Definition of science

1 : the state of knowing : knowledge as distinguished from ignorance or misunderstanding

2a : a department of systematized knowledge as an object of study

the science of theology

b : something (such as a sport or technique) that may be studied or learned like systematized knowledge

have it down to a science

3a : knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws
especially as obtained and tested through scientific method

b : such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its
phenomena : NATURAL SCIENCE

4 : a system or method reconciling practical ends with scientific laws

cooking is both a science and an art

5 capitalized : CHRISTIAN SCIE

Social science, any discipline or branch of science that deals with human behaviour in its social and
cultural aspects. The social sciences include cultural (or social) anthropology, sociology, social
psychology, political science, and economics. Also frequently included are social and economic
geography and those areas of education that deal with the social contexts of learning and the relation of
the school to the social order (see also educational psychology).

Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of
natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms
such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific
advances.

Natural science can be divided into two main branches: life science (or biological science) and physical
science. Physical science is subdivided into branches, including physics, chemistry, astronomy and earth
science. These branches of natural science may be further divided into more specialized branches (also
known as fields).

Pure Science is a science that derives theories and predictions. Pure Science can also known as natural
Science, basic science or fundamental science. Pure sciences deals with the study of natural phenomena
through observation, experimentation and use of scientific methods. Pure science is often conducted in a
laboratory.The main objective of pure science is to increase information of a particular field of study and
develop scientific theories.

Read more at: https://www.careerindia.com/courses/unique-courses/what-is-pure-science-015444.html

Applied science is the application of existing scientific knowledge to practical applications, like
technology or inventions.

Within natural science, disciplines that are basic science, also called pure science, develop basic
information to predict and perhaps explain and understand phenomena in the natural world. Applied
science is the use of scientific processes and knowledge as the means to achieve a particular practical or
useful result. This includes a broad range of applied science related fields from engineering, business,
medicine to early childhood education.

Applied science can also apply formal science, such as statistics and probability theory, as in
epidemiology. Genetic epidemiology is an applied science applying both biological and statistical
methods.

Biological sciences is the study of life and living organisms, their life cycles, adaptations and
environment. There are many different areas of study under the umbrella of biological sciences including
biochemistry, microbiology and evolutionary biology.A course in biological sciences will combine
practical and theory work with a mixture of lectures, seminars and lab work. Those who choose to study
the biological sciences can expect to expand their knowledge of cell theory, evolution, genetics, energy
and homeostasis.Most universities will offer degree programmes in the biological sciences and will also
offer a joint degree programme with other sciences or the social sciences. Some universities will offer
more specialised degrees within the biological sciences such as zoology or ecology. Assessments will vary
across exams, coursework, presentations and lab work. Students will often be required to conduct
research of their own, to answer a question of their choosing – generating exactly the sort of skillset that
employers are seeking. This is often in a team, so students will be developing their skills in
communications, delegation, research and management.

Physical science, the systematic study of the inorganic world, as distinct from the study of the organic
world, which is the province of biological science. Physical science is ordinarily thought of as consisting of
four broad areas: astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences. Each of these is in turn divided
into fields and subfields. This article discusses the historical development—with due attention to the
scope, principal concerns, and methods—of the first three of these areas. The Earth sciences are
discussed in a separate article.

Zoology (/zoʊˈɒlədʒi, zu-/)[note 1] is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including
the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and
extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον,
zōion, i.e. "animal" and λόγος, logos, i.e. "knowledge, study".[1]

Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of
biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term
"botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture", "grass", or "fodder";
βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν (boskein), "to feed" or "to graze".[1][2][3] Traditionally, botany
has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the
study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International
Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 species of
land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants (including approximately 369,000 species
of flowering plants),[4] and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes.[5]

Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with elements and compounds composed of atoms,
molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo
during a reaction with other substances.[1][2]

In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and biology.[3]
It is sometimes called the central science because it provides a foundation for understanding both basic
and applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level.[4] For example, chemistry explains aspects of
plant chemistry (botany), the formation of igneous rocks (geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed
and how environmental pollutants are degraded (ecology), the properties of the soil on the moon
(astrophysics), how medications work (pharmacology), and how to collect DNA evidence at a crime scene
(forensics).

Physics (from Ancient Greek: φυσική (ἐπιστήμη), romanized: physikḗ (epistḗmē), lit. 'knowledge of
nature', from φύσις phýsis "nature")[1][2][3] is the natural science that studies matter,[4] its motion and
behavior through space and time, and that studies the related entities of energy and force.[5] Physics is
one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe
behaves.[a][6][7][8]
Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the
oldest.[9] Over much of the past two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of
mathematics, were a part of natural philosophy, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century
these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right.[b] Physics intersects
with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the
boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental
mechanisms studied by other sciences[6] and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines
such as mathematics and philosophy.

Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. This is a
branch of science dealing with the physical constitution of the Earth and its atmosphere. Earth science is
the study of our planet's physical characteristics, from earthquakes to raindrops, and floods to fossils.
Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a much older history. Earth
science encompasses four main branches of study, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere,
and the biosphere, each of which is further broken down into more specialized fields.

There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to earth sciences. It is also the study of Earth and its
neighbors in space. Some earth scientists use their knowledge of the planet to locate and develop
energy and mineral resources. Others study the impact of human activity on Earth's environment, and
design methods to protect the planet. Some use their knowledge about earth processes such as
volcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes to plan communities that will not expose people to these
dangerous events.

Astronomy (from Greek: ἀστρονομία) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena.
It applies mathematics, physics, and chemistry in an effort to explain the origin of those objects and
phenomena and their evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, and
comets; the phenomena also includes supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, quasars, blazars, pulsars,
and cosmic microwave background radiation. More generally, all phenomena that originate outside
Earth's atmosphere are within the purview of astronomy. A branch of astronomy called cosmology is the
study of the Universe as a whole.[1]

Astronomy is one of the oldest of the natural sciences. The early civilizations in recorded history, such as
the Babylonians, Greeks, Indians, Egyptians, Nubians, Iranians, Chinese, Maya, and many ancient
indigenous peoples of the Americas, performed methodical observations of the night sky. Historically,
astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational
astronomy, and the making of calendars, but professional astronomy is now often considered to be
synonymous with astrophysics.[2]

There are many possible definitions of matter. In science, matter is the term for any type of material.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. At a minimum, matter requires at least one
subatomic particle, although most matter consists of atoms. The word matter is sometimes used to refer
to a pure substance.

Matter is a substance that has inertia and occupies physical space. According to modern physics, matter
consists of various types of particles, each with mass and size.

The most familiar examples of material particles are the electron, the proton and the neutron.
Combinations of these particles form atoms. There are more than 100 different kinds of atoms, each
kind constituting a unique chemical element. A combination of atoms forms a molecule. Atoms and/or
molecules can join together to form a compound.

Matter can exist in several states, also called phases. The three most common states are known as solid,
liquid and gas. A single element or compound of matter might exist in more than one of the three states,
depending on the temperature and pressure. Less familiar states of matter include plasma, foam and
Bose-Einstein condensate. These states occur under special conditions.

Pure Substances

A pure substance is any single type of material that are made of only one type of atom or only one type
of molecule. Also, a pure substance can be defined as any single type of material that has not been
contaminated by another substance. In chemistry, a pure substance has a definite composition. It can be
a compound or a single element. An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler
substances by chemical or physical means. There are about 117 elements, but carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen and oxygen are only a few that make up the largest portion of Earth. The material is no longer a
pure substance if it has been mixed with another pure substance. Two pure substances mixed together
are known as a mixture. Scientists often use filtration to separate pure substances from a mixture in
order to analyze the materials.
In chemistry, a mixture is a material made up of two or more different substances which are physically
combined.[1] A mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more substances in which the
identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions and colloids.[2][3]

Mixtures are one product of mechanically blending or mixing chemical substances such as elements and
compounds, without chemical bonding or other chemical change, so that each ingredient substance
retains its own chemical properties and makeup.[4] Despite the fact that there are no chemical changes
to its constituents, the physical properties of a mixture, such as its melting point, may differ from those
of the components. Some mixtures can be separated into their components by using physical
(mechanical or thermal) means. Azeotropes are one kind of mixture that usually pose considerable
difficulties regarding the separation processes required to obtain their constituents (physical or chemical
processes or, even a blend of them).[5][6][7]

Classical physics refers to theories of physics that predate modern, more complete, or more widely
applicable theories. If a currently accepted theory is considered to be modern, and its introduction
represented a major paradigm shift, then the previous theories, or new theories based on the older
paradigm, will often be referred to as belonging to the realm of "classical physics".

As such, the definition of a classical theory depends on context. Classical physical concepts are often
used when modern theories are unnecessarily complex for a particular situation. Most usually classical
physics refers to pre-1900 physics, while modern physics refers to post-1900 physics which incorporates
elements of quantum mechanics and relativity.[1]

What is “Modern Physics”?

“Modern” physics means physics based on the two major breakthroughs of the early the twentieth
century: relativity and quantum mechanics.

Physics based on what was known before then (Newton’s laws, Maxwell’s equations, thermodynamics) is
called “classical” physics.

This course traces in some detail just how the new ideas developed. We examine the experimental and
theoretical paradoxes that forced thinking out of the traditional path. This is a valuable exercise—the
classical ideas are in much better accord with common sense (defined by Einstein as the layer of
prejudices in place by age eighteen), so seeing how the new physics came about is helpful in overcoming
that “common sense” and getting a better understanding of nature.

But this is not just a course on concepts: the lectures and homework are sufficient to give the student a
basic technical grasp of special relativity, and of Schrödinger’s quantum mechanics.

Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, gē ("earth") and -λoγία, -logia, ("study of", "discourse")[1][2]) is an
earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by
which they change over time. Geology can also include the study of the solid features of any terrestrial
planet or natural satellite such as Mars or the Moon. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other
earth sciences, including hydrology and the atmospheric sciences, and so is treated as one major aspect
of integrated earth system science and planetary science.

Hydrology

Hydrology is the science that encompasses the study of water on the Earth’s surface and beneath the
surface of the Earth, the occurrence and movement of water, the physical and chemical properties of
water, and its relationship with the living and material components of the environment

Meteorology

Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and
forecasting.

Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events which illuminate and are explained by the
science of meteorology.

Those events are bound by the variables that exist in Earth's atmosphere.

They are temperature, pressure, water vapor, and the gradients and interactions of each variable, and
how they change in time.
The majority of Earth's observed weather is located in the troposphere.

Although meteorologists now rely heavily on computer models (numerical weather prediction), it is still
relatively common to use techniques and conceptual models that were developed before computers
were powerful enough to make predictions accurately or efficiently.

Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other
forms of energy. In particular, it describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of
energy and how it affects matter. Thermal energy is the energy a substance or system has due to its
temperature, i.e., the energy of moving or vibrating molecules, according to the Energy Education
website of the Texas Education Agency. Thermodynamics involves measuring this energy, which can be
"exceedingly complicated," according to David McKee, a professor of physics at Missouri Southern State
University. "The systems that we study in thermodynamics … consist of very large numbers of atoms or
molecules interacting in complicated ways. But, if these systems meet the right criteria, which we call
equilibrium, they can be described with a very small number of measurements or numbers. Often this is
idealized as the mass of the system, the pressure of the system, and the volume of the system, or some
other equivalent set of numbers. Three numbers describe 1026 or 1030 nominal independent variables."

In physics, mathematics, and related fields, a wave is a disturbance of a field in which a physical attribute
oscillates repeatedly at each point or propagates from each point to neighboring points, or seems to
move through space.

The waves most commonly studied in physics are mechanical and electromagnetic. A mechanical wave is
a local deformation (strain) in some physical medium that propagates from particle to particle by
creating local stresses that cause strain in neighboring particles too. For example, sound waves in air are
variations of the local pressure that propagate by collisions between gas molecules. Other examples of
mechanical waves are seismic waves, gravity waves, vortices, and shock waves. An electromagnetic wave
consists of a combination of variable electric and magnetic fields, that propagates through space
according to Maxwell's equations. Electromagnetic waves can travel through suitable dielectric media or
through vacuum; examples include radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-
rays and gamma rays.

Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of
physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force is
carried by electromagnetic fields composed of electric fields and magnetic fields, is responsible for
electromagnetic radiation such as light, and is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly
called forces) in nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the strong interaction, the weak
interaction, and gravitation.[1] At high energy the weak force and electromagnetic force are unified as a
single electroweak force.

An element is a substance whose atoms all have the same number of protons: another way of saying this
is that all of a particular element's atoms have the same atomic number.

Elements are chemically the simplest substances and hence cannot be broken down using chemical
reactions. Elements can only be changed into other elements using nuclear methods.Although an
element’s atoms must all have the same number of protons, they can have different numbers of
neutrons and hence different masses. When atoms of the same element have different numbers of
neutrons, they are called isotopes.