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Review Article
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays for a better performance, longevity and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer
increase in number of life cycles before fracture
engineering structures have to meet the requirements Carbon fiber reinforced polymer, carbon fiber reinforced
such as high strength to weight ratio, high resistance to plastic or carbon reinforced thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP,
failure due to dynamic, shock loading etc. So various CFRTP) is an extremely strong and light fiber reinforced
studies have been performed to study the free vibration plastic which contains carbon fibers. High strength carbon
response of composites with various stresses and other fibers are very difficult to stretch or bend and low thermal
factors like temperature, support conditions, material expansion that means will expand or contract much less in
properties and lamination scheme. The composites are hot and cold conditions than materials like steel and
selected and fabricated to have better strength without aluminium. When made with appropriate resins carbon
increasing signifying weight. fiber is one of the most corrosion resistant material. It has
superior fatigue properties compared to metals so that
Fiber hybridization involves the utilization of two or more exceptional durability.
fiber types in a common matrix to form a new composite
Basalt
material with improved properties compared with
composites of individual fiber type alone. The effect of Basalt fibers show 15-20% higher tensile strength and
different stacking sequence, weight percentage, side to modulus. Extended operating temperature range and
thickness ratio, aspect ratio, rotation of fiber, boundary better environmental properties. Processing of basalt
conditions have been studied. fibers does not require special equipment or technologies
and recyclable. It has better chemical resistance.
MATERIAL SELECTION
*Corresponding Author: Rongali Lakshmi; Department of
In this review, materials selected for fabrication of hybrid Mechanical Engineering, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of
composite are carbon fiber reinforced polymer and basalt. Engineering (Autonomous), Visakhapatnam, India.
Their properties were discussed below. E-mail: srisampathsai0555@gmail.com
Co-Author Email: yseetharamarao24@gvpce.ac.in
Kumar et al. (2018) investigated the comparative structural Rajesh et al. (2016) investigated banana and sisal fiber
vibration analysis of machinery and GFRP with Al7075. randomly oriented reinforced polymer composite for
The data is processed in MATLAB using ARDUINO natural frequency and damping factor. Chemical treatment
relayed to computer to convert the data to frequency increases the modulus of the material and increases the
spectra using Fast-Fourier transforms (FFT). Vibrational stiffness of the composite.
properties of two lathes are compared at different
conditions and quantified the vibration results using Fast Rajesh et al. (2016) reported on dynamic mechanical
Fourier Transforms (FFT) algorithm. In addition to which, analysis and free vibration behavior of intra-ply woven
the vibration signatures of a composite are studied and natural fiber hybrid polymer composite. Warp jute fiber and
analyzed the vibration signature to identify the faults in weft banana fiber (WJWB) and both warp and weft banana
industrial equipment. and jute fiber (WAWBJ) intra-ply hybrid composites have
better dynamic mechanical behavior as relatively stronger
Mishra et al. (2015) presented an experimental fiber is oriented along the loading direction. Warp and weft
investigation of the natural frequency of woven fiber banana and jute fiber intra-ply hybrid composite has low
composite Plate. The effect of different boundary natural frequencies while huckaback woven and warp
conditions (BCs) including free–free, cantilever, simply banana fiber and weft jute fiber composites have high
supported, and fully clamped was presented and modal damping factors.
compared with results of previous studies in literature
wherever available. Somireddy et al. (2014) presented an application of the
mesh free natural neighbor Galerkin method for the static
Mohanty et al. (2012) studied a finite element model for a and vibration analysis of plates and laminates. The
composite plate with delamination of a woven fiber glass consistency and convergence of solutions for deflection
with epoxy. The frequencies of vibration decrease with and stresses have been studied by varying order of Gauss
increase of the delamination area in woven fiber composite quadrature and the number of nodes. It has been observed
plates. that good convergence of results is obtained with increase
in the quadrature points and nodes.
Nayak et al. (2013) conducted experimental and numerical
investigation on parametric study of vibration and buckling Vas et al. (2017) studied on design and analysis of metal
characteristics of woven fiber Glass-Carbon/epoxy hybrid composite hybrid wheel rim. In order to improve the ride
composite panels. For hybrids with 25% laminate layers of comfort of an automobile by enhancing the vibrations of
carbon fibre and the rest 75% glass fibre, the minimum wheel, designed an aluminium-composite hybrid wheel,
frequency is observed in case of (G-C-G-G)s sequence subsequently model analysis test carried out to evaluate
and for hybrids with 50% carbon fibre laminates, the its performance. The equivalent deformation in terms of
minimum frequency is observed for (C-G-C-G)2 the 1 node of the hybrid and aluminium wheel 0.120 m
sequence. The effectiveness of hybridization increases if (150 Hz) and 0.120 (151 Hz) respectively in hybrid wheel
materials with high values of young’s modulus form the the natural frequencies are reduced by 1% when
outermost layer. The buckling loads of hybrid laminates compared to aluminium. This study is expected to provide
with same mass and small amount of fibre with high substantial information and data for the design of
stiffness are higher than those corresponding to advanced metal-composite hybrid wheel with low natural
homogeneous laminates. Pure carbon fiber plates frequencies and increasing the ride comfort of car, and this
possess higher strength in buckling and vibration technique can be applied to multitude of machine
compared to hybrid plates. components to enhance various mechanical performance
values of metal structure.
Panda et al. (2015) determined the free vibration
characteristics of woven fiber glass/epoxy delaminated Wang et al. (2010) studied free vibration analysis of thin
doubly curved composite panels in a thermal environment plates. In the HRK approximation both the deflectional and
based on the finite element approach. First-order shear rotational degrees of freedom at a generic field point are
deformation theory is chosen for a composite shell model considered to construct the approximation of the primary
with provision of mid-plane strip delamination at different deflection variable by simultaneously imposing the
locations. The natural frequencies of free vibration of reproducing or consistency conditions on the deflection
woven fiber composite shells decrease with an increase in and rotations.
temperature and delamination area due to reduction of
stiffness for all laminates. Zhou et al. (2005) proposed a reproducing kernel particle
method (RKPM) is used to analyze the natural frequencies
Prasad et al. (2018) reported experimental and numerical of Euler– Bernoulli beams as well as Kirchhoff plates to
results on the vibration of woven fiber metal laminated predict the forced vibration responses of buried pipelines
plates at different boundary conditions. A finite element due to longitudinal travelling waves. Two different
(FE)-based formulation used for the plate under the first- approaches, Lagrange multipliers as well as
order Reissner-Mindlin theory, fibers and metals of transformation method, are employed to enforce essential
different material properties in alternate layers. boundary conditions.
Combination of carbon and basalt fabric layers are used to The vibration test is conducted by using modal analysis
fabricate hybrid laminated composite and varying the technique with FFT analyzer. It is observed that the natural
stacking sequence of fabric layers. 7 different samples are frequency for pure carbon composite has the highest value
fabricated and tested to evaluate the tensile properties and and with decreasing carbon content the maximum natural
vibration analysis. The 7 different sample stacking frequency decreases. Hybrid H5 laminate composite
sequences are shown in the figure below. having the minimum natural frequency compared with
other composites. The hybrid laminates with carbon
fabrics at the innermost layers showed higher natural
frequency compared with the carbon fabrics at the
outermost layer.
Tensile Test
Comparison is carried out and observed that the tensile Figure 6: Effect of natural frequency of hybrid laminated
strength for pure carbon composite has the highest value composites.
and with decreasing carbon content the maximum tensile
strength decreases. The tensile strength and modulus of Damping ratio of all laminates were calculated from
elasticity for hybrid laminate H1 composite have relatively frequency response function curve by using half-power
high compared with remaining hybrid laminates. The band width method.
maximum tensile stresses were exerted in the outmost
layers. Therefore, in the hybrid composite H1, carbon
fabrics in the outmost layers bear most of the applied load
and this led to higher tensile strength and modulus.
Figure 4: Tensile modulus of hybrid laminated composite Figure 7: Frequency response curve. Senthil et.al (2014).
Damping ratio is higher for pure basalt fiber and it hygrothermal loading-experimental and numerical
decreases with decreasing basalt fiber content. Hybrid results.” Composites Part B: Engineering 98 (2016):
laminated H5 composite having maximum damping ratio. 108-119.
The reason for the increase in damping is the lower Bozkurt, Ömer Yavuz, and Muhammet Enver Gökdemir.
stiffness of basalt fiber composites compared to carbon “Effect of basalt fiber hybridization on the vibration‐
fiber composites. In addition, the increase in volume damping behavior of carbon fiber/epoxy
fractions of matrix, which has the primary constituent composites.” Polymer Composites 39, no. S4 (2018):
governing the viscoelastic behavior of laminates and the E2274-E2282.
possible voids or pores could be the other sources of Chandrashekhar, M., and Ranjan Ganguli. “Nonlinear
increase in damping ratio. vibration analysis of composite laminated and sandwich
plates with random material properties.” International
Journal of Mechanical Sciences 52, no. 7 (2010): 874-
891.
Faroughi, S., E. Shafei, and D. Schillinger. “Isogeometric
stress, vibration and stability analysis of in-plane
laminated composite structures.” International Journal
of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 05 (2018):
1850070.
Kumar, K. Senthil, I. Siva, P. Jeyaraj, JT WinowlinJappes,
S. C. Amico, and N. Rajini. “Synergy of fiber length and
content on free vibration and damping behavior of
natural fiber reinforced polyester composite
beams.” Materials & Design (1980-2015) 56 (2014):
Figure 8: Damping ratio of hybrid laminated composites 379-386.
Kumar, K. Vinoth, T. G. Loganathan, A. Bharath, B. Shyam
Sundar, and K. K. Abishek. “Comparative structural
CONCLUSIONS vibration analysis of machinery and GFRP with
Al7075.” In MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 144, p.
In this paper, the hybridization of basalt to carbon gives the 01009. EDP Sciences, 2018.
results discussed below. Mishra, Itishree, and Shishir Kumar Sahu. "Modal analysis
1. The tensile properties of carbon-basalt/epoxy hybrid of woven fiber composite plates with different boundary
composites strongly depended on the stacking conditions." International Journal of Structural Stability
sequence of carbon and basalt fabric. The hybrid and Dynamics 15, no. 01 (2015): 1540001.
laminates with carbon fabrics at the outermost layers Mohanty, J., S. K. Sahu, and P. K. Parhi. “Numerical and
showed higher tensile strength and modulus compared experimental study on free vibration of delaminated
with the carbon fabrics at the innermost layer. woven fiber glass/epoxy composite
2. Increasing the basalt fiber content in composite the plates.” International Journal of Structural Stability and
natural frequency decreases. The hybrid laminates with Dynamics 12, no. 02 (2012): 377-394.
carbon fabrics at innermost layers showed lower Nayak, N., S. Meher, and S. K. Sahu. “Experimental and
frequencies compared with the carbon fabrics at the numerical study on vibration and buckling
outermost layers. characteristics of glass-carbon/epoxy hybrid composite
3. Increasing the stiffness of basalt fiber lead to decreases plates.” In Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Civil
the damping. And the increase in volume fraction of Engineering, AETACE, pp. 888-895. 2013.
matrix and voids or pores damping decreases. Panda, Himanshu Sekhar, Shishir Kumar Sahu, Pravat
Kumar Parhi, and AvittathurVenkiteswaran Asha.
“Vibration of woven fiber composite doubly curved
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