Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
THESIS PROJECT
Authors:
Adviser:
CHICLAYO - PERU
MAY - 2019
I
Dedication
We dedicate this work to our families, teachers and friends, who are the pillar, support and
encouragement in our day to day to achieve the goals that we have set, both professionally
and personally.
II
Thanks
Thank God first who gave us life, health, and has allowed us to reach this point.
To the engineers who are the ones who contributed to our academic and professional
training our engineer and Doctor Ivan Salvador Briceño for his guidance and
Index
SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 92
114...............................................................................................................................................
11
1.1.1BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................................................
114...............................................................................................................................................
11
147...............................................................................................................................................
14
1.1.3OPERATIONALIZATION OF VARIABLES..............................................................................
5854.............................................................................................................................................
58
6057.............................................................................................................................................
60
2.1.1MATERIALS ...................................................................................................................................
6057.............................................................................................................................................
60
IV
2.1.2METHODS .......................................................................................................................................
6057.............................................................................................................................................
60
6259.............................................................................................................................................
62
4.1.CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................
7461.............................................................................................................................................
74
5.1RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................................................
7663.............................................................................................................................................
76
V
TABLE INDEX
Table 1 : Recommendations for soil preparation in seedling adequacy. .................................. 38
IMAGE INDEX
Figure 1. 1: Architecture of the Expert System31 .................................................................................................. 30
Figure 1. 16 Floral Button Fly Plague .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
VII
8
Summary
The cultivation of granadilla, can be affected by many diseases and pests, these can be prevented
very carefully so that they do not disperse throughout the crop and cannot affect the trade.
This research project presents an expert system that analyzes the symptoms of both diseases,
pests and viruses of the granadilla, detecting and providing the possible treatment to prevent
The expert system collects the data entered, then verifies it in the knowledge base, uses the
method of inference and finding that the data match one of the diseases, pests or viruses, gives
the answer the name of the possible disease, as to treat it, prevent it and if it does not find
matches, such an expert system will continue to learn by adding this new knowledge.
It should be clarified that such knowledge of the expert system is given by an agronomist, but
that it still does not replace human knowledge, but will serve as a support and aid tool for the
Introduction
This research project is based on artificial intelligence in the area of expert systems, abstracts
the knowledge of agronomists, storing it in a knowledge base and using the inference method
to find the possible Disease. So, it is proposed "EXPERT SYSTEM FOR GRANADILLA
FLOOR" LAMBAYEQUE-2019.
10
CHAPTER I:
THEORETICAL
DESIGN
11
OVERALL GOAL
Develop a research project on the expert system for the granadilla plant,
such that it allows to have knowledge about the diseases that affect the
granadilla plant.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Analyzing the requirements of the expert system for the granadilla plant
Get the knowledge of the expert system for the granadilla silver
Check the results of the expert system for the granadilla plant
1.1.2 Background
International level
Antecedent 1
TITLE: "Expert System for diagnosing Zika disease based on fuzzy logic"
Diagnosis is done quickly and reliably, provided that the patient's data provided in
Antecedent 2
systems are the first major practical application of intelligent systems released from
National Level
Antecedent 3
in Rice"
AUTHOR: Barrantes Angulo Carlos Jonathan & Vigo Portilla Luis Alberto
CONCLUSION: The implementation of the expert system was carried out with the
Quick Guide to the Development of Expert Systems, which was very useful for us
13
to generate our knowledge rules to train the systemexpert. Some UML diagrams
Antecedent 4
TITLE: "Expert System for the Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases in the Central
different web browsers and various hardware devices, features that describe this
quality indicator.
Regional level
Antecedent 5
AUTHOR: Ramos Farroñan Emma Veronica & Valdivia Salazar Carlos Alberto
conclusion:
Antecedent 6
“white-winged guan”
14
CONCLUSION: When the tests carried out with the prototype of the expert system
under study were based on accurate diagnostics. Which have been confronted with
the diagnoses made by the expert specialist in his daily work, which showed a
performance of the prototype of the expert system with a very acceptable reliability.
A. Artificial Intelligence
1. Definition
learning (the acquisition of information and rules for the use of information),
Today, it's a general term that encompasses everything from robotic process
to the large volumes of data, or the increase in speed, size and variety of data
these areas seek, in their own way, to automate activities that humans make
and necessary), which has been practiced, since the time of the Greeks or
was classical. It was they, who first began to ask themselves profound
questions about all that surrounded them. Therefore, the first glimpses of
Contributions:
and necessary), which has been practiced, since the time of the Greeks or
was classical. It was they, who first began to ask themselves profound
questions about all that surrounded them. Therefore, the first glimpses of
Contributions
language, will call as: Artificial Intelligence (the first model of artificial
problems that until now were considered only that humans could solve,
study of all those properties and relationships that involve abstract bodies,
such as numbers and geometric figures, through exact basic notations and
Contributions
laid the foundation for the theory of graphs, which are currently used
c) George Boole, as he laid the foundation for formalizing the laws of logic
Contributions
because they are agents and perform their work autonomously, robots
that are controlled by a human operator are excluded, as are those that
The word Robot comes from the Slovak voice Robot, which means
but it was very interested in A.I. developers. The first Robots could only
computational point of view. Such modeling does not focus on any of the
Contributions
and, by the way, not only its form, but its meaning (information retrieval
e) From the search for large information from bibliographies to the direct
Psychology is the science that studies mental processes. The word comes
from the Greek: psycho- (soul or mental activity) and -logy (study). This
Contributions
a) Analogies are created between the computer and the mind: both have a
general and, in essence, the final judgment they will have to face will
surface when asked, that represents itself this world, and that can answer
B. Representation of Knowledge
1. Definition
domain of speech (which can be talked about), along with functions that
Declarative knowledge
They are facts about objects or situations. It has greater expressive capacity,
as judgments about the facts of the world around us (knowing what to do).
23
Procedural Knowledge
(knowing how to do it). For example, the steps required to solve an algebraic
systems). For example, the steps required to solve an algebraic equation are
Heuristic knowledge
4. Semantic Networks
Definition:
Two semantic elements that are supported are the semantic relationship that
data that computers can understand, so that they can be shared and processed
There are two possible ways to represent a semantic network, which are
defined below:
and offer ordered pairs that meet a certain property) between those objects.
possible touse a tree, which is a graph in which any pair of vertices must be
tree and if it is part of a group, then we talk about forest. The graph present
25
and being related (any two vertices are joined by at least one path) until any
C. Expert System
1. Definition
computer that is able to acquire, reason and explain those reasoning based
programs that simulate the behavior of human expert systems when solving
problems.
2. Features
There are many points of view from which Expert Systems can be
classified. Some of them are:
and systems based on probability. Thus in the first case, knowledge is stored
in the form of facts and rules, while the second, the knowledge base consists
of facts and their probabilistic dependencies; in the first case the inference
engine operates by chaining rules back and forth, while the second case
possibilities:
27
the system because not always the same data give rise to identical
solutions.
2007)
By user interaction:
Support: the system advises the user, who maintains the capacity of
Unlimited time: for example, those who use casual knowledge, who
are looking for sources of a problem that has occurred and whose
process.
Quintanar, 2007)
known to the expert, but without there being a clear cause for the
effects observed.
Complete or perfect: All the data and rules needed for the decision
are known.
4. Advantages
will always provide the best possible opinions within the limitations
of their knowledge.
exists, you can create a new expert by simply copying the program
5. Disadvantages
symbolic input.
are no answers or when problems are out of your area (DIANA, s.f.)
30
6. Architecture
program code and the data in an Expert System are considered three basic
components, the knowledge base, the fact base and the inference engine.
should contain both the contrasted facts and the beliefs and heuristics
determinative, i.e. they can be entered into the base as extracted from the
in the debugging of the knowledge base. (Pino Diez, Gómez Gómez, & De
The fact-based ness elates are made up of data on the specific situation to be
store reasoning modes and how they have been used. Thus, under the
requirements of the end user, the system must be able to explain how it has
reasoning mode is most often of vital importance to the end user, due to the
skepticism still existing in a large part of the occasions about the functioning
of these systems. (Pino Diez, Gómez Gómez, & De Abajo Martínez , 2015)
the knowledge base and the data of the fact-based, confronting them to build
a series of frictions that lead to the results. Basically, you can use two
the first, a rule can be applied when the conditions indicated on the left side
or working report. If this occurs, the conditions expressed on the right side
of the rule are added to the fact-based basis and the reasoning process
contrasted with the right parts of the knowledge base rules. Applying a rule
replaces the initial goal with a set of subjectires indicated by the premises
of the applied rule and continues the process. (Pino Diez, Gómez Gómez, &
implementation; for this reason, it must be ensured that it has a high degree
construction of modules that allow easy dialogue between the user and the
2015)
7. Knowledge Engineering
which previously did not exist, from the information contained in the
reveals networks and generates new ones. In addition, it makes use of the
computer systems with specific software. The result is what are called
8. Prolog
called WAM).
A compiler: Transforms the source code into byte code. Unlike Java,
in another environment.
utility that allows you to test the programs, debug them, etc. Its
systems.
34
environment.
based on Emacs that are very easy to use. CIAO Prolog also offers an auto-
9. granadilla
Argentina to Mexico (Leal, 1990). The species name is due to the glands,
very elongated petiolates and liguliforms, called ligulas that line the base of
the leaf. For its exquisite sweet and aromatic taste, granadilla is a fruit of
Andes, 1994). During the Royal Botanical Expedition of the New Kingdom
Between 2004 and 2007, the area planted with granadilla increased from
to fruits according to figures of the National Fruit Plan (Tafur et al., 2006).
Quindío, Valle and Santander. For the same period, domestic granadilla
information).
reached US$34 million, which accounted for 14.9 million kg, according to
exports totaled US$2.5 million, during the first eight months of 2008,
been established, it has not had adequate technological support derived from
to the linkage of new production areas in which they may also be limited if
a) Secadera
CAUSAL AGENT:
Symptoms of the drying are initially presented in hojas and then passed
Leaves:
systemic burning, the leaf is detached and at the site of insertion of the
leaf is observed a brown necrosis that over time grows and advances
Stem:
When necrosis covers the entire stem, chlorosis is generalized, the plants
wrinkling of the fruits and finally the death of the plant. In an advanced
37
state of disease, the fruiting bodies of the fungus are seen to be tiny
MANAGEMENT
Location
Set the seedbed and mussels outside the crop, to prevent pests and
in.(Garcia, 2007)
38
Fitness
seedlings with adobes on the floor or in plastic traysthat are easy to use
Musks: Similarly, build with wood the supports where the bags for
Soil preparation
Soil disinfection
39
Before using the soil for seedbeds or mussels, disinfect the same soil as
Treatment Recommendation
• Moisten the soil with Basamid (Dazomet) beforehand, then spur with
40 to 60 grams per square meter of commercial product, mix well and
Chemical cover with plastic for 10 days.
• Then uncover and stir; then wait 15 days for use.
Messed annex
development and come from a crop that isdesected by its high yield and
Germination:
Toensure good germination leave the milesin soak for 24 hours before
planting.
Planting:
between 80 and 100 for each groove. Apply irrigation and maintain good
moisture; in summer water more often than in winter; cover the seedbed
with tights or coasts to avoid the action of the sun or birds(Garcia, 2007)
Selection:
When the seedlings have reached 7 centimeters in height select the best
ones. Moisten the soil for easy removal without causing root wounds.
manually; select those that have a good root system, that is, that has a
pivoting root or long turnip and healthy secondary roots; avoid injuring
or damaging the roots and remove seedlings with deformed roots or with
Transplant:
Con a todayer form a suitable gap to dis- tax the roots;theneck of the
CONTROL METHODS
where the virus has not been detected, measures must be taken to prevent
Physical handling:
Biological management:
the veins and ribs of the leaves. In the beam a soft mosaic and a chlorotic
edges. In principle the lesions appear to be starry and as they grow they
spread along the ribs and veins of the leaves, reaching cover them to
form large purple, purple or reddish spots, very similar to the damage
the leaves deform and wrinkle. (Figure 2 and 3). Figure 2. Diseases and
aphids transfer the disease to healthy plants. In places where there are
few plants affected, the virus only causes symptoms in the leaves, but in
areas where the incidence and severity are high in the crops, all kinds of
43
2007)
chelate.
CONTROL METHODS
where hasn’t been detected the virus it's measures must be taken to
Physical handling:
little incidence, the virus you can slow down or slow your progress by
Biological management:
meters for the management of the immature states of the green parrot,
c) Chicken Eye
CAUSAL AGENT:
Phomopsis sp.
CULTURAL MANAGEMENT
plantations.
Make spatial designs of the crop correlating the wind exit and
6meters.
46
Physical handling
of Phomosis, since they not only facilitate the entry of light into
partial striping.
cuts.(Garcia, 2007)
Chemical handling
disease control.
47
slow, Oxicam.
site.(Garcia, 2007)
Biological management
with good soil moisture, every 45 days and with a dosage of 1.5
Photochemical handling
d) Fruit gnarling
branches, leaves and fruits. On stems and branches a light brown rogna
are observed. In the leaves, the gnalet is presented in the petiole and
along the ribs, in the fruits the lesions are somewhat sunken, dry, brown,
48
movement of the water on the fruit. When the fruit is harvested, it loses
softened the tissues of the shell and rotting in the fruit part. (Figure
3).(Garcia, 2007)
of Phomosis, since they not only facilitate the entry of light into
partial striping.
cuts.(Garcia, 2007)
Chemical handling
disease control.
slow, Oxicam.
site.(Garcia, 2007)
Biological management
Inocule antagonistic fungi like Trichoderma sp. applied in drain and with
good soil moisture, every 45 days and with a dosage of 1.5 kilograms
Photochemical handling
the time of pruning, disinfect the tool plant, or branch to branch and
Biological management
50
Applied in drench and with good humidity to the floor. The apply Burk
days.(Garcia, 2007)
Photochemical handling
Chemical handling
Krypton.(Garcia, 2007)
CAUSAL AGENT:
Botrytis sp.
This disease initially attacks the floral buttons and then the fruits where
a gray mold is observed that affects the pistilos of the already fertilized
flower, while in the fruits affects the peduncle and the base of the
fruit.(Garcia, 2007)
51
MANAGEMENT
Cultural management
6 meters.(Garcia, 2007)
of the cuts.
Collect affected flowers and fruits and remove them from the
52
2007)
CAUSAL AGENT:
This plague feeds on the contents of the pollinal sacs and ends up
b) Trips
CAUSAL AGENT
and in the tender leaves there is yellowing and frizz, which end up
greatly reducing the photosynthetic area of the plant. The damage caused
Because Trips are virus transmitters, when there are high populations of
Tetractys sp
It is a small red Acaro that is placed on the underside of the oldest leaves
when the attack is severe, they can occur in different parts of the plant
(Berrio and Viví, 1998); when sucking the sap, chlorotic spaces are
present in the foliar sheet; when the attacks are very severe the leaves
dry out. Most mites make their appearance in dry seasons with high
c) Nematodes
CAUSAL AGENT
Meloidogyne sp
hours of high luminosity. When the attack is severe there is falling leaves
and the fruits become small, the pest can affect any state of development
d) Tender or Flogger
cutting seedlings above the ground. The larvae initially feed on roots and
young tissues; then usually chop the tender stems causing the plant to
die.
e) Chizas
affect the roots. In the adult state, they consume buds and scrape the
disinfecting the soil to be used in seedlings and mussels. When ahoy ate
for planting, the soil around the hole should be picked and examined in
thereof. Another method for control is the use of light traps to capture
adults(Claudia, 2016)
f) Follaje Eaters
sp. Nodenata sp. and Trichoplusia sp. Postures are observed on the
underside of the leaf. These pests have gregarious habit and their attack
g) Fruit Flies
main pests of fruit trees, because of the direct damage they cause to fruits
and because they limit production and export (ICA, 2000). The life cycle
of the fruit fly begins when the females lay their eggs under the fruit
shell. Between 2 and 4 days later, the larvae emerge and begin to feed
on the pulp, where they build galleries; there they expel excrement that
18 days. The pupa is cylindrical and reddish; in this state lasts between
6 and 13 days. The newly emerged fly of the pupa is soft and moist, so
it seeks refuge among the leaves and dry branches. Once it dries, it flies
for food.
The fruits affected by the fly have a wrinkled appearance and inside are
creamy yellow larvae (Figure 5). For the management of the pest it is
The detection, prevention detection of pests of granadilla able to detect pests in time
and treatment of diseases and crops, as well as treat the pest before they spread a lot
planting.
CHAPTERI I :
METHODS AND
MATERIALS
60
2.1.2 Materials
Expert System
Articles
Computer Equipment
2.1.3 Methods
Preventive tables
Research
In order to know the pests and diseases of the granadilla fruit to be able to
detect or treat them as the case may be, a detailed study was carried out to
DESK WORK
Information summaries
CHAPTER III :
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
62
DATABASE
Classification
Questions
Rules
Classifier
LEARNING PROCESS
Diseases
CHAPTER IV :
conclusion
74
4.1. conclusion
CHAPTER V:
Recommendations
76
5.1. RECOMMENDATIONS
This expert system is made for educational purposes, the program analyzes the
symptoms of both diseases, pests and viruses of the granadilla, detecting and
The expert system serves as a tool of help and support, but that does not replace
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
1.1 Bibliography
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artificial
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