BIOGAS PLANT FUEL TURBINE

19A Minor project submitted

To
CHHATTISGARH SWAMI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,BHILAI (C.G.),INDIA
For the award of degree
Of
Bachelor of engineering
In
Mechanical engineering
By
Kunal Bhaskar(AR0437)3023715025
Pushpendra Kumar Patel (AR0573)3023715041
Deepak Kumar Sahu (AR0385)3023715016
K. Parmeshwar Rao (AR0427)3023715023

Under the guidance of

Prof. Ashish Kumar Khandelwal
Assistance Professor
Department of Mechanical engineering
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Chouksey engineering collage , Bilaspur ( c.g. )
Session :2018-19
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

We, the undersigned, solemnly declare that the minor project work entitled ‘’ BIOGAS PLANT FUEL TURBINE’’ is based on my own work carried out during the course of my study under the
supervision of prof. CHITRAKANT TIGER , Department of Mechanical Engineering , Chouksey Engineering collage, Bilaspur (C.G.)

I assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of the project work. I further declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief that the
report does not contain any part of any work which has been submitted for the award of any other degree/diploma/certificate in this university/deemed university of India or any other country.

----------------------------------
Kunal Bhaskar,(AR0437) 3023715025
K. Parmeshwar Rao,(AR0427) 3023715023
Deepak Ku. Sahu,(AR0385) 3023715016
Pushpendra Ku. Patel,(AR0573) 3023715041

--------------------------------
Prof. Ashish Kumar Khandelwal
HOD
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chouksey Engineering College
Bilaspur (C.G.)
 CERTIFICATE OF THE SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the report of the thesis entitled ‘’BIOGAS PLANT FUEL TURBINE’’ is a record of research work carried out by Kunal Bhaskar, Deepak Ku. Sahu, K. Parmeshwar Rao, Pushpendra ku. Patel
under my guidance and supervision for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering CSVTU, Bhilai (C.G.),India.
To the best of my knowledge, the report
I. Embodies the work of the candidate himself
II. Has duly been completed
III. Fulfils the requirements of ordinance relating to the B.E. degree of the university,
IV. Is up to the desired standard both in respect of contents and language being referred to the examiners.

Prof. Jogendra Jangre Prof. Chitrakant Tiger

Project coordinator (supervisor)
Assistant professor Assistant professor
Mechanical Department Mechanical Department
Chouksey Engineering College Chouksey Engineering College
Bilaspur (C.G.) Bilaspur (C.G.)

Forwarded to Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University Bhilai (C.G.)

Prof. A K Khandelwal
HOD, Mechanical Department
Chouksey Engineering College
Bilaspur (C.G.)
 CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS

The thesis entitled ‘’BIOGAS PLANT FUEL TURBINE’’ submitted by Kunal bhaskar , k. Parmeshwar Rao , Deepak ku. Sahu , Pushpendra ku. Patel has been
examined by the undersigned has a part of the examination and is hereby recommended for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical
Engineering of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University Bhilai (C.G.)

----------------------- ------------------------
Internal examiner External examiner
Date: 12/12/2018 Date: 12/12/2018
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure to express my profound thanks to all those people who have taken a great deal of interest and contributed plenty of their help in my work.
• First, I would like to be grateful to my Guide Prof. Chitrakant Tiger, Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering having given me this opportunity to work with him. The
present work would not have been possible without the consistent guidance, and patience shown by him, and for keeping faith in me and continually keeping me encouraged by his valuable
suggestions during the span of the dissertation work.
• I also acknowledge with gratitude the benediction of my institution, Mr. Ashish Jaiswal, Managing Director. Dr. (Mrs.) Palak Jaiswal, Director, Dr. K C Mahajan, Principal of
Chouksey Engineering College, Mr. Sharad Kumar Kaushik, OSD of Chouksey Engineering College, Prof A K Khandelwal HOD, Mechanical Department, Chouksey Engineering College
and for extending facilities and cooperation in completion of this work.
• I would like to give special thanks to Prof Chitrakant Tiger , Project Coordinator for their encouraging support and valuable suggestions throughout the work.
• At last but not the least, I heartily extend my gracious thanks to all Mechanical Staff for their precious cooperation, and cordially help to all the members of CEC family, colleagues,
friends and my own family who helped me directly or indirectly in the successful completion of my dissertation.

Kunal Bhaskar, (AR0437) 3023715025

Pushpendra Kumar Patel , (AR0573) 3023715041
Deepak Kumar Sahu , (AR0385) 3023715016
K. Parmeshwar Rao, (AR0427) 3023715023
 ABSTRACT

• Proper disposal of municipal solid wastage is one of the major challenges for responsible waste management authorities. Various studies reveal that about 50 to 70%
of the generated waste is collected. while the rest of the waste lies in the street, walkways and in vacant plots. The collected waste is dumped in the open and
uncontrolled landfills without any energy recovery. The present study is a literature review study where an attempt is made to find out sustainable solution for the
disposal of municipal organic waste. In the present study it is found out that biogas production from the municipal organic waste is a sustainable source of handling
the waste. Hence, the biogas production will also help to achieve sustainable development. Due to reducing the gap of demand and supply of electricity shortfall
through renewable energy sources (biogas), greenhouse gas emission reduction substituting the fossil fuel and receiving the economic benefits from biogas.

• Biogas technology is an efficient solution to address the issue of more stable and efficient renewable energy source through its potential ability to keep pollution free
environment. Besides being a renewable energy source, the biogas digester systems would prevent the direct exposure of methane, carbon dioxide and other
pollutant emissions into the atmosphere. Moreover, the combustion of biogas displaces the use of fossil fuels for energy generation hence contributes to additional
emission reductions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other air pollutants. For complimenting the increasing interest in renewable energy, an increasing number of
centralized biogas plants have been installed in recent years for their cost efficiency to convert livestock manure into renewable energy products, like electricity or
bio methane products. In order to assess the true efficiency of an animal manure based biogas plant under public private partnership framework, the potential
environmental externalities of animal manure should be taken account of in a socio-economic analysis.
 List of symbol

T Temperature
V Volume
S Entropy
h Enthalpy
CH4 Methane
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
H2O Water
 List of Abbreviation

• FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

• BSP Biogas Support Program
• RSPN Rural Support Network Program
• GGS Greenhouse Gas
• NGOs Non-Governmental Organization
• NRSP National Rural Support Program
• ADB Asian Development Bank
• UNDP United Nation Development Program
• ARE Alternative Renewable Energy
• EPD Environmental Protection Department
• SWM Solid Waste Management
• CDA Capital Development Authority
• MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management
• CDM Clean Development Mechanism
• NGV Natural Gas Vehicles
• MSG Micro Gas Turbine
 List of figures

• Content Page No.

1. Waste Disposal 12

2. System Flowchart 17

3. Schematic Diagram Of Biogas-Fuelled Micro-Gas Turbine 23

4. Graph (a) 25
5. Table (a) 26
 CONTENTS

Topic Page No.

1. Introduction 11
2. Literature view 13
3. Problem Identification 14
4. Methodology 17
5. Calculation 19
6. Working 23
7. Result and Discussion 25
8.conclusion 28
9. Reference 29
 Introduction

With the boom in urbanization we are in great need to power over solid waste management (SWM) scenario in India the population of India increase by 181 million during the decade 2001-2011
(Census 2011). Urban India generates 188500 tonnes per day (68.8million tonnes per year) of municipal solid waste at a per capita waste generation rate of 500 grams/person/day (SWM India
2011).
The MWS is treated differently in different parts of the world. The waste is naturally degraded in unstandardized landfills, burnt the waste in dump sites and through controlled aerobic and
anaerobic digestion process. Natural by biodegradation of organic matters contributes approximately 590-800 million tones of methane in the atmosphere. Waste water and landfills constitute 90%
of waste sector emission and about 18% of global anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions.
Typically biogas contains 50-70% methane and 30-50% carbon dioxide and small amount of other gases. It has a calorific value of 21-24 MJ/m3. anaerobic digestion is the process and technique
of decomposition of organic matter by a microbial process in an oxygen-free environment. Controlled digestion of organic waste has multiple benefits. On one hand, it provides a renewable source
of clean energy while, on the other side the digestives can be used as organic fertilisers in the agriculture sector. The electricity and fuel production from the biogas might strengthen the national
energy supply, as well as reduce greenhouse gases emissions.
.
 LETRATURE REVIEW

Govt. of India’s report (2002) on ‘’Evolution study on national project on biogas development’’, presents a preliminary study of highly successful rural biogas models wherein biogas is produced in
utilized as a cooking fuel by the villagers. the two models study were the community biogas plant established by SUMUL Dairy Bhintbudrak, Gujarat and the individual biogas plant established by
Bhagirath Pratisthan (an NGO) in south konkan region of Maharashtra. various aspect including design, operation, economic and benefit to the stakeholders had been described. The report ends with
a comparison of the two models studied on the basis of their design, vision, performance, economics and benefits.

Sagagi, et al.(2009) presented results of the study on biogas production from fruits and vegetables waste materials and their effect on plants when used as fertilizer
(Using digested and undigested sludge).
Bhumesh Singh, et al.(2011) study on biogas generation from dairy effluent and control of water pollution has been viewed with the aim of control of water pollution
through treatment of dairy waste as well as generation of biogas. Environmental parameters like Temperature, pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) & Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) was taken
in to account. No change in the average value of temperature and pH was recorded but BOD and COD reduced to the extent of 50 percent.
Ravindrnath(1995) In this book they have attempted to put together the relevant experience on bioenergy in India. They analysed the current situation. Compared
bioenergy and other options for promoting development, explored the potential for bioenergy, endeavoured to understand the socio- economic and environmental impacts, and suggrsted policy
decisions and guidelines required to promote bioenergy options.
Mr. Khan (2014) give a brief review of both Conventional and Non- Conventional energy source highlighting the importance of Non-Conventional energy source. The
biomass energy again required knowledge of organic Chemistry and biology is also included in this chapter. Biomass resources, Biomass conversion Technology, Biomass gasification, Biogas
production, Energy farming also studied.
Rahudkar (2010) has given information about the scientific reason for biogas production. He also tries to makes simple model which takes waste and makes energy
could help meet your household‘s needs.
Sapnar(1998) studied family type gobergas plant in Nashik district. He gives taluka-wise achievements up to March 1997. He studied different type of biogas models
and its production capacity. He give suggestion for positively react about the adopting the biogas plant.
 PROBLEM AND IDENTIFICATION

Defect Reason Remedy

Large gap between the digester wall and gas holder (KVIC
Model)
(a) Defective construction without checking the diameter after
completing the layer of each course of brick construction.
(b) The gas holder was made smaller than the required size.
a) If the gap is not very wide (less than 3') no correction need
to be attempted. However, if the gap is very wide, then a
cement concrete ring may be inserted as a collar around the
gasholder leaving enough space for the gasholder to move up
and down.
(b) Wherever a strong ledge has been constructed the gap can
be corrected by building additional brick line over the ledge to
cover the gap. This must be done after removing the plaster
and making sure that the additional brick line is jointed to the
digester wall properly. The gasholder of wider diameter can be
exchanged for the smaller one.

1. In winter, particularly when the ambient temperature is very

Generation of gas is very slow
low, the gas production will slow down since methanogens are
very sensitive to temperature and pH. The remedies are,
1. Low temperature and pH (a) create green house effect by covering the biogas plant by
2. Quantity of animal waste daily feeding is less solar canopy
3. More water is added (b) use warm water for daily feeding, preferably by putting the
4. Formation of scum slurry in the mixing tank and allowing it to warm by sun
5. Gas leakage rays. (Direct solar heating) (c) adjust pH by adding lime water,
2. Add correct quantity, 3. Don't use more water than specified
either in daily feeding or otherwise, 4. In case of floating drum
model gas holder is to be removed and scum is taken out and
gas holder fixed again. In case of fixed drum model some
stirring by any method may be of some help. If the problem is
severe, the entire slurry may have to be taken out and
recharged, 5. Locate the points and stop.
 Defect Reason
1. The slurry has become acidic (i.e. lowering of pH). This
would be due to overfeeding of digester. 2. Toxic materials like
soap, detergent, pesticide etc. might have entered the digester
Gas generation has stopped after the unit has worked for some
months/years.
1. If it is in the initial stage of charging, it is due to presence of
more air and/or CO2, 2. There could be obstacle in the pipe
line at any point upto the burner nozzles. The gas is, therefore,
not reaching the burner ports, Too much of primary air getting
mixed with gas
Gas does not burn
Remedy
1. Below pH 6.2 biogas generation stops practically. Addition
of water from inlet will help in bringing down the solid content
and slight increase in pH level. Since there is buffering effect
of cattle dung, this simple process may make the unit to
become normal. If there is no improvement, then add in small
dose mild alkali (CaOH, NaOH) through the inlet and some
stirring is done. At regular intervals measure pH, till it goes
slightly above 6.2 and then leave the system to get normalized
with time.
2. If little quantity of toxic material has entered, the digester
continues daily feeding as usual and wait for normalisation in
generation of gas. If the quantity of toxic material that has
entered the digester is high, gas production stops completely.
1. Allow the gas to escape. Try next collection,
2. Start checking and cleaning from the burner. Clean the
nozzle and injector. Then check pipe line. One common
obstacle for flow of gas is condensed water. Drain it out
through the water trap. Even after this, if the gas does not flow,
pipe line has to be checked for any solid material obstructing
the flow of gas.
 No gas is formed after first filling If it is floating drum model inflation of gasholder indicates the
collection of gas. In fixed dome rise in slurry level in the
pressure chamber indicates collection of gas. If there is no
such indication as stated above, it means that either the gas is
not generated or the gas is leaking
First collection of gas does not burn More of air or more of CO2 in the first collection
Gas exhausts very quickly after opening of main gas valve Gas tap fitted to burner/lamp is open. 2.There may be a
considerable leakage in pipe line. 3. Higher capacity burner is
used. 4. Gas pressure is high
Flames are long and yellow 1. If it is floating drum model, insufficient primary air is mixed
with gas.
2. If it is fixed dome model, there is high pressure.
Flames are not steady Generally due to condensed water in the pipe line.
1. Low gas pressure 2. Obstruction between gas regulator and
Poor illumination of lamp
ventury or the pin is not operating properly.
Chocking in inlet pipe.
Slurry not passing through inlet pipe
1. Chocking of outlet,
Slurry in the digester of floating drum model overflows from the
2. Outlet is above the level of digester.
top.
1.If the weather is cold, (winter season) it takes more time for
generation of gas.
2. If the gas is leaking, check the gas holder/dome with soap
water, then Stop the leakage.
3. If-there is leakage in the pipe joints, tighten the joints.
4. It is possible that the gas tap/ cock are kept open and hence
gas escapes. Close the tap/cock and check.
First collection of gas generally does not burn. Second
collection also may or may not burn well. Allow the gas to
escape till there are clear indications of burning. Third
collection would burn normally.
1.Close the gas tap. 2. Mainly check T-joints in the pipeline
including the one provided for removal of condensed water.
Stop the leakage by putting plug or by whatever other method
that would be appropriate. 3. Replace with suitable burner.
4. Adjust the burner cock suitably.
1. Adjust the air shutter, 2. Operate the gas valve to reduce the
height of the flame and adjust the air shutter.
Remove the condensed water in the pipeline.
1. If it is floating drum model put additional weight on gas
holder. If it is fixed dome model wait for pressure build up.
2. Clean the passage and make the pin operate properly
Insert a bamboo inside the inlet it pipe and move it up and down.
Take care not to damage the pipe.
1. Remove the blockage using bamboo, 2. Lower the outlet
level.
 Methodology

• The methodology for analysing the energy demand in biogas plants developed in this paper was inspired by the energy audit methodology for the manufacturing industry described .However,
our methodology focuses only on allocating and analysing energy data. The procedure of collecting energy data is straightforward and can be found in the standard ISO 50002 and the
identification and formulation of measures to improve energy efficiency are beyond the scope of this paper. Developing the methodology involved the following steps:
• 1. Define the system boundary 2. Identify and describe the sub-processes and which energy flow was part of which sub-process 3. Identify and describe unit processes (divided into production
processes and support processes) 4. Validate the methodology by applying it to two biogas plants 5. Evaluate the methodology
• The development of the methodology and the data collection at the biogas plants studied were carried out simultaneously, hence, an iterative process was used. The energy audits at the biogas
plants served as inputs to the methodology and vice versa. Identification and description of unit processes departed from the unit processes defined for manufacturing industry and their
applicability to biogas plants were evaluated. In addition to the concept of unit processes, we added the dimension of sub-processes. In our paper, a sub-process is defined as an entity in the
production flow, i.e., the production chain, from reception of the substrate to the production of biogas and digestate. The energy demands in the biogas plants were analysed in three different
ways:
• To be able to allocate energy to both unit processes and sub-processes, a more thorough and detailed mapping of energy use than that described. Before data collection begins, it is important to
define the system boundary of the object to be studied. What processes and flows should be included in the energy analysis, and what should be left outside the system boundary? In this study,
the requirement for the boundary was to include all general processes for all types of biogas plants. Two system levels were chosen: (1) gas cleaning and upgrading not included and (2) gas
cleaning and upgrading included. This enabled a robust comparison of energy performance of different biogas plants. For the methodology to be transparent, unambiguous and standardised, a
proper taxonomy of sub-processes and unit processes is required. and energy flows were identified and analysed in order to establish a clear and concise sectioning, wherein activities and flows
were grouped and allocated to different sub-processes and unit processes. The developed methodology with a defined system boundary and taxonomy of sub-processes (with associated
activities) and unit processes was applied to two Swedish biogas plants. In this case study, the biogas plants’ total energy demand, divided into different energy carriers, was quantified in the
first step, and thereafter the energy flows were allocated to different sub-processes and unit processes. Information about the utilisation of electricity, fuel, district heating, etc., was provided by
the employees at the biogas plants (e.g., invoices, process statistics). More detailed data were collected from technical documentation, process monitoring systems (e.g., current, power, energy
and operation hours), meters already installed by the company, and instantaneous and logging measurements of electricity use. The analysis of energy data collected at the biogas plants
followed the procedure described in the developed methodology. Energy flows were first grouped according to unit processes, and the energy use of the two biogas plants was analysed and
compared. Thereafter, energy flows were allocated to sub-processes and the resulting energy demand was analysed.
.
Fig.(a) Flow Chart
 Calculation

System Modelling: The Brayton cycle is designed to maintain a temperature of 950 ◦C and a pressure ratio of 4.5 at the gas turbine. The organic Rankine cycle is designed to have a constant specific evaporator
pressure with an exhaust gas temperature of 280 ◦C from the MGT.
Combustor: The combustor is fed with air from the compressor-recuperator and fuel from the fuel feeder. The fuel is completely consumed, and a pressure drop of 2% occurs. The mass flow rate of the fuel
entering the combustor is calculated as follows:

….(1)
where Qc is the heat energy supplied to the combustor, and LHVCH4 is the low heating value of the methane. The recuperator output temperature toward the combustor is calculated by

….(2)
where Tr,g,i is the temperature of the exhaust gas entering the recuperator, Tr,a,i is the temperature of compressed air entering the recuperator, and ηr is the temperature effectiveness of the recuperator.
. Fuel Feeder and Air Compressor
The output temperature of the fuel feeder is calculated as follows

…(3)
where Tf,i and Tf,o are the fuel temperatures entering and leaving the fuel feeder, Pf,i and Pf,o are the fuel pressures before and after the fuel feeder process, Rf is the gas constant of the fuel, MWf is the molecular
weight of the fuel, Cp,f is its specific heat at constant pressure, and ηf is the fuel feeder’s isentropic efficiency. The power consumption by the fuel feeder is calculated by:

where mf is the mass of fuel entering the fuel feeder. The air compressor output temperature and work are calculated similarly to those of the fuel feeder.
Micro Gas Turbine (MGT)
…(4)
 .
The MGT output temperature is calculated as follows

…(5)

where Tg,i and Tg,o are the temperature of the combustion gas entering and leaving the MGT, Pg,i and Pg,o are the combustion gas temperatures before and after the MGT process, Rg is the gas
constant of the combustion gas, MWg is its molecular weight, Cp,g is its specific heat at constant pressure, and ηg is the gas turbine’s isentropic efficiency. The power output generated by the MGT
is calculated by:
…(6)
where mg is the mass of the combustion gas entering the MGT.
4. Power and Electrical Efficiency
Considering miscellaneous losses such as mechanical loss and generator loss, the power of the MGT is calculated as follows:
….(7)

where ηl is the efficiency of the mechanical parts and generator of the MGT, and Wc is the power consumption by the cooling water pump. The electric efficiency is the ratio of useful energy
produced by the MGT system to the amount of energy supplied to it.
…(8)
Organic Rankine Cycle
3.2.1. Evaporator and Condenser
The amount of waste heat in the exhaust gas is calculated as follows:

…(9)
 .
where Tw,i and Tw,o are the temperature of the exhaust gas entering and leaving the evaporator, ms is the mass of the heat source entering the evaporator, and Cp,s is the specific heat source at
constant pressure. For a specified mass flow rate of exhaust gas fluid mw, the energy balances at the evaporator and condenser can be used to determine the mass flow rate mr of the R245fa fluid in
the ORC system and the rate mc of the cooling water:
…(10)
…(11)

where Ts,i and Ts,o are the temperature of the heat source entering and leaving the evaporator, he,i and he,o are the enthalpy of the exhaust gas entering and leaving the evaporator, and hc,i and
hc,o are the enthalpy of R245fa fluid entering and leaving the condenser.
Pump and Cooling Water Pump
The work done by the pump is calculated as follows:
…(12)
where Pp,i and Pp,o are the pressure of R245fa fluid entering and leaving the pump, and VP is the volume of R245 fluid entering the pump. The power consumption by the cooling pump is
calculated as follows:
…(13)
where Pc,i and Pc,o are the pressure of cooling water entering and leaving the cooling water pump, and Vc is the volume of R245fa entering the cooling water pump.
Turbine
The work generated by the turbine is calculated as follows:
…(14)

where Pt,i and Pt,o are the pressures of R245 fluid entering and leaving the turbine, and Vt is the volume of R245 entering the turbine.
 .
Power, Thermal and Electrical Efficiencies
Considering miscellaneous losses such as mechanical loss and generator loss, the power of the MGT is calculated as follows:

…(15)

where ηl is the efficiency of the mechanical parts and generator of the MGT. The thermal efficiency is the ratio of useful energy produced by the ORC system to the amount of energy supplied to
it:
….(16)

The electrical efficiency is the ratio of useful energy produced by the MGT system to the amount of energy supplied to the total system (MGT + ORC).

….(17)
 Working

1. Organic input materials such as foodstuff remnants, fats or sludge can be fad into the biogas plant as substrate.
2. Renewable resources such as corn, beets or grass serve as feed both for animals such as cows and pigs as well as for the micro organisms in the bio gas plant.
3. Manure and dung are also fed into the biogas plant.
4. In the fermenter, heated to approx. 38-40 deg. Centigrade, the substrate is decompose by the micro organisms under explosion of light and oxygen. The final product of this fermentation
process biogas with methane as the main ingredient. But aggressive hydrogen sulphide is also contained in the biogas. A fermenter made of stainless steel has the clear advantage that it
withstands the attacks of the hydrogen sulphide usable for decades. Furthermore, a stainless steel fermenter provides the opportunity to operation the biogas plant in the thermophile
temperature range (up to 56 degree centigrade)
5. Once the substrate has been fermented, it is transported to the fermentation residues in storage tank and retrieved from there for further utilization.
6. The residues can utilised as high quality fertiliser. The advantage : biogas manure has a lower viscosity and there for penetrates into the ground more quickly. Furthermore, the
fermentation residue quite of an has a higher fertiliser value and is less intense to the olfactory senses.
7. But drying it and subsequently using it as dry fertilisers is also an option.
8. The biogas generated is stored in the roof of the tank and from there it.
9. Is burned in the combine heat and power plant (CHP) to generate heat and electricity.
10. The electric power is fed directly into the power grid.
11. The heat generated can be utilised to heat building or to dry wood or harvest products.
12. Processing of biogas.
13. Gas supply to the national grid or gas filling stations.
.
Fig.(b) Schematic Diagram Of Biogas-Fuelled Micro-Gas Turbine
 Result & Discussion

• The CH4 and CO2 concentrations were set to 60% and 40%, respectively, and other substances were not considered because they have no heating value. Depending on the degree of
airtightness of the system, the nitrogen level can be 2%–5%. All other substances are present at less than 1%, but the heating value depends on only the methane concentration. All of the outlet
temperatures are constant within the MGT power output range of 200–1000 kW.
.
.
Table (1). Result for MTG-ORC Power System
 Conclusion

• This study analysed the thermodynamic performance of biogas-fuelled power systems based on an MGT with a CHP, bottoming ORC, or both a bottoming ORC and CHP. We analysed the
effects of system size, methane concentration, and ORC operating conditions. The analysis led to the following conclusions:
• (1) We analysed the performance of different sizes of MGTs and selected a 1000-kW MGT for the AD with 28,000-m3 capacity. The AD plant produced a monthly average volume of 473,364
m3 of biogas with 60% methane concentration. Different methane concentrations directly change the required biogas volume because the MGT has good fuel flexibility.
• (2) We analysed the performance of ORC systems with different operating conditions, and the 150-kW ORC system was selected for the MGT exhaust.
• (3) The CHP-ORC system provides heat for the biodigester, and the net power output was decreased to 128.9 kW due to the lower ORC turbine expansion ratio.
• (4) The annual operating characteristics of each system were evaluated, and the MGT with both the bottoming ORC and CHP provides the highest annual net power output. Each system
produced 7.4, 8.5, and 9.0 MWh per year. However, a complete thermoeconomic analysis is required to evaluate the feasibility of the system.
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