was very useful for us
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to generate our knowledge rules to train the systemexpert. Some UML diagrams

based on a mobile software approach were used in the design.

Antecedent 4

TITLE: "Expert System for the Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases in the Central

Hospital of the National Police of Peru Luis N. Sáenz"

AUTHOR: Jackal the Rose Harold Anderson

UNIVERSITY: Inca Garcilaso de la Vega University

YEAR: 2015 - Trujillo

CONCLUSION: The portability of the expert system for the diagnosis of

respiratory diseases satisfactorily influences the processes of efficiency and

effectiveness, in terms of the satisfaction of its users by having the system in

different web browsers and various hardware devices, features that describe this

quality indicator.

Regional level

Antecedent 5

TITLE: "Expert System to Promote Tourism in the Lambayeque Region - Peru"

AUTHOR: Ramos Farroñan Emma Veronica & Valdivia Salazar Carlos Alberto

UNIVERSITY: Señor de Sipan University

YEAR: 2017 - Chiclayo

conclusion:

Antecedent 6

TITLE: "Intelligent system to support the control of the endangered species

“white-winged guan”
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AUTHOR: Marshal Carhuamaca Victor Hugo

UNIVERSITY: Santo Toribio Catholic University of Mogrovejo

YEAR: 2012 - Chiclayo

CONCLUSION: When the tests carried out with the prototype of the expert system

under study were based on accurate diagnostics. Which have been confronted with

the diagnoses made by the expert specialist in his daily work, which showed a

performance of the prototype of the expert system with a very acceptable reliability.

1.1.3 THEORMICAL BASE

A. Artificial Intelligence

1. Definition

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes

by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include

learning (the acquisition of information and rules for the use of information),

reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definitive conclusions), and

self-correction. The particular applications of theAIinclude expert systems,

speech recognition and artificial vision.

The term AI was coined by John McCarthy, an American computer scientist,

in 1956 during the Dartmouth Conference, where discipline was born.

Today, it's a general term that encompasses everything from robotic process

automation to today's robotics. It has gained prominence recently due in part

to the large volumes of data, or the increase in speed, size and variety of data

that companies are collecting. AI can perform tasks such as identifying


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patterns in data more efficiently than humans, allowing companies to learn

more about their data. (Margaret, 2019)

2. Areas related to Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is an umbrella concept that encompasses any

technology that allows computers to mimic human abilities. In this sense,

areas such as Robotics, Parallel Computing, Natural Language Processing,

Automatic Learning, Deep Learning are part of Artificial Intelligence. All

these areas seek, in their own way, to automate activities that humans make

them natural and intuitive. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

Artificial Intelligence-Related Sciences

There are several sciences related to Artificial Intelligence, this chapter

identifies seven sciences that for its greatest approach is presented_in_thed

As they are Philosophy, Mathematics, Robotics, Computer Engineering,

Linguistics, Psychology. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

Computational Engineering and Artificial Intelligence

Computer engineering studies the development of automated systems and

the use of programming languages; The analysis, design and use of

hardware and software to achieve the implementation of the most advanced

industrial and telematic applications is also focused.

Philosophy is a science (knowledge of things by its causes, of the universal

and necessary), which has been practiced, since the time of the Greeks or

was classical. It was they, who first began to ask themselves profound

questions about all that surrounded them. Therefore, the first glimpses of

philosophy, were seen in the field of nature. (Romero Barrón , 2011)


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Contributions:

a) For the existence of Artificial Intelligence a mechanism is necessary to

support it (hardware). Tools are also needed to develop Artificial

Intelligence programs. The implementation and study of systems that

exhibit (either by their behavior or apparently) autonomous intelligence

or self-behavior, sometimes inspired by the characteristics of living

beings. Computer science is related to AI, as software and computers are

basic tools for the development and advancement of artificial

intelligence. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

b) Expert systems that is a computer program, intelligent, that uses the

acquaintance and the procedures in cough of iinferences to solve

problems that are suficientementete difficult as to require significant

experiinhumancia for its solution. It makes extensive use of

knowledgeintospeciialized, as does an expert human. Works on a

specific domain. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence

Philosophy is a science (knowledge of things by its causes, of the universal

and necessary), which has been practiced, since the time of the Greeks or

was classical. It was they, who first began to ask themselves profound

questions about all that surrounded them. Therefore, the first glimpses of

philosophy, were seen in the field of nature. (Romero Barrón , 2011)


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Contributions

a) Laws Governing Thought (Logical),A first attempt is made by a

psychologist: Allen Newell and an Economist: Herbert Simon,

integrating cognitive psychology research, with the fledgling techniques

of logical programming, building the first chess players and

demonstrators of automatic theorems, which then become the first steps

of the discipline that eventually John McCarthy, creator of the LISP

language, will call as: Artificial Intelligence (the first model of artificial

intelligence was of the functionalist type and was supported in the

Church-Turing thesis). (Romero Barrón , 2011)

b) It is based on the creation of intelligent programs, capable of solving

problems that until now were considered only that humans could solve,

without worrying whether or not these programs simulate the way

humans think; they're wrong. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence

It is known as mathematics or mathematics, as appropriate to custom, to the

study of all those properties and relationships that involve abstract bodies,

such as numbers and geometric figures, through exact basic notations and

reasoning Logical. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

Contributions

a) Gottfried Leibniz, created the first formal system of logic. The

important thing about this system is that it can be used to build

machines that perform calculations automatically. Euler, for its part,


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laid the foundation for the theory of graphs, which are currently used

inartificial intelligence. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

b) Charles Babbage created the differential machine, which was used to

calculate the values of certain functions. This machine is a key point, as

it lays the foundations of processing and calculation performed by

machines, although it certainly cannot be said to be intelligent. He also

designed the analytical machine, a general purpose programmable

machine, which lays the foundations of architecture that would later be

used by comput. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

c) George Boole, as he laid the foundation for formalizing the laws of logic

through the creation of Boole's algebra. Later mathematicians took their

work and continuedrum advancing in this field. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

d) Gottlob Frege creates a mathematical spec language to describe

arithmetic. His work is found in the work known as The Basics of

Arithmetic. Frege's language is now known as the calculation of first-

rate predicates and is used in artificial intelligence to infer new true

expressions. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

e) Russell & Whitehead worked on a mathematical system that could

represent mathematics through operations and axioms. His work is

applied in artificial intelligence, particularly in systems that allow to

check theorems automatically. (Romero Barrón , 2011)


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f) Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

Robotics is a science or branch of technology, which studies the design and

construction of machines capable of performing tasks performed by humans

or requiring the use of intelligence. The sciences and technologies from

which it derives could be: algebra, programmable automatons, state

machines, mechanics or computing. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

Contributions

a) It is one of the most exciting fields of application in A.I.; Robots are

physical agents that perform tasks by physically manipulating the world;

because they are agents and perform their work autonomously, robots

that are controlled by a human operator are excluded, as are those that

do routine tasks, since the AI seeks robots with autonomous systems.

The word Robot comes from the Slovak voice Robot, which means

Forced Worker. Actually, this branch began as a science fiction story,

but it was very interested in A.I. developers. The first Robots could only

follow awhite line painted on theground. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

b) The relationship of robotics, already mentioned above, with Artificial

Intelligence is that the first is in charge of designing and building

machines that through programs created by Artificial Intelligence

imitate behavior and understanding are capable of carrying out repetitive

or human-threatening tasks. (Romero Barrón , 2011)


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Computational Linguistics and Artificial Intelligence

Computational linguistics is a multidisciplinary field of linguistics and

computing that uses computing to study and treat human language. To

achieve this, it tries to logically model the natural language from a

computational point of view. Such modeling does not focus on any of the

particular areas of linguistics, but is an interdisciplinary field involving

linguists, computer scientists specializing in artificial intelligence, cognitive

psychologists and logic experts, among Other.

It uses computer science to study and treat human language, trying to

logically model natural language from a computational point of view.

(Romero Barrón , 2011)

Contributions

a) Support for computer users with text processing, e.g. correction of

typing and spelling errors, proof of grammatical correction, change in

Japanese or Chinese ideograms. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

b) Automatic search in text passages (intelligent search for information)

and, by the way, not only its form, but its meaning (information retrieval

and search engines) (Romero Barrón , 2011)

c) Support when translating texts in another language (computer-aided

translation) or also machine translation. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

d) Speech language processing (speech recognition and speech synthesis),

for example, in telephone information service or in reading devices for

the blind. (Romero Barrón , 2011)


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e) From the search for large information from bibliographies to the direct

answering of questions based on large data banks (information retrieval,

data mining, information extraction). (Romero Barrón , 2011)

Psychology and Artificial Intelligence

Psychology is the science that studies mental processes. The word comes

from the Greek: psycho- (soul or mental activity) and -logy (study). This

discipline analyzes the three dimensions of the aforementioned processes:

cognitive, affective and behavioral. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

Contributions

a) Analogies are created between the computer and the mind: both have a

material support, on the one hand (hardware) and mental states or

programas (software) on the other side. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

b) Understand diverse aspects of the human mind and intelligence in

general and, in essence, the final judgment they will have to face will

have to do with the quantity and quality of explanations they provide

about the nature of mental activity. (Romero Barrón , 2011)

c) SHRDLU is designed is a program that lives in an imaginary world of

geometric figures in color, that is able to manipulate these figures on a

surface when asked, that represents itself this world, and that can answer

questionss about its life in this world. (Romero Barrón , 2011)


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B. Representation of Knowledge

1. Definition

Representing knowledge in Artificial Intelligence is the process of

transforming it into a domain or symbolic language to be processed on a

computer, whose fundamental purpose is to represent knowledge in a way

that facilitates inference ( conclusions) based on that knowledge. Discusses

how to formally think about how to use a symbol system to represent a

domain of speech (which can be talked about), along with functions that

allow you to infer (formal reasoning) on objects. (Lopez, 2017)

2. Artificial Intelligence Representation Feature

 Coverage means that the representation of knowledge covers


information in width and depth.
 Understandable by humans. The representation of knowledge is seen
as a natural language, so logic should flow freely.
 Consistency. Being consistent, the representation of knowledge can
eliminate redundant or conflicting knowledge.
 Efficiency.
 Ease of modification and updating.
 Support for intelligent activity used by the knowledge base. (Jorge,
2015)

3. Types of Knowledge in Artificial Intelligence

Declarative knowledge

They are facts about objects or situations. It has greater expressive capacity,

less creative or computational capacity. It is passive knowledge, expressed

as judgments about the facts of the world around us (knowing what to do).
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It can be represented with relational models and logic-based schemas.

Relational models can represent knowledge in the form of trees, graphs, or

semantic networks. Logical rendering schemas include the use of

proportional logic and predicate logic. (Jorge, 2015)

Procedural Knowledge

It is that compiled knowledge that refers to how to perform a certain task

(knowing how to do it). For example, the steps required to solve an algebraic

equation are expressed as procedural knowledge. Procedural models and

their representation schemes store knowledge in the way they do things.

They can be characterized by formal grammars, usually implemented by

procedural systems or languages and rules-based systems (production

systems). For example, the steps required to solve an algebraic equation are

expressed as procedural knowledge. (Jorge, 2015)

Heuristic knowledge

It is a kind of spice of knowledge used by humans to solve complex

problems. The heuristic adjective means means means to discover. It is

related to the Greek word heuriskein which means to discover, to find.

Heuristics are a criterion, strategy, method or trick used to simplify

troubleshooting. (Jorge, 2015)

4. Semantic Networks

Definition:

A semantic network or network representation scheme is a form of linguistic

knowledge representation in which concepts and their interrelationships are

represented by a network. In case there are no cycles, these networks can be


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displayed as trees. Semantic networks are used, among other things, to

represent conceptual and mental maps.

In a graph or semantic network, semantic elements are represented by nodes.

Two semantic elements that are supported are the semantic relationship that

represents the network, will be joined by a line, arrow, or link or edge.

Certain types of nonsymmetric relationships require directed networks that

use arrows instead of lines. (Lopez, 2017)

Target of the semantic network

The goal of semantic networks is to develop an infrastructure to generate

data that computers can understand, so that they can be shared and processed

not only by people but also by automated tools

Ways to represent semantic networks

There are two possible ways to represent a semantic network, which are

defined below:

A graph: This concept belongs to the computer sciences (also called

communication sciences, combine computing and information theory) and

mathematics, and is a set of elements called nodes or vertices they are

connected through links known as arcs or edges, through which it is possible

to establish binary relationships (they occur between elements of two sets

and offer ordered pairs that meet a certain property) between those objects.

A tree: C while a semantic network does not represent a cycle, then it is

possible touse a tree, which is a graph in which any pair of vertices must be

connected by a single path. This relationship system is also known as a free

tree and if it is part of a group, then we talk about forest. The graph present
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in the tree must meet a number of requirements, such as having no cycles

and being related (any two vertices are joined by at least one path) until any

of its edges are removed. (Lopez, 2017)

Semantic network features

 Complex networks organized into hierarchies:

 They don't have a preset vocabulary of representation

 representation in natural language processing

 very limited formalism for more complex domains

 Easy graphical understanding (Lopez, 2017)

C. Expert System

1. Definition

In a first approximation and linking with the definition of AI proposed by

Turing we can accept the description of System Expert is a program for a

computer that is able to acquire, reason and explain those reasoning based

on knowledge introduced by a knowledge engineer to a computer are also

programs that simulate the behavior of human expert systems when solving

problems.

As a general rule, experts solve the problems of their specialization based

on experience. Very succinctly, this experience consists of knowledge of

facts and problem solutions. The development of expert systems is intended

to structure this knowledge of facts and solutions of problems in such a way

that they are stored on a computer and processable by a program. Therefore,


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Expert Systems are computer programs, in which human knowledge has

been reflected. But since human knowledge is extremely complex, we have

to limit ourselves, in these "technical imitations" to very delimited

specialized fields. (Alvarez Munárriz, 1994)

2. Features

 It's a computer program.


 He has a great deal of knowledge about the problem, the result of
experience.
 It performs reasoning similar to what a human expert would do in
the face of the problem posed.
 You can operate on qualitative data in addition to quantitative data
 You can draw conclusions from incomplete or uncertain data.
(García Higuera & Castillo García, 2007)
3. Types of Expert Systems

There are many points of view from which Expert Systems can be
classified. Some of them are:

By the way knowledge is stored: Se can distinguish systems based on rules

and systems based on probability. Thus in the first case, knowledge is stored

in the form of facts and rules, while the second, the knowledge base consists

of facts and their probabilistic dependencies; in the first case the inference

engine operates by chaining rules back and forth, while the second case

operates by evaluating conditional probabilities. Finally there are also

differences in the acquisition of knowledge and the method of explanation.

(Leon Quintanar, 2007)

Because of the nature of the task to be performed: here are four

possibilities:
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 Diagnostic or Classification: Solutions are known and are tried to

classify or diagnose them based on a series of data. For example:

medical diagnostic system.

 Monitoring: analysis of the behavior of a system looking for possible

failures, in this case it is important to contemplate the evolution of

the system because not always the same data give rise to identical

solutions.

 Design: It seeks the construction of the solution to a problem, which

is in principle unknown, from data and restrictions to satisfy.

 Prediction: The behavior of a system is studied.(Leon Quintanar,

2007)

By user interaction:

 Support: the system advises the user, who maintains the capacity of

a last decision. For example, the medical diagnosis.

 Control: the system acts directly without human intervention.

 Critical: Your mission is to analyze and criticize decisions made by

the user.(Leon Quintanar, 2007)

By limiting the time to make decisions:

 Unlimited time: for example, those who use casual knowledge, who

are looking for sources of a problem that has occurred and whose

analysis does not need to be immediate.

 Limited time (real time): systems that need to act by monitoring or

monitoring devices and that need to make immediate decisions in


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the face of problems that arise. For example, the control of a

communications network.(Leon Quintanar, 2007)

By the temporal variability of knowledge:

 Static: The knowledge base is not altered during the decision

process.

 Dynamic: Changes occur in the knowledge base during decision-

making. These changes are predictable or unpredictable and can

either add information or modify existing information.(Leon

Quintanar, 2007)

By the nature of stored knowledge:

 Based on experience: Knowledge is based on experiences or facts

known to the expert, but without there being a clear cause for the

effects observed.

 Based on cause-and-effect relationships.(Leon Quintanar, 2007)

For the certainty of information:

 Complete or perfect: All the data and rules needed for the decision

are known.

 Imperfect: which may be incomplete (missing information to make

decisions), Uncertain data (or unconfirmed), Uncertain knowledge

(rules not always valid), Ambiguous terminology (double senses,

etc.).(Leon Quintanar, 2007)


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4. Advantages

 The knowledge of an expert system can be easily copied and stored,

making it very difficult to lose them.

 Another advantage of human-savvy systems is that the computerized

expert is always at full capacity. When a human gets tired, the

accuracy of his advice may decline. However, the computer expert

will always provide the best possible opinions within the limitations

of their knowledge.

 One last advantage of an expert system is that after a computer expert

exists, you can create a new expert by simply copying the program

from one machine to another. A human needs a lot of time to become

a specialist in certain fields, making it difficult for new human

specialists to appear. (DIANA, s.f.)

5. Disadvantages

 Creativity: Humans can respond creatively to unusual situations,

expert systems can't.

 Sensory Experience: Humans have a wide range of sensory

experience availability. And expert systems currently rely on

symbolic input.

 Degradation: Expert systems are not good at recognizing when there

are no answers or when problems are out of your area (DIANA, s.f.)
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6. Architecture

Just as in conventional programming you can distinguish between the

program code and the data in an Expert System are considered three basic

components, the knowledge base, the fact base and the inference engine.

(Pino Diez, Gómez Gómez, & De Abajo Martínez , 2015)

Figure 1. 1: Architecture of the Expert System

The knowledge base consists of all the amount of information available

about the field in which the application is developed. This information

should contain both the contrasted facts and the beliefs and heuristics

acquired by specialists through experience. The order in which the basic

elements of information are included in the knowledge base is not normally

determinative, i.e. they can be entered into the base as extracted from the

specialist. This is particularly interesting both at the time of construction and

in the debugging of the knowledge base. (Pino Diez, Gómez Gómez, & De

Abajo Martínez , 2015)


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The fact-based ness elates are made up of data on the specific situation to be

considered. In addition, it can be used as auxiliary or working memory to

store reasoning modes and how they have been used. Thus, under the

requirements of the end user, the system must be able to explain how it has

managed to reach the final results. This clarification and transparency in

reasoning mode is most often of vital importance to the end user, due to the

skepticism still existing in a large part of the occasions about the functioning

of these systems. (Pino Diez, Gómez Gómez, & De Abajo Martínez , 2015)

The inference engine is a program that manages the information existing in

the knowledge base and the data of the fact-based, confronting them to build

a series of frictions that lead to the results. Basically, you can use two

different friction modes: "forward chaining" and "backward chaining". In

the first, a rule can be applied when the conditions indicated on the left side

(premises) are met in the situation considered, indicated in the fact-finding

or working report. If this occurs, the conditions expressed on the right side

of the rule are added to the fact-based basis and the reasoning process

continues. In the backward chainism is part of a set of hypotheses that are

contrasted with the right parts of the knowledge base rules. Applying a rule

replaces the initial goal with a set of subjectires indicated by the premises

of the applied rule and continues the process. (Pino Diez, Gómez Gómez, &

De Abajo Martínez , 2015)

In addition to those already considered there is another fundamental part

included in the ideal architecture of an SE. It is formed by the modules used

for man-machine communication. Normally the end user of an SE is non-


32

specialized personnel, i.e. not related to its development and

implementation; for this reason, it must be ensured that it has a high degree

of accessibility and ease of use. Therefore, special emphasis is placed on the

construction of modules that allow easy dialogue between the user and the

SE. The current trend is the establishment of a natural language conversation

using a subset of words normally used in the field of the developed

application. Another alternative way is the display of graphics that allow

easy manipulation. (Pino Diez, Gómez Gómez, & De Abajo Martínez ,

2015)

7. Knowledge Engineering

The engineering of Knowledge consists in generating new knowledge,

which previously did not exist, from the information contained in the

document databases and by crossing the content of the documents.

Knowledge engineering logically starts from the actor-network theory, as it

reveals networks and generates new ones. In addition, it makes use of the

theory of Translation – Translation, since by approaching and relating

actors, a "molding" or translation is produced to bring the utterances or

modalities to new stages of evolution.

As an engineering, it must use quantitative and instrumental techniques and

methodologies. Thus, networks describe them mathematically using graph

theory. To determine the strength of the links, it uses similarity or closeness

indexes and associated word analysis is a fundamental algorithm.

Alternatively, analysis can also be used using neural networks. The

associated word analysis is based on "reading" the documents and


33

generating cognitive socio-networks based on the association of the words

in the documents. This procedure must necessarily be carried out using

computer systems with specific software. The result is what are called

KNOWLEDGE BASES, as opposed to databases, which contain only data.

Knowledge Engineer is the discipline of AI that provides methods and

techniques for the development and maintenance of knowledge-based

systems (EXPERT SYSTEMS) (Bailón Moreno, s.f.)

8. Prolog

Prolog is a semi interpreted programming language. How it works is very

similar to Java. The source code is compiled to a byte code which is

interpreted in a virtual machine called Warren Abstract Machine (commonly

called WAM).

That's why a Prolog development environment consists of:

 A compiler: Transforms the source code into byte code. Unlike Java,

there is no Standard about it. Therefore, the byte code generated by

a development environment does not have to work in the interpreter

in another environment.

 An interpreter: Executes the byte code. A shell or top-level.It is a

utility that allows you to test the programs, debug them, etc. Its

operation is similar to the command line interfaces of operating

systems.
34

 A utility library: These libraries are generally very spacious. Many

environments include (fortunately) standard-ISO libraries that allow

basic functionalities such as manipulating strings, input/output, etc.

Generally, development environments offer extensions to the language such

as constrained, concurrent, object-oriented programming, and so on. It

would be unfair not to mention the most popular development environment

here: SICStus Prolog, although it is a commercial (not free) development

environment.

SICStus, CIAO Prolog, and possibly others offer built-in environments

based on Emacs that are very easy to use. CIAO Prolog also offers an auto-

documenter similar to the existing one for Java as well as a program

preprocessor. Virtually all of them are cross-platform. (Sergio, s.f.)

9. granadilla

La granadilla is a fruit native to Tropical America, grown from the north of

Argentina to Mexico (Leal, 1990). The species name is due to the glands,

very elongated petiolates and liguliforms, called ligulas that line the base of

the leaf. For its exquisite sweet and aromatic taste, granadilla is a fruit of

great acceptance for fresh consumption; sweet and pleasant juice is

consumed with seeds.

Colombia is one of the most important fruit producers worldwide, along

with Venezuela, South Africa, Kenya and Australia (University of the

Andes, 1994). During the Royal Botanical Expedition of the New Kingdom

of Granada, in 1865, Palomino and Restrepo (1991), they quoted that of

Juss. described 13 species including the granadilla (Passiflora ligularis).


35

Between 2004 and 2007, the area planted with granadilla increased from

1,920.4 to 3,010 ha corresponding to 1.36% of the National area dedicated

to fruits according to figures of the National Fruit Plan (Tafur et al., 2006).

With important areas in the departments of Cundinamarca, Caldas, Huila,

Quindío, Valle and Santander. For the same period, domestic granadilla

production increased from 20,464.7 t to 32,075 t (calculations based on CCI

information).

This crop is an important source of foreign exchange for the country.

Between January and August 2008, Colombian exports of exotic fruits

totaled US$29 million. During 2007, international sales of these products

reached US$34 million, which accounted for 14.9 million kg, according to

figures from the National Department of Statistics (Dane, 2008). Granadilla

exports totaled US$2.5 million, during the first eight months of 2008,

according to statistical information from Dane. In 2007, international sales

of this fruit reached US$705,701, equivalent to 643,969 kg gross.

Commercialized International Select Fruits S.A. was in 2007 the main

Colombian exporter of granadillas, with US$179,681. Agrovita USA

followed, with US$95,760; Ocati Ltda, with US$88,947; Novacampo S.A.,

with US$73,542, and El Tesoro Fruit, with US$51,012, among others.

Antioquia, with 38% was the leading department in international sales of

granadilla during 2007, followed by Cundinamarca (36%), Nariño (14%)

and Bogota (12%) (Dane, 2008).

This document aims to make an approach to the most efficient production

of the crop, describing its management in an integral way; because it has


36

been established, it has not had adequate technological support derived from

comprehensive and non-reductionist investigative processes. This has led to

a decrease in the areas of Colombia's major producing regions, in contrast

to the linkage of new production areas in which they may also be limited if

a research plan is not established with Systemic Vision (CCI, 2001).

10. Granadilla Diseases

a) Secadera

CAUSAL AGENT:

Nectarian haematodocha and its anamorphous state Fusarium sp.

SYMPTOMS AND DAMAGES:

Symptoms of the drying are initially presented in hojas and then passed

on to the stem. This disease occurs in different states of crop

development, including from mussels. The following is a description

according to the affected area:(Garcia, 2007)

Leaves:

Chlorosis or yellowing of the leaves, which then passes to a light brown

systemic burning, the leaf is detached and at the site of insertion of the

leaf is observed a brown necrosis that over time grows and advances

upwards , partially covering the stem.(Garcia, 2007)

Stem:

When necrosis covers the entire stem, chlorosis is generalized, the plants

take on a flaccid appearance, causing a strong withering of the leaves,

wrinkling of the fruits and finally the death of the plant. In an advanced
37

state of disease, the fruiting bodies of the fungus are seen to be tiny

points of intense red color.(Garcia, 2007)

Figure 1. 2: Secadera disease

Figure 1. 3: Secadera disease

RECOMMENDATIONS AND PHYTOSANITARY

MANAGEMENT

Phytosanitary management of seedlings and muses

Location

Set the seedbed and mussels outside the crop, to prevent pests and

diseases that occur in the garden fromaffectingthe the seedlingthat's

goingto be planted.Tantor the semiimuller asthemussels must bebenear

the house, having water,have goodaeration,lighting and beingfenced

in.(Garcia, 2007)
38

Fitness

Seedlings: Depending on the number of seedlings, you can build the

seedlings with adobes on the floor or in plastic traysthat are easy to use

and require little floor.

Musks: Similarly, build with wood the supports where the bags for

musks are placed; the sizedepends dAndltosungddAndseedlings

aproduce. These tables mustnhave amaximum width of one meter, to

place between 4 and 6 rows of bags.(Garcia, 2007)

Soil preparation

Follow the recommendations in Table 2

Table 1 : Recommendations for soil preparation in seedling adequacy.

Soil disinfection
39

Before using the soil for seedbeds or mussels, disinfect the same soil as

recommended in Table 3.(Garcia, 2007)

Table 2 : Recommendations for soil disinfection in seedling adequacy

Treatment Recommendation

• Moisten the soil with Basamid (Dazomet) beforehand, then spur with
40 to 60 grams per square meter of commercial product, mix well and
Chemical cover with plastic for 10 days.
• Then uncover and stir; then wait 15 days for use.

• Moisture solarization: place soil in eras 10 to 20 centimeters high by


one meter wide and the length that is required; then moisten it to field
capacity.
• Cover with 2 or 4 gauge clear plastic sealing the entire era.
• Do this work in an open place to ensure constant sun exposure.
Physical • Do not forget that the solarification period should last at least 20 days
in the year and 30 days in winter.
• Place the floor on a plastic to avoid contact with the soil and moisture
loss.
• This method helps to control weeds, insects and harmful fungi present
in the soil and promotes the presence of beneficial fungi.

Messed annex

Seed extraction: ensure that the fruits have optimum maturity,

development and come from a crop that isdesected by its high yield and

proven health care.(Garcia, 2007)

 Place the seed in fermentation for 48 hours (mileinits own juice).

 Wash in a strainer until clean.


40

 Dry in the shade on newspaper.

Germination:

Toensure good germination leave the milesin soak for 24 hours before

planting.

Planting:

Utilice grooves 20 centimeters deep and 5 centimeters away. The tray

quantity can be 80 to 100 seeds distributed in 4 to 6 grooves and on soil

between 80 and 100 for each groove. Apply irrigation and maintain good

moisture; in summer water more often than in winter; cover the seedbed

with tights or coasts to avoid the action of the sun or birds(Garcia, 2007)

Selection:

When the seedlings have reached 7 centimeters in height select the best

ones. Moisten the soil for easy removal without causing root wounds.

With a palin take out several seedlings at once, separating them

manually; select those that have a good root system, that is, that has a

pivoting root or long turnip and healthy secondary roots; avoid injuring

or damaging the roots and remove seedlings with deformed roots or with

the problem called marran tail.(Garcia, 2007)

Transplant:

Con a todayer form a suitable gap to dis- tax the roots;theneck of the

root shouldstaycoveredAndto thelevelof thesurfaceof thebags,

whichmustlocate inthetables or palletstothere's good lighting

andaeration; watermoderately eliminatetheweeds,addmycorrhizals in


41

aproportion of 15gramsbybag,of8 a.m.15 days after the transplant. Use

bag (6 x 10 or 6 x 11 inches).(Garcia, 2007)

RECOMMENDATIONS AND PHYTOSANITARY

MANAGEMENT OF THE CROP

Preventive management practices

 Use healthy seed.

 Handle vectors, especially green parrot, aphids, mites and trips.

 Permanently monitor the crop.

 Handle the arvenses (weeds) in a timely manner.

 Apply masking substances such as zinc ligates,

 magnesium and boron.

 Do not spray insecticides for vecto control because aphids

generally do not colonize the grana- dilla, as they are kept in

weeds and other crops.

 Remember: the virus is transmitted by using contaminated

mowers or mache- teas.(Garcia, 2007)

CONTROL METHODS

Viral diseases are not controlled with chemical products. In regions

where the virus has not been detected, measures must be taken to prevent

its arrival.(Garcia, 2007)

Physical handling:

If you observe plants with purple leaf symptoms remove them

immediately. In regions where the disease is already in place it is


42

virtually impossible to control its progressive spread, and where it has

little incidence, the virus can decrease or slow its progression by

performing immersion of machetes and prunings in a suspension of

soapy water to prevent the rapid spread of the virus.

Biological management:

Release Chrysoberyl sp. in doses of 5,000 individuals per 2,000 square

meters for the management of immature states of the green parrot,

aphids, mites and trips.(Garcia, 2007)

b) Purple Leaf Virus

CAUSAL AGENT: Soy Mosaic Virus (SMV)

SYMPTOMS AND DAMAGES: The virus is transmitted through

aphids. The disease is characterized by the presence of purple hues along

the veins and ribs of the leaves. In the beam a soft mosaic and a chlorotic

speckling are observed, while on the underside, lesions are observed

between reddish and large purples (5 to 10 mm), shape and irregular

edges. In principle the lesions appear to be starry and as they grow they

spread along the ribs and veins of the leaves, reaching cover them to

form large purple, purple or reddish spots, very similar to the damage

caused by scalding or blowing sun on the leaves. On tender buds or buds,

the leaves deform and wrinkle. (Figure 2 and 3). Figure 2. Diseases and

Pests of Granadilla 10 Once the disease is established in a few plants,

aphids transfer the disease to healthy plants. In places where there are

few plants affected, the virus only causes symptoms in the leaves, but in

areas where the incidence and severity are high in the crops, all kinds of
43

symptoms occur in the fruits, deteriorating the quality of them.(Garcia,

2007)

Figure 1. 4: Purple Leaf Virus Disease

RECOMMENDATIONS AND PHYTOSANITARY

MANAGEMENT OF THE CROP

Preventive management practices

 Use healthy seed.

 Handle vectors, especially green parrot, aphids, mites and trips.

 Permanently monitor the crop.

 Handle the arvenses (weeds) in a timely manner.


44

 Apply masking substances such as zinc, magnesium and boron

chelate.

 Do not spray insecticides for vector control because aphids

generally do not colonize granadilla, as they are kept in weeds

and other crops.

 Remember: the virus is transmitted by using contaminated

mowers or machetes.(Garcia, 2007)

CONTROL METHODS

Viral diseasesare not controlled with chemical products. In regions

where hasn’t been detected the virus it's measures must be taken to

prevent their arrival.(Garcia, 2007)

Physical handling:

If you observe plants with purple leaf symptoms remove them

immediately. In regions where the disease is already in place, it is

virtually impossible to control its progressive spread, and where it has

little incidence, the virus you can slow down or slow your progress by

doing immersion of machetes and pruning in a water suspensionsoapy

to prevent the rapid spread of the virus.(Garcia, 2007)

Biological management:

Release Chrysoberyl sp. in doses of 5,000 individuals per 2,000 square

meters for the management of the immature states of the green parrot,

aphids, mites and tripe(Garcia, 2007)


45

c) Chicken Eye

CAUSAL AGENT:

Phomopsis sp.

SYMPTOMS AND DAMAGES:

It is severe in high humidity conditions. It affects the leaves, where it

causes round lesions with chestnut concentric rings in its center

surrounded by a chlorotic halo. Chicken eye causes widespread

seedling chlorosis and premature leaf drop if timely control measures

are not taken. (Figure 4).(Garcia, 2007)

Figure 1. 5: Chicken Eye Disease

CULTURAL MANAGEMENT

 Avoid seedlings and mussels in wet areas or insidegranadilla

plantations.

 Collect affected leaves weekly.

 Make spatial designs of the crop correlating the wind exit and

terrain slope; use distances from planting broad, minimum 6 x

6meters.
46

 Sow in areas with agroecological conditions favorablesuch as

high luminosity, low relative humidity and altitude levels

between 1.800And2.300 meters about sea level.

 Perform training pruning, leaving only the main stem until it

touches the slate.

 At the time of pruning, implement balanced nutritional plans

according to soilanalysis, foliaranalysis, biological carga, and

whatis a plant.(Garcia, 2007)

Physical handling

 Remember that sanitary pruning is essential for the management

of Phomosis, since they not only facilitate the entry of light into

the crop but also allow increased air circulation.

 Remove the leaves and affected material; this also includes

partial striping.

 Disinfect the tool at the time of plant-to-plant pruning, or branch-

to-branch pruning and subsequent healing and disinfection of

cuts.(Garcia, 2007)

Chemical handling

 Do not forget that the weekly spraying of active fungicide

Chlorotalonil, in doses of 2.5 cubic centimeters per litre, or of

principle Mancozeb, in doses of 3 grams per provide good

disease control.
47

 Remember: a single spray of dife-noconazole-based fungicide,

at doses of 0.5 cubic centimeters per liter, has offered protection

for two to three weeks.

 Apply Agrico’s, Fungai, Store, Amstar, Yodo agricultural, Vio-

slow, Oxicam.

 Remember to calibrate the product discharge by plant,

 which should be between 100 and 250 cubic centimeters per

site.(Garcia, 2007)

Biological management

Inocule antagonistic fungi like Trichoderma sp. applied in drain and

with good soil moisture, every 45 days and with a dosage of 1.5

kilograms per hectare. Apply microorganic- antagonists with

agricultural oils (Carrier, Agrotin).(Garcia, 2007)

Photochemical handling

Make preventive applications with chamomile extract and cinnamon.

d) Fruit gnarling

CAUSAL AGENT: Colletotrichum sp. Penz.

SYMPTOMS AND DAMAGES: The disease attacks the main stem,

branches, leaves and fruits. On stems and branches a light brown rogna

is observed and is located in semi-woody tissues in the center of which

black dots that correspond to the reproductive structures of the fungus

are observed. In the leaves, the gnalet is presented in the petiole and

along the ribs, in the fruits the lesions are somewhat sunken, dry, brown,
48

rounded that as the disease advances, can be joined, following the

movement of the water on the fruit. When the fruit is harvested, it loses

resistance to the fungus and begins to be attacked more quickly being

softened the tissues of the shell and rotting in the fruit part. (Figure

3).(Garcia, 2007)

Figure 1. 6 : Fruit gnawed disease

 Remember that sanitary pruning is essential for the management

of Phomosis, since they not only facilitate the entry of light into

the crop but also allow increased air circulation.

 Remove the leaves and affected material; this also includes

partial striping.

 Disinfect the tool at the time of plant-to-plantpruning, or branch-

to-branch pruningand subsequent healing and disinfection of

cuts.(Garcia, 2007)

Chemical handling

 Do not forget that the weekly spraying of active fungicide

Chlorotalonil, in doses of 2.5 cubic centimeters per litre, or of


49

principle Mancozeb, in doses of 3 grams per provide good

disease control.

 Remember: a single spray of dife-noconazole-based fungicide,

at doses of 0.5 cubic centimeters per liter, has offered protection

for two to three weeks.

 Apply Agrico, Fungai, Store, Amstar, Yodo agricultural, Vio-

slow, Oxicam.

 Remember to calibrate the product discharge by plant,

 which should be between 100 and 250 cubic centimeters per

site.(Garcia, 2007)

Biological management

Inocule antagonistic fungi like Trichoderma sp. applied in drain and with

good soil moisture, every 45 days and with a dosage of 1.5 kilograms

per hectare. Apply microorganic- antagonists with agricultural oils

(Carrier, Agrotin).(Garcia, 2007)

Photochemical handling

Make preventive applications with chamomile extract and cinnamon. At

the time of pruning, disinfect the tool plant, or branch to branch and

subsequent healing and disinfection of cuts.(Garcia, 2007)

Biological management
50

Inoculum antagonistic fungi like Trichoderma sp. and Glycolate sp.

Applied in drench and with good humidity to the floor. The apply Burk

holder’s cations. (Botrycid) is also effective. Apply every 45

days.(Garcia, 2007)

Photochemical handling

Make preventive applications with chamomile extract and cinnamon.

Chemical handling

Apply Agrico, Fungai, Store, Amstar, Corten, Ekofisk, Eco- mil,

Krypton.(Garcia, 2007)

e) Grey mold from floral buttons

CAUSAL AGENT:

Botrytis sp.

SYNTOM MORE AND DAMAGES:

This disease initially attacks the floral buttons and then the fruits where

a gray mold is observed that affects the pistilos of the already fertilized

flower, while in the fruits affects the peduncle and the base of the

fruit.(Garcia, 2007)
51

Figure 1. 7: Grey Mold Disease of Floral Buttons

RECOMMENDATIONS AND PHYTOSANITARY

MANAGEMENT

Cultural management

 Make spatial crop designs by correlating the wind direction and

slope of the terrain, using wide planting distances, minimum 6 x

6 meters.(Garcia, 2007)

 Sow in areas with agro-ecological conditions favorable, such as

high luminosity, low relative humidity and altitude levels

between 1.800And2.300 meters about sea level.

 Remember that sanitary pruning is essential for the management

of Botrytis sp., as they facilitate the penetration of light into the

crop and air circulation.

 At the time of pruning disinfect the tool from plant to plant, or

from branch to branch and in subsequent healing and disinfection

of the cuts.

 Implement balanced nutritional plans according to soil analysis,

foliar analysis, la charge biological and plant requirements.

Collect affected flowers and fruits and remove them from the
52

batch in plastic bags to prevent the spread of spores (Garcia,

2007)

11. Granadilla pests

a) Floral button fly

CAUSAL AGENT:

Dasiops curabae and Dasiops gracilis

SYMPTOMS AND DAMAGES:

This plague feeds on the contents of the pollinal sacs and ends up

consuming.(Miranda , Fischer , & Carranza, 2009)

Figure 1. 8 : Floral Button Fly Plague

Figure 1. 9: Flower Button Fly Plague


53

b) Trips

CAUSAL AGENT

TRIPS SP. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

SYMPTOMS AND DAMAGES

As a first symptom it is observed that at the growth points burning occurs

and in the tender leaves there is yellowing and frizz, which end up

greatly reducing the photosynthetic area of the plant. The damage caused

to the foliar part is of great economic importance.

Because Trips are virus transmitters, when there are high populations of

the insect the damage occurs in the buttons, causing malformations in

the floral structure and in some fruits that manage to form.(Miranda ,

Fischer , & Carranza, 2009)

Figure 1. 10: Plague Trips

Figure 1. 11: Plague Trips


54

Tetractys sp

It is a small red Acaro that is placed on the underside of the oldest leaves

(Garcés and Saldarriaga, s.f.).

SYMPTOMS AND DAMAGES

In some cases, the onset of the damage is presented by spotlights, but

when the attack is severe, they can occur in different parts of the plant

(Berrio and Viví, 1998); when sucking the sap, chlorotic spaces are

present in the foliar sheet; when the attacks are very severe the leaves

dry out. Most mites make their appearance in dry seasons with high

temperatures.(Miranda , Fischer , & Carranza, 2009)

Figure 1. 12 : Red Spider Plague (Acaro)

c) Nematodes

CAUSAL AGENT

Meloidogyne sp

SYMPTOMS AND DAMAGES

The part of the root affected by this genus of nematodes is characterized

by a thickening of the attacked part, which prevents a normal absorption


55

of water and nutrients; In addition, the few preserved roots are

susceptible to being absorbed later attacked by other kinds of parasites.

One of the symptoms of the attacked plant is a yellowing with wilt in

hours of high luminosity. When the attack is severe there is falling leaves

and the fruits become small, the pest can affect any state of development

of theplant.(Miranda , Fischer , & Carranza, 2009)

Figure 1. 13 Nematode Plague

d) Tender or Flogger

Agrostis epsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Agrostis epsilon has been

registered in the production areas of Norte of Santander, Caldas and Bo-

yacá (Bernal, 1999). This plague attacks the granadilla as a throater,

cutting seedlings above the ground. The larvae initially feed on roots and

young tissues; then usually chop the tender stems causing the plant to

die.

When the attack is widespread, the application of Lorsban®

(Chlorpyrifos) in doses of 2 cc L-1 is recommended for control. It is also

recommended to prepare toxic baits that are applied in the spotlights.

For the preparation of the bait are mixed 50 g of insecticide, 100 cc of

molaza and 5 kg of bran in 1 L of water, and then this bait is applied


56

around the base ofthe plants in the afternoon hours.(Miranda , Fischer ,

& Carranza, 2009)

e) Chizas

Ancognatha scarabaeus’s (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae). Larvae chizas

affect the roots. In the adult state, they consume buds and scrape the

fruits, demeriting their quality. Cultural control should be done by

disinfecting the soil to be used in seedlings and mussels. When ahoy ate

for planting, the soil around the hole should be picked and examined in

a diameter of 1 m, to detect the presence of larvae and populations

thereof. Another method for control is the use of light traps to capture

adults(Claudia, 2016)

Figure 1. 14Chizas Plague

f) Follaje Eaters

Damage from leaf eaters is caused by larvae of Lepidoptera: Agraulis

sp. Nodenata sp. and Trichoplusia sp. Postures are observed on the

underside of the leaf. These pests have gregarious habit and their attack

is localized; the main damage is skeletonizing the leaves and shoots

(Saldarriaga, 1998). Its appearance is occasional and there are no severe


57

attacks. Sprays with biological products based on Bacillus thuringiensis

var. Kurstaki, or From Cypermethrins, reduce the populations of these

insects (Edith, 2015)

g) Fruit Flies

Anastrepha curitis Stone (Diptera: Tephritidae). Fruit fly is one of the

main pests of fruit trees, because of the direct damage they cause to fruits

and because they limit production and export (ICA, 2000). The life cycle

of the fruit fly begins when the females lay their eggs under the fruit

shell. Between 2 and 4 days later, the larvae emerge and begin to feed

on the pulp, where they build galleries; there they expel excrement that

contaminates it and causes rot. The duration of the larval period is 15 to

18 days. The pupa is cylindrical and reddish; in this state lasts between

6 and 13 days. The newly emerged fly of the pupa is soft and moist, so

it seeks refuge among the leaves and dry branches. Once it dries, it flies

for food.

The fruits affected by the fly have a wrinkled appearance and inside are

creamy yellow larvae (Figure 5). For the management of the pest it is

recommended to perform traps that allow to characterize its presence

and abundance; from this information, plan the most appropriate

strategies for your control. (Edith, 2015)


58

Variables Definition Indicators

Saw System whose main Number of times of use per

Expert System objective is to support rapid seeding.

diagnosis of pests and

alternative treatment App rating.

You It will facilitate the The farmer is satisfied to be

The detection, prevention detection of pests of granadilla able to detect pests in time

and treatment of diseases and crops, as well as treat the pest before they spread a lot

pests of the granadilla plant through fertilizers, preventive

methods, etc. The farmer can treat his

crops so as not to lose their

planting.

Figure 1. 15Fruit Fly Plague

1.1.4 VARIABLES OPERATION

Independent Variable: Expert System

Dependent Variable: The detection, prevention and treatment of diseases and

pests of the granadilla plant


59

CHAPTERI I :

METHODS AND

MATERIALS
60

2.1 METHODS AND MATERIALS

2.1.2 Materials

 Expert System

 Visual Prolog Software

 Articles

 Tesis and information about the most common and important

diseases, pests and viruses of granadilla fruit.

 Computer Equipment

2.1.3 Methods

Definition of cases: It is defined through the different diseases, pests and

viruses of granadilla fruit, using the different methods such as:

 Definition of symptoms and damage

 Preventive tables

 Control methods: Physical, Biological, Chemical

Research

In order to know the pests and diseases of the granadilla fruit to be able to

detect or treat them as the case may be, a detailed study was carried out to

deepen the subject, reviewing articles, thesis, information,

DESK WORK

 Information summaries

 Integration of pests, viruses with their respective images


61

CHAPTER III :

RESULTS AND

DISCUSSIONS
62

3.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

PROLOG EXPERT SYSTEMS INTERFACE

Figure 1.16 :Prolog Expert Systems Interface

DATABASE

Figure 1.17: Database


63

Classification

Figure 1.18: Classification


64

Questions

Figure 1.19: Questions

Rules

Figure 1.20: Rules


65

Classifier

Figure 1.21: Classifier

LEARNING PROCESS

Figure 1.22: Learning process


66

Diseases

Figure 1.23: Grey Mold Disease of Floral Buttons


67

Figure 1.24: Secadera Disease


68

Figure 1.25: Purple Leaf Virus Disease


69

Figure 1.26: Fruit Gnathy Disease


70

Figure 1.27: Trips Disease


71

Figure 1.28: Red Arañita Disease


72

Figure 1.29: Chicken Eye Disease


73

CHAPTER IV :

conclusion
74

4.1. conclusion

In determining the principles, methods and tools of artificial intelligence

in the area of the expert system, he provided us with adequate support

to develop such a system, using the prolog visual programming

language. The application of an expert system solved the problems

posed in diseases and pests by providing information on their possible

name of the disease and their treatment of granadilla plants


75

CHAPTER V:

Recommendations
76

5.1. RECOMMENDATIONS

 This expert system is made for educational purposes, the program analyzes the

symptoms of both diseases, pests and viruses of the granadilla, detecting and

providing the possible name of the cause.

 The expert system serves as a tool of help and support, but that does not replace

at all the human knowledge that can be given by an agronomist, so it is always

recommended to check the results at the end.


77

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

1.1 Bibliography

(s.f.). Obtained from https://www.debian.org/

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