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Arbitration procedures and practice in Singapore: overview, Practical Law Country
Q&A...
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\u169\'3f 2019 Thomson Reuters. All rights reserved.
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Arbitration procedures and practice in Singapore: overview
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by\u160\'3fLim Tat, Aequitas Law LLP
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Country Q&A |
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Law stated as at 01-Jan-2017
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| Singapore
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A Q&A guide to arbitration law and practice in Singapore.
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The country-specific Q&A guide provides a structured overview of the key practical
issues concerning arbitration in this jurisdiction, including any mandatory
provisions and default rules applicable under local law, confidentiality, local
courts\rquote willingness to assist arbitration, enforcement of awards and the
available remedies, both final and interim.
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To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions visit the
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Arbitration procedures and practice Country Q&A Tool
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.
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This Q&A is part of the global guide to arbitration. For a full list of
jurisdictional Q&As visit
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"https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/Browse/Home/International/ArbitrationGl
obalGuide" }{\fldrslt
www.practicallaw.com/arbitration-guide
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.
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Use of arbitration and recent trends
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1.
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How is commercial arbitration used and what are the recent trends?
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Use of commercial arbitration
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Singapore has emerged as one of the world\rquote s leading centres for commercial
arbitration. According to the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 2015 Report,
Singapore has consistently been ranked as the number one preferred seat for
arbitration in Asia and among the top five preferred seats globally.
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2016 was a record breaking year for Singapore\rquote s main arbitral institution,
the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC), and the ICC:
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SIAC administered 343 new cases from 56 jurisdictions, representing almost a 400%
rise from a decade ago and a 27% increase from 2015.
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SIAC handled a total amount in dispute of US$11.85 billion), nearly three and half
times the amount in 2014.
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The ICC Court recorded 966 new cases filed in 2016, with the average monetary value
in dispute rising from US$63 million in 2014 to US$84 million in 2015.
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Singapore was also named the number one seat of ICC arbitration in Asia for five
years running and the fourth most preferred seat globally for ICC arbitration.
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Over 84% of all new Singapore seated SIAC arbitrations and 71% of all new Singapore
seated ICC arbitrations filed in 2015 were international in nature, involving one
or more non-Singaporean parties.
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The attraction of arbitration in international business transactions in Singapore
is attributable to its:
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Strong rule of law.
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Arbitration legislation based on the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial
Arbitration 1985 (UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law).
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.Supportive judiciary.
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Confidentiality of arbitration proceedings (
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see Question 22
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).
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Cutting-edge arbitration facilities at Singapore\rquote s Maxwell Chambers.
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Advantages/disadvantages
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The principal advantages of arbitration compared to court litigation can be divided
into legal and non-legal factors.
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Legal factors include:
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Party autonomy:
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minimal court intervention;
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procedural flexibility: the parties are free to agree on choice of arbitrator,
rules of arbitration and place of proceedings.
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Confidentiality of arbitration proceedings.
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Assistance of the national court in support of arbitration.
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Binding effect of arbitration awards.
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Recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards under the UN Convention on
the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (New York
Convention).
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Non-legal factors include the seat of arbitration, the venue of arbitral hearings
and the rules of the arbitral institution, which encourage speed, efficiency and
cost-effectiveness in the arbitration process.
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There may also be disadvantages to arbitration as a method of dispute resolution,
some of which are as follows:
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Joinder of parties and related disputes:
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Unlike in court proceedings, it is generally necessary to obtain the consent of all
parties before additional parties or related disputes can be joined to an existing
arbitration. (
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see Question 10
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).
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Limited avenues of appeal:
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While arbitral awards may be challenged by way of a setting aside application or an
appeal to the Singapore High Court, the grounds for setting aside and/or appeal are
limited. These grounds relate either to issues of jurisdiction, procedural
irregularity or public policy. (
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see Question 28
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)
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Legislative framework
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Applicable legislation
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2.
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What legislation applies to arbitration? To what extent has your jurisdiction
adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration 1985
(UNCITRAL Model Law)?
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Arbitration in Singapore is governed by two main statutes:
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International Arbitration Act (IAA).
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Arbitration Act (AA).
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The IAA governs the conduct of international commercial arbitrations in Singapore
or arbitrations where parties agree in writing to its application. An arbitration
is deemed international where one of the following applies (
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section 5(2), IAA
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):
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At least one party to an arbitration agreement, at the time of its conclusion, has
its place of business outside Singapore.
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One of the following is situated outside the state in which the parties have their
place of business:
\par {\pntext }
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li960
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li960
place of arbitration (as determined by the arbitration agreement);
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li960
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li960
any place where a substantial part of the obligations of the commercial
relationship is performed;
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li960
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li960
place with which the subject-matter of the dispute is most closely connected.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}{\pntext }
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li580
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Parties have expressly agreed that the subject matter of the arbitration agreement
relates to more than one country.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The UNCITRAL Model Law has force of law in Singapore subject to the provisions of
the IAA which introduces some minor modifications (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 3(1), IAA
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The IAA also gives the force of law to the UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law with some
modifications (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 3(1), IAA
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The AA governs all arbitrations in Singapore that are not governed by the IAA.
Following its revision in 2001, the AA has similarly adopted many provisions from
the UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law, with adjustments to give the Singapore courts a
greater degree of supervision over domestic arbitrations.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
A third piece of legislation, the Arbitration (International Investment Disputes)
Act, governs arbitrations under the International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes (ICSID).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Mandatory legislative provisions
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
3.
}
}
Are there any mandatory legislative provisions? What is their effect?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The International Arbitration Act (IAA) and the Arbitration Act (AA) only set the
framework governing arbitrations in Singapore (see Question 2). Consequently, the
provisions are generally not mandatory insofar as parties are free to agree on the
specific rules and procedures that bind them. This is in line with the fundamental
principle of party autonomy in arbitration proceedings. However, the provisions
relating to the enforcement, setting aside and/or appeal of the arbitral award are
mandatory.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
4.
}
}
Does the law prohibit any types of disputes from being resolved via arbitration?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
While the statutes do not expressly define matters that are non-arbitrable, the
Court of Appeal in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Larsen Oil and Gas Pte Ltd v Petropord Ltd (2011) SGCA 21
}
}
held that certain matters may not be arbitrable by reason of their public interest
elements, for example:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Matters relating to citizenship or legitimacy of marriage.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Grants of statutory licences.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Validity of registration of trade marks or patents.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Copyrights.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Winding-up of companies.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Bankruptcies of debtors.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Administration of estates.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In the seminal decision of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Tomolugen Holdings Ltd v Silica Investors Ltd (2015) SGCA 57
}
}
, the Court of Appeal overturned the High Court\rquote s decision and held that a
dispute over minority oppression or unfairly prejudicial conduct is arbitrable.
Significantly, the court held that the fact that the relief sought might be beyond
the power of the tribunal to grant does not, in itself, render the subject matter
non-arbitrable.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In respect of international arbitrations, any dispute which the parties agree to
submit to arbitration under an arbitration agreement can be determined by
arbitration unless it is contrary to public policy (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 11, IAA
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Limitation
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
5.
}
}
Does the law of limitation apply to arbitration proceedings?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Limitation Act (Cap 163, 1996 Rev Ed) and the Foreign Limitation Periods Act
2012 apply to arbitration proceedings as they apply to proceedings before any
courts. The applicable foreign limitation period applies to arbitration proceedings
where the substantive law is not Singapore law (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 11, Arbitration Act (AA); section 8A, International Arbitration Act (IAA)
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Any action founded on contract or on tort cannot be brought after the expiry of six
years from the date on which the cause of action accrued (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Limitation Act
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Arbitration organisations
\par
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
6.
}
}
Which arbitration organisations are commonly used to resolve large commercial
disputes?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The main arbitration organisations in Singapore are the:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC).
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Singapore Chamber of Maritime Arbitration (SCMA).
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The SIAC and ICC are both widely popular among local and international parties to
arbitration agreements (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
see Question 1
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The SCMA, as its name suggests, is used by parties in the shipping industry.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
See box,
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Main arbitration organisations
}
}
.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Jurisdictional issues
\par
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
7.
}
}
What remedies are available where one party denies that the tribunal has
jurisdiction to determine the dispute(s)? Does your jurisdiction recognise the
concept of kompetenz-kompetenz? Does the tribunal or the local court determine
issues of jurisdiction?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The concept of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
kompetenz-kompetenz
}
}
is recognised under section 21(1) of the Arbitration Act (AA), section 10 of the
International Arbitration Act (IAA) and Article 16(1) of the UNCITRAL Model
Arbitration Law. Under these, the tribunal has the power to determine its own
jurisdiction and for that purpose, the arbitration clause is regarded as a separate
contract independent of the contract in which it is contained (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
see Question 8
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Where one party denies that the tribunal has jurisdiction, this plea must be raised
before submission of the statement for defence (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 21(4), AA; Article 16(2), UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The tribunal\rquote s ruling can be appealed to the High Court within 30 days of
the party receiving notice of that ruling.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The High Court\rquote s decision may only be appealed to the Court of Appeal with
the leave of the High Court (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
sections 21(9) and 21A, AA; section 10(3) and (4), IAA
}
}
)..
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Arbitration agreements
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Validity requirements
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
8.
}
}
What are the requirements for an arbitration agreement to be enforceable?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Substantive/formal requirements
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
For an arbitration agreement to be valid and enforceable, the general rule is that
it has to be in writing (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 2A, International Arbitration Act (IAA); section 4, Arbitration Act (AA)
}
}
). The agreement is deemed to be in writing if its content is recorded in any form,
whether it is concluded orally, by conduct or by other means (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 2A(4), IAA; section 4(4), AA
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The agreement can be contained in an arbitration clause in a contract or in a
separate agreement. In interpreting arbitration clauses, the Singapore courts adopt
an expansive approach (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
see WSG Nimbus Pte Ltd v Board of Control for Cricket in Sri Lanka (2002) 3 SLR 603
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Separate arbitration agreement
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
It is clear under the AA and the IAA that a separate arbitration agreement is not
required, and a clause in the main contract is sufficient (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 2A(2), IAA; section 4(2), AA
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
However, where an arbitration clause is incorporated only by reference to another
document, the incorporation must be specific. Its enforceability is dependent on
whether there is a clear intention by the parties to subject any disputes arising
to arbitration. The case of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Astrata (Singapore) Pte Ltd v Portcullis Escrow (2011) SGCA 20
}
}
suggests that Singapore courts will interpret the incorporation of these clauses
narrowly
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Unilateral or optional clauses
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
9.
}
}
Are unilateral or optional clauses, where one party has the right to choose
arbitration, enforceable?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Unilateral or optional clauses are enforceable.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The court in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
WSG Nimbus Ptd Ltd v Board of Control for Cricket in Sri Lanka (2002) 3 SLR 603
}
}
held that a clause which allows parties to elect to have disputes between them
submitted to arbitration is a valid arbitration clause. The court took the view
that such an approach was in line with Singapore\rquote s policy of promoting the
resolution of disputes by arbitration, where the parties have agreed to achieve it
by such method.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
A similar approach was taken in the recent High Court case of D
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
yna-Jet v Wilson Taylor Asia Pacific Pte Ltd (2016) SGHC 238
}
}
, where the court held that a clause which grants one party the right to arbitrate
disputes constitutes a valid arbitration agreement within the meaning of the
International Arbitration Act (IAA)..
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
10.
}
}
In what circumstances can a third party that did not sign the contract
incorporating the arbitral clause in question be compelled to arbitrate disputes
relating to the contract in question?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The issue of joinder of non-parties was analysed by the Court of Appeal in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
PT First Media v Astro (2013) SGCA 57
}
}
. The court held that if the tribunal is allowed to join non-parties to the
arbitration, it might enable a tribunal to exercise unlimited jurisdiction over any
dispute which any non-party could have with the parties to the arbitration
agreement.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Further, the joinder of a non-party to arbitration proceedings goes against the
fundamental principle of party autonomy. In the recent case of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
The \lquote \rquote Titan Unity\rquote \rquote [2014] SGHCR 4
}
}
, the High Court held that a non-party can be joined to the arbitration proceedings
only if it consents to be bound by the arbitration agreement to which it is not a
party, and if the parties to that arbitration agreement consent to extend their
agreement to it.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
11.
}
}
In what circumstances is a third party that did not sign the contract incorporating
the arbitral clause in question entitled to compel a party that did sign the
contract to arbitrate disputes relating to the contract?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
While this question has not been explored by the Singapore courts, the approach
taken by the courts in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
PT First Media
}
}
and
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
The \lquote \rquote Titan Unity\rquote \rquote
}
}
(
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
see Question 10
}
}
) suggests that the courts may not be receptive to a non-party\rquote s application
to compel parties to an arbitration agreement to arbitrate their disputes.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Separability
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
12.
}
}
Does the applicable law recognise the separability of arbitration agreements?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
By virtue of Article 16 of the UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law, which forms part of
the International Arbitration Act (IAA), the validity of an arbitration clause
contained in a contract does not depend on the validity of the contract as a whole.
As long as the requirements for a valid arbitration agreement are satisfied, the
arbitration agreement can be separated from the rest of the contract where the
contract is found to be null and void.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Section 21 of the Arbitration Act (AA) also provides that an arbitration clause
which forms part of a contract must be treated as an agreement independent of the
other terms of the contract (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
see Question 8
}
}
)..
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Breach of an arbitration agreement
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
13.
}
}
What remedies are available where a party starts court proceedings in breach of an
arbitration agreement or initiates arbitration in breach of a valid jurisdiction
clause?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Court proceedings in breach of an arbitration agreement
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
On the recognition of an arbitration agreement, the court will generally defer to
the arbitration proceedings and order a stay of proceedings, except in certain
limited situations.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In deciding stay applications under the International Arbitration Act (IAA), the
court conducts a prima facie review of the validity and scope of the arbitration
clause.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The court must grant the stay application if it is found that (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 6, IAA; Tomolugen Holdings Ltd v Silica Investors Ltd (2015) SGCA 57
}
}
):
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
There is a valid arbitration agreement.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
The dispute falls within the scope of the agreement.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
The agreement is not null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
However, the grant of a stay is discretionary under the Arbitration Act (AA), with
the rationale being that the courts need to retain closer control over domestic
disputes referred to arbitration. The court can stay the proceedings if there is no
sufficient reason why the matter should be dealt with through litigation rather
than arbitration, and the applicant is ready and willing to do all things necessary
to the proper conduct of the arbitration (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 6(2), AA; see also Multiplex Constructions Pty Ltd v Sintal Enterprise Pte
Ltd (2005) 2 SLR 530 and Sim Chay Koon and others v NTUC Income Insurance Co-
operative Limited (2015) SGCA 46
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The application for a stay can be made at any time after appearance but before the
delivery of any pleading or the taking of any steps in the proceedings (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 6(1), AA; section 6, IAA
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Arbitration in breach of a valid jurisdiction clause
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Where one party disputes the tribunal\rquote s jurisdiction, it can raise an
objection. The tribunal then decides whether it has the jurisdiction to hear the
matter (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
see Question 7
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
14.
}
}
Will the local courts grant an injunction to restrain proceedings started overseas
in breach of an arbitration agreement?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Following the case of
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Maldives Airports Co Ltd and Anor v GMR Male International Airport Pte Ltd (2013) 2
SLR 449
}
}
, the courts will grant an injunction to restrain foreign proceedings in breach of
an arbitration agreement on the following grounds:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
There is a valid and binding arbitration agreement under section 2A of the
International Arbitration Act (IAA).
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
There is evidence that a contracting party has acted in breach of the arbitration
agreement by commencing proceedings elsewhere
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Arbitrators
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Number and qualifications/characteristics
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
15.
}
}
Are there any legal requirements relating to the number and
qualifications/characteristics of arbitrators? Must an arbitrator be a national of,
or licensed to practice in, your jurisdiction in order to serve as an arbitrator
there?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
A key advantage of arbitration is the considerable freedom that parties have in
their choice of arbitrators. The only legal requirement is that there must be a
sole arbitrator if parties have not agreed on the number of arbitrators (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 12, Arbitration Act (AA); section 9, International Arbitration Act (IAA)
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
There are no legal requirements in respect of the qualifications and
characteristics of arbitrators.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Independence/impartiality
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
16.
}
}
Are there any requirements relating to arbitrators\rquote independence and/or
impartiality?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
There are no specific requirements relating to arbitrators\rquote independence
and/or impartiality. However, section 14 of the Arbitration Act (AA) and Article 12
of the UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law under the International Arbitration Act (IAA)
(gives parties the right to challenge the appointment of an arbitrator on grounds
of impartiality or the perception of a lack of impartiality.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Depending on the selected arbitral institution, such institutions may have their
own requirements on the qualifications of arbitrators (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
see Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) Code of Ethics for an
Arbitrator (2009)
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Appointment/removal
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
17.
}
}
Does the law contain default provisions relating to the appointment and/or removal
of arbitrators?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Appointment of arbitrators
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Parties are free to agree on a procedure of appointing the arbitrator or
arbitrators (sections 12 and 13, Arbitration Act (AA); Article 11, International
Arbitration Act (IAA)).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Where such an agreement does not exist, the following procedures apply:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Where three arbitrators are to be appointed:
\par {\pntext }
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li960
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li960
each party must appoint one arbitrator and the two arbitrators appointed must
appoint the third arbitrator (under the IAA) or parties must appoint the third
arbitrator by agreement (under the AA);
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li960
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li960
if a party fails to appoint the arbitrator within 30 days of receipt of a request
to do so from the other party, or if the two arbitrators (or parties) fail to agree
on the third arbitrator within 30 days of their appointment, the appointment must
be made, on request of a party, by the Chairman of the Singapore International
Arbitration Centre (SIAC) or any other person appointed by the Chief Justice to
exercise the powers of the Chairman of the SIAC.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}{\pntext }
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li580
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Where a sole arbitrator is to be appointed and the parties are unable to agree on
the arbitrator, he or she is appointed, on request of a party, by the Chairman of
the SIAC or any other person appointed by the Chief Justice to exercise the powers
of the Chairman of the SIAC.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Where there are no default provisions, the AA provides that the appointing
authority, in appointing an arbitrator, must have regard to the following:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Nature of the subject-matter of the arbitration.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Availability of any arbitrator.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Identities of the parties to the arbitration.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Any suggestion made by any of the parties regarding the appointment of any
arbitrator.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Any qualifications required of the arbitrator by the arbitration agreement.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Such considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and
impartial arbitrator.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Removal of arbitrators
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
As with the appointment of arbitrators, parties are free to agree on a procedure
for challenging the appointment. Where there is no prior agreement on such a
procedure, a party who intends to challenge an arbitrator must send a written
statement of the grounds for challenge to the arbitral tribunal within 15 days of
becoming aware of the constitution of the tribunal or after becoming aware of
justifiable doubts to the arbitrator\rquote s independence or his or her
qualifications (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 15, AA; Article 13, UNCITRAL Model Law
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
If a challenge to the tribunal is unsuccessful, the aggrieved party can apply to
the Singapore court to decide on the challenge within 30 days of receiving notice
of the decision.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Procedure
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Commencement of arbitral proceedings
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
18.
}
}
Does the law provide default rules governing the commencement of arbitral
proceedings?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The rules governing the commencement of arbitral proceedings are usually
institution based, for example, arbitrations that occur under the auspices of the
SIAC will be governed by the SIAC rules and ICC arbitrations under the ICC rules.
In cases where the arbitrations are conducted on an ad-hoc basis, parties are then
free to agree on the rules to be adopted..
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral proceedings in respect of a
particular dispute is deemed to commence on the date on which a request for that
dispute to be referred to arbitration is received by the respondent (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 9, Arbitration Act (AA); Article 21, UNCITRAL Model Law
}
}
)
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Applicable rules
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
19.
}
}
What procedural rules are arbitrators likely to follow? Can the parties determine
the procedural rules that apply? Does the law provide any default rules governing
procedure?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Applicable procedural rules
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Subject to the various provisions under the Arbitration Act (AA) or the
International Arbitration Act (IAA), parties are free to agree on the procedural
rules that will bind the arbitrators and govern the arbitration (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 23, AA; Article 19 UNCITRAL Model Law
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
It is common for parties in Singapore to adopt the Singapore International
Arbitration Centre (SIAC) rules.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Default rules
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In the absence of the parties\rquote agreement, the tribunal can conduct the
arbitration in any manner it considers appropriate, subject to the provisions of
the AA or the IAA. The tribunal has the power to determine admissibility,
relevance, materiality and weight of any evidence.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Evidence and disclosure
\par
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
20.
}
}
If there is no express agreement, can the arbitrator order disclosure of documents
and attendance of witnesses (factual or expert)?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The arbitrator is empowered to make orders or give directions to any party for,
among others, the discovery of documents and written questions (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 28(2), Arbitration Act (AA); section 12(1), International Arbitration Act (
IAA)
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
However, such powers extend only to parties to the arbitration. To compel a non-
party to the arbitration to appear at the hearing to testify or to produce evidence
such as documents, a party to the arbitration can take out a
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
subpoena duces tecum
}
}
(court summons to produce evidence) and seek the court\rquote s assistance on
this.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
21.
}
}
What documents must the parties disclose to the other parties and/or the
arbitrator? How, in practice, does the scope of disclosure in arbitrations compare
with disclosure in domestic court litigation? Can the parties set the rules on
disclosure by agreement?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Scope of disclosure
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
While the Arbitration Act (AA) and the International Arbitration Act (IAA) provide
tribunals with the power to order disclosure, little guidance is available about
the nature of documents that must be disclosed by each party. In the absence of
formal guidance, assistance may be sought from international guidelines.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
A commonly cited source of guidance are the International Bar Association (IBA)
Rules on Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration which have been suggested
as a preferred guiding principle for document production in arbitrations seated in
Singapore.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Under Article 3 of the IBA Rules, parties are required to produce all documents
available to them on which they are relying, and any other documents ordered by the
tribunal.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Unlike disclosure in domestic court litigation, there is no general obligation on
parties to disclose any or all documents that may be relevant to the dispute.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Validity of parties\rquote agreement as to rules of disclosure
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In line with the principle of party autonomy, parties are free to agree on the
applicable rules of disclosure.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Confidentiality
\par
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
22.
}
}
Is arbitration confidential? If so, what is the scope of that confidentiality and
who is subject to the obligation (parties, arbitrators, institutions and so on)?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Confidentiality has become such a widespread feature of arbitration proceedings
over the years that parties to arbitrations assume that confidentiality prevails.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
However, neither the Arbitration Act (AA) nor the International Arbitration Act
(IAA) expressly provide for confidentiality except under section 23 of the IAA
which relates to arbitration proceedings brought in the Singapore courts.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The High Court in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Myanma Yaung Chi Oo Co Ltd v Win Win Nu (2003) SGHC 124
}
}
held that parties who opt for arbitration rather than litigation are likely to be
aware of and be influenced by the fact that arbitration proceedings are private. In
this light, it holds with parties\rquote expectations to take the position that
arbitration proceedings are confidential.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
However, the court in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Myanma
}
}
noted that there is an exception to such confidentiality, namely that leave of the
court is not required in circumstances where disclosure of information is
reasonably necessary for the protection of a party\rquote s legitimate interests.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
AAY and others v AAZ (2009) SGHC 142
}
}
, the court held that confidentiality of the arbitration proceedings was
sufficiently preserved even though a redacted version of the court\rquote s
judgment was available, as the identities of the parties and other matters that the
claimants had wished to remain confidential were concealed.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Singapore\rquote s position on confidentiality in arbitration proceedings therefore
appears to be based in common law. The court in
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
AAY and others
}
}
also affirmed that confidentiality applies as a substantive common law rule.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In any event, for arbitrations seated in Singapore and governed by the Singapore
International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) rules, confidentiality obligations are
expressly set out in Rule 35.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Courts and arbitration
\par
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
23.
}
}
Will the local courts intervene to assist arbitration proceedings seated in its
jurisdiction?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
As an arbitration-friendly jurisdiction, the courts facilitate and empower
arbitration proceedings in various ways.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Significantly, the courts can assist in the arbitral process by granting a stay of
court proceedings in favour of arbitration where court proceedings are commenced
for a dispute that falls within the scope of the arbitration agreement.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
As the arbitrators do not have power over individuals or institutions who do not
submit themselves to the jurisdiction of the tribunal, the Arbitration Act (AA) and
the International Arbitration Act (IAA) allow a party to seek the court\rquote s
assistance in compelling the attendance of non-parties to give evidence or produce
documents (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 13, IAA; section 30, AA
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The court also has the following powers exercisable in support of arbitration
proceedings:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Parallel powers to the tribunal under the AA and the IAA.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Securing the amount in dispute.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Ensuring that any award made in the arbitral proceedings is not rendered
ineffectual by the dissipation of assets by a party.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
An interim injunction or any other interim measure.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
24.
}
}
What is the risk of a local court intervening to frustrate an arbitration seated in
its jurisdiction? Can a party delay proceedings by frequent court applications?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Risk of court intervention
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Singapore court adopts an enabling rather than interventionist posture in
respect of arbitration.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In his 2013 speech \ldblquote Judicial Attitudes to Arbitration and Mediation in
Singapore\rdblquote , Singapore\rquote s Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon stated that
the relationship between the courts and ADR is best seen as one of partnership and
collaboration rather than of competition.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The courts\rquote support for arbitration proceedings is evident from their
approach towards attempts made by parties to set aside arbitral awards. In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Tjong Very Sumito v Antig Investments Pte Ltd (2009) SGCA 41
}
}
, the Court of Appeal held that \lquote \rquote an unequivocal judicial policy of
facilitating and promoting arbitration has firmly taken root in Singapore\rquote
\rquote and \lquote \rquote the role of the court is now to support, and not to
displace, the arbitral process\rquote \rquote .
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
BLC and ors v BLB and anor (2013) 4 SLR 1169
}
}
, the Court of Appeal rejected an attempt to set aside an arbitral award on the
basis of breach of natural justice. The court noted that it must be \lquote \rquote
extremely careful not to do more than is necessary, bearing in mind the principle
of minimal curial intervention as well as the salutary reminder that the
substantive merits of the arbitral proceedings are beyond the remit of the
court\rquote \rquote
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Insolvency
\par
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
25.
}
}
What is the effect on the arbitration of pending insolvency of one of more of the
parties to the arbitration?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The pending insolvency of a party to an ongoing arbitration can trigger an
application by the other party to the arbitral tribunal for security for costs or
other interim measures to protect its interests (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 12, International Arbitration Act (IAA); Article 17 UNCITRAL Model Law
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Remedies
\par
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
26.
}
}
What interim remedies are available from the tribunal?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Interim remedies
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The tribunal can make orders or give directions to any party for (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 12(1), International Arbitration Act (IAA); section 28(2), Arbitration Act
(AA)
}
}
):
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Security for costs.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Discovery of documents and interrogatories.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Giving of evidence by affidavit.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Examination of a party on oath or affirmation.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Preservation and interim custody of any evidence for the purposes of the
proceedings.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Taking of samples from, observation of or experiment conducted on any property
which is or forms part of the subject-matter of the dispute.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Preservation, interim custody or sale of any property which is or forms part of the
subject-matter of the dispute.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Under the IAA, the tribunal also has the power to grant an interim injunction or
any other interim measure.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The powers vested in the tribunal are non-mandatory and parties are free to exclude
or restrict the scope of the tribunal\rquote s powers in line with the principle of
party autonomy although it is rare for parties to do so.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Ex parte
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
There are no statutory provisions that give a tribunal the power to grant interim
relief on an ex parte basis, nor are there any statutory provisions prohibiting
tribunals from doing so. However, it is unlikely for a tribunal to grant interim
relief on an ex parte basis considering its general duty to act fairly and
impartially and to give parties a reasonable opportunity to present their case.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In any case, for arbitrations governed by the Singapore International Arbitration
Centre (SIAC) rules, a party seeking a request for urgent interim relief must
notify the other party of such a request (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Schedule 1, SIAC Rules 2013
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Security
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The power to award security is one of the orders that can be given by the tribunal.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
27.
}
}
What final remedies are available from the tribunal?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The arbitral tribunal may award any remedy or relief that could have been ordered
by the High Court if the dispute had been the subject of civil proceedings in that
court (section 12(5)(a), International Arbitration Act (IAA); section 34(2),
Arbitration Act (AA)).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Consequently, remedies such as damages, injunctions, declarations, specific
performance and costs are all available from the tribunal.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Appeals
\par
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
28.
}
}
Can arbitration proceedings and awards be appealed or challenged in the local
courts? What are the grounds and procedure? Can parties waive any rights of appeal
or challenge to an award by agreement before the dispute arises (such as in the
arbitral clause itself)?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Rights of appeal/challenge
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Under the Arbitration Act (AA), arbitration awards can be challenged either by a
setting aside application made to the High Court or by an appeal to the High Court.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Under the International Arbitration Act (IAA), arbitration awards can only be
challenged by a setting aside application to the High Court.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The effect of setting aside means that the award becomes null and void for
specific, statutorily defined, jurisdictional issues, procedural irregularities or
public policy considerations.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
An appeal on a domestic award under the AA, however, seeks to remit, vary or annul
the award, and must be restricted to challenges on the basis of errors of fact and
law.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Grounds and procedure
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
Grounds for Setting Aside
}
}
. Under the AA and the IAA, an award can be set aside on any of the following
grounds (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Article 34(2), UNCITRAL Model Law; section 24, IAA; section 48(1), AA
}
}
):
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Party to the arbitration agreement was under some incapacity.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Arbitration agreement is invalid under the law governing the agreement.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Party making the application was not given proper notice of the appointment of an
arbitrator or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present their
case.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Award made by the tribunal was
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
ultra vires
}
}
.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in
accordance with parties\rquote agreement.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
The court finds that the subject-matter of the dispute is not arbitrable or the
award is in conflict with public policy.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
There are two additional grounds provided under the AA:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Where the award was induced by fraud or corruption.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Where there has been a breach of the rules of natural justice.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The application for setting aside must be made by originating summons with a
supporting affidavit, within three months from the date of receipt by the applicant
of the award (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Order 69, Rule 2 of the Singapore Rules of Court (ROC)
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
Grounds for appeal
}
}
. Under the AA, an appeal to the High Court against an award may only be made on
questions of Singapore law arising out of the award (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 49(1) AA
}
}
), and it must either be with parties\rquote agreement or with the leave of court.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The application must be made by originating summons with a supporting affidavit (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Order 67 Rule 7, ROC
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Excluding rights of appeal
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The parties\rquote right to appeal may be excluded by agreement.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Further, where there is an agreement to dispense with the need for a tribunal to
give its reasons for an award, there is no right of appeal (section 49(2), AA).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
29.
}
}
What is the limitations period applicable to actions to vacate or challenge an
international arbitration award rendered?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
An application to set aside an award, under both the Arbitration Act (AA) and the
International Arbitration Act (IAA), must be made within three months from the date
of receipt by the applicant of the award (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 48(2), AA; Article 34(3), UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
An appeal against an award under the AA must be brought within 28 days of the date
of the award (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 50(3), AA
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
30.
}
}
What is the limitation period applicable to actions to enforce international
arbitration awards rendered outside your jurisdiction?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
A foreign award may be enforced in the Singapore courts by action or in the same
manner as a Singapore award, that is, leave of court must be obtained and the
application must be made by originating summons with a supporting affidavit (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 69A, Singapore Rules of Court
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The action to enforce the award has to be made within six years from the date of
the award (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 6(1)(c), Limitation Act
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Costs
\par
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
31.
}
}
What legal fee structures can be used? Are fees fixed by law?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
There are no prescribed legal fee structures under the Arbitration Act (AA) or the
International Arbitration Act (IAA). However, arbitral institutions usually have
their own fee guidelines.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
While it is not uncommon for arbitrators to be paid hourly (as in the London Court
of International Arbitration), the fees for arbitrators under the Singapore
International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) and International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
are based on the institution\rquote s guidelines. The fees are capped at a certain
sum, depending on the sum in dispute. For example, where the sum in dispute is
above US$10 million, the arbitrator\rquote s fees are capped at SGD154,835 under
the SIAC, and SGD$187,400 under the ICC.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
There are also cases where arbitrators agree their fees with the parties and sign a
contract setting out the terms of their remuneration.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Third party funding was previously not permitted under Singapore law. However,
following a public consultation exercise, the Civil Law (Amendment) Bill 2016 (see
Question 37) provides for third party funding to be permitted for international
commercial arbitration proceedings and establishes a regulatory framework for third
party funders.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
32.
}
}
Does the unsuccessful party have to pay the successful party\rquote s costs? How
does the tribunal usually calculate any costs award and what factors does it
consider?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Cost allocation
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Cost allocation
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
In line with the principle of party autonomy, cost allocation may be set out in the
[##arbitration] agreement. However, any agreement to the effect that parties shall
in any event pay their own costs is void unless such an agreement arises after the
dispute (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 39(2), Arbitration Act (AA)
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Whether the unsuccessful party must pay the successful party\rquote s costs lies at
the discretion of the tribunal. The tribunal has the authority to order the legal
or other costs of a party be paid by another party (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Rule 37, Singapore International Arbitration Centre Rules 2016
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
See also:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
VV and anor v VW (2008) 2 SLR(R) 929
}
}
, a leading decision on costs in arbitrations governed by the IAA.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Ting Kang Chung John v Teo Hee Lai Building Constructions Pte Ltd (2010) 2 SLR 625
}
}
for costs in arbitrations governed by the AA.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Cost calculation
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
There are no specific guidelines on how the tribunal usually calculates its costs
award. A 2015 report issued by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
Commission on Arbitration and ADR provides an insight into the factors that
tribunals take into consideration, some of which are as follows:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Parties\rquote degree and scope of success and, where relevant, the timing of
success.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Conduct of the parties.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Reasonableness of costs claimed.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Complexity of the dispute.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Settlement offers/negotiations.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Factors considered
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The factors considered by the court in making its costs orders are set out in Order
59 of the Singapore Rules of Court 2016. However, they do not differ significantly
from the factors considered by the tribunal.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Enforcement of an award
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Domestic awards
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
33.
}
}
To what extent is an arbitration award made in your jurisdiction enforceable in the
local courts?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Arbitration awards made in Singapore can be enforced in the same manner as a
judgment or an order of court (section 19, International Arbitration Act (IAA);
section 46(1), Arbitration Act (AA)).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
To enforce an award, leave must be obtained from the High Court and the application
has to be made by originating summons with a supporting affidavit. The affidavit
must:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Exhibit the arbitration agreement and the original award, or copies of them.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
State details of the creditor and the debtor.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
State the extent to which the award has not been complied with.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Foreign awards
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
34.
}
}
Is your jurisdiction party to international treaties relating to recognition and
enforcement of foreign arbitration awards, such as the Convention on the
Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (New York Convention?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Singapore is a party to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of
Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (New York Convention). Consequently, Singapore will
recognise and enforce awards that are made in the territory of another contracting
state.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
35.
}
}
To what extent is a foreign arbitration award enforceable?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
For the purposes of enforcement, foreign arbitral awards are recognised in the same
way as a Singapore arbitral award (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 29, International Arbitration Act (IAA)
}
}
), provided that the award was made in a country that is also party to the New York
Convention.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The procedure is similar to the enforcement of a Singapore award (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 19 IAA; Order 69A, r6, Singapore Rules of Court 2016 (ROC
}
}
)), that is, by originating summons and supporting affidavit. This process is held
to be a mechanistic one (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
see Denmark Skibsteknske Konsullenter A/S I Likvidation v Ultrapolis 3000
Investment Ltd (2010) 3 SLR 661
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The court can refuse to enforce a foreign award if the person against whom
enforcement is sought proves (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
section 31(2) and (4), IAA
}
}
):
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Incapacity at the time when the arbitration agreement was made.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Invalidity of the arbitration agreement either under the law to which the parties
have subjected it or under the law of the country where the award was made.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Award was ultra vires.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in
accordance with parties\rquote agreement or the law of the country where the
arbitration took place.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Award has not yet become binding on the parties to the arbitral award or has been
set aside or suspended by a competent authority of the country in which, or under
the law of which, the award was made.
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Length of enforcement proceedings
\par
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
36.
}
}
How long do enforcement proceedings in the local court take, from the date of
filing the application to the date when the first instance court makes its final
order? Is there an expedited procedure?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The average waiting time between the filing of enforcement proceedings and the date
for the hearing of the matter ranges from three to six weeks (Appendix B of the
Supreme Court Practice Directions). However, time periods may be longer if
enforcement is resisted.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf23 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Reform
\par
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri620 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li620
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i0 \fs20
37.
}
}
Are any changes to the law currently under consideration or being proposed?
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
}
}}\par
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Singapore Ministry of Law submitted the Civil Law (Amendment) Bill 2016 for its
First Reading in Parliament in November 2016. The Bill provides for third party
funding in arbitration proceedings (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
see Question 31
}
}
).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
The Singapore International Arbitration Centre SIAC also announced the newest
edition of its arbitration rules (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
SIAC Rules 2016
}
}
) which came into effect on 1 August 2016. Some of the notable changes brought
about by the 2016 Rules include:
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Procedure for the early dismissal of claims and defences (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Rule 28
}
}
).
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Streamlined process for disputes arising out of multiple contracts (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Rules 6 and 8
}
}
).
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Delocalisation of the seat of arbitration in recognition of the increasingly
international nature of SIAC arbitrations (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Rule 20
}
}
).
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
{\pntext }
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li480
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \li480
Enhancing the emergency arbitration proceedings with shorter times for appointment
of an emergency arbitrator and issue of an order of award of interim relief (
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \i1 \fs20
Rule 29, Schedule 1
}
}
).
\par {\pntext }
}
}
}
}
}
{\b0 \cf1 \f3 \ri100 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li100
}
}
}
}{
\intbl
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Main arbitration organisations
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC)
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \i0 \fs20
Main activities.
}
}
SIAC administers arbitrations under its own rules and also provides services of
appointment of arbitrators (under the International Arbitration Act and the
Arbitration Act).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \i0 \fs20
W
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \i1 \fs20
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/0-106-
3505?
originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=PLUK1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextDa
ta=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt
www.siac.org.sg/
}\b0 \cf5 \f3 \ul0 \strike0 \i1 \fs20 \sa0 \sb0 }}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
International Court of Arbitration of International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \i0 \fs20
Main activities.
}
}
ICC administers arbitrations under its own rules and also provides services of
appointment of experts and mediation.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \i0 \fs20
W
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \i1 \fs20
5007?
www.iccwbo.org
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Singapore Chamber of Maritime Arbitration (SCMA)
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \i0 \fs20
Main activities.
}
}
SCMA offers a \ldblquote loose-touch\rdblquote administered arbitration service
for the shipping and maritime industry.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \i0 \fs20
W
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \i1 \fs20
4986?
www.scma.org.sg/
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \ul0 \strike0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0 \sa0 \sb0 \intbl \cell
\row }}\par {
\intbl
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Online resources
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Singapore Statutes Online
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \i0 \fs20
W
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \i1 \fs20
9365?
http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \i0 \fs20
Description.
}
}
This website contains all Singapore legislation, subsidiary legislation and
legislative history (in English). It is maintained by the Legislation Division of
the Attorney-General\rquote s Chambers of Singapore, and is generally up-to-date.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\row }}\par {
\intbl
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs28 \li0
Contributor profiles
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Tat Lim, Partner
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf5 \f3 \i0 \fs20
}
{\b1 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
Aequitas Law LLP
\par
}
}
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
{\b0 \cf19 \f3 \ri0 \i0 \qj \fs20 \li0
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