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INTRODUCTION
Based on the habitat, diatoms can be classified into two groups, planktonic and
benthic. Planktonic diatoms are floating algae in the water coloumn, whereas benthic
diatoms are associated with substrates. Benthic diatoms can be divided into epilithic,
epiphytic and epipelic diatoms. Epilitic diatoms growing attached to rock surface,
epiphytic diatoms growing attached to other plants, while epipelic diatom growing on
sediment (Hauer & Lamberti, 1996).
ecosystem. There have been numerous study in Rawapening Lake, which have
focused only on individual Lake, e.g. the composition of diatom epipelic community
in Rawapening Lake (Soeprobowati, et.al., 2004); comparison of diatom epiphytic
community on Ludwigia sp., Pistia stratiotes, Echinochloa sp. and Eichhornia
crassipes roots in Rawapening Lake (Kusnawati, 2005). However, there was only few
study on Rawapening Lake inlets.
METHODS
The research was conducted in the Torong, Galeh and Legi downstream rivers
located in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Samples were taken on July 2004 at the
downstream of Torong, Galeh and Legi rivers in 3 sampling site based on Justified
Random sampling method (Figure 1).
Water samples collected from each sample site using water sampler. The
samples were sent for chemical analysis to Chemistry Laboratory, Diponegoro
University, Semarang, Indonesia (UNDIP). Variables tested were silica (SiO 2 ), total
3
phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN). Sediment samples were taken at each
sample site using modified corer. Cores were extruded and sectioned at 5 cm over the
20 cm cores achieved. The top layer (5 cm) was used for diatom analysis at Ecology
and Biosystematics Laboratory UNDIP. The remaining cores sent to Chemistry
Laboratory, UNDIP for SiO 2 , TP and TN analysis.
1:50.000
Source: The Landuse Plan of Watershed Management of Rawapening. Local Government of
Semarang 2000.
Preparation of diatom was followed those outlined in the Wetzel & Likens
(1991). 4 gram sediment sample were put into a beaker glass, 50 mL Hydrogen
Peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and 10 grams Potassium Dichromat (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ) were added
carefully to oxidize organic matter and clean the diatom frustule. The beaker were
placed on a hot plate and allowed to boil for 20 minutes. After boiling, the suspension
was settled for 20 minutes and supernatant was removed. To the beaker, 50 mL
aquadest were added and were boiled again on the hot plate for 20 minutes, was then
settled for 20 minutes and supernatant was removed. This process was repeated a few
times to ensure all trace of the acid were removed. The diatom residue was then stored
for making permanent slides. 200 L diatom residue was pipette onto glass coverslips
(20 mm x 20 mm) using micropipette. The coverslips were placed onto a warmer plate
and was heated to evaporate the solution. Once dry, the coverslips affixed to slides
with entellan, a high refractive index mountant. Three replicate slides were made from
each sample to ensure maximum representation from diatom residue. All slides of
diatom have been labeled and deposited with the Diponegoro University for future
reference.
Epipelic diatom community was assessed using standard diatom metrics and
ecological indexes. Diatom relative abundance (D i ) was calculated the number of
species in a sample and determine the dominance species. Shannon diversity index
(H’) reflects the number of species in the sample, as well as the equitability of their
relative abundances, and was predicted to be lower at stressed sites. Evenness index
(e) and Sorensen similarity index show the distribution pattern of diatom on sites.
A total of 148 species were identified in Torong, Galeh and Legi downstream
rivers respectively. Composition of epipelic diatoms community at Torong, Galeh and
Legi downstream were dominated by Pennatophycidae diatom (141 species) and only
7 species Centrophycidae diatom. Members of the Pennatophycidae diatom were
represented by Achnanthes (5 species), Cymbella (8 species), Eunotia (10 species),
Fragillaria (8 species), Gomphonema (14 species), Gyrosigma (5 species), Navicula
(14 species), Nitzschia (9 species), Pinnularia (6 species), Surirella (7 species) and
remaining 34 genera was represented less than 5 species (Table 1). It shows that
Pennatophycidae diatoms were the prominent diatoms of benthic diatoms community
(Killinc & Sivaci, 2001; Werner, 1977).
Centrophycidae diatoms are mainly holoplanktic or meroplanktic, with only a
few genera that are associated with substrates throughout their life cycles and were
rarely occur in epipelic diatoms communities. The presence of Centrophycidae
diatoms in the epipelic diatom community was considered as sinking diatom that
settled to the bottom of the rivers (Gell et.al, 1999). Centrophycidae diatoms recorded
in the sediments of Torong, Galeh and Legi downstream were Aulacoseria distans
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Table 1. Diatom species recorded from Torong, Galeh and Legi Downstream
Aulacoseria Eunotia Neidium
Aulacoseria distans Eunotia camelus Neidium affine
Aulacoseria granulata Eunotia curvata Neidium sp
Cyclotella Eunotia exigua Nitzschia
Cyclotella compta Eunotia flexuosa Nitzschia acuta
Cyclotella meneghiniana Eunotia lunaris Nitzschia atomus
Melosira Eunotia monodon Nitzschia closterium
Melosira sp Eunotia pectinalis Nitzschia fonticola
Melosira varians Eunotia serpentina Nitzschia linearis
Stephanodiscus Eunotia sp Nitzschia palea
Stephanodiscus astraea Eunotia tenella Nitzschia sigmoidea
Achnanthes Fallacia Nitzschia sp
Achnanthes brevipes Fallacia pygmaea Nitzschia tryblionella
Achnanthes delicatula Fragilaria Pinnularia
Achnanthes lanceolatum Fragilaria imtermedia Pinnularia acuminate
Achnanthes minutissima Fragilaria sp Pinnularia divergens
Achnanthes sp. Fragillaria brevistriata Pinnularia gibba
Amphora Fragillaria capucina Pinnularia leptosoma
Amphora coffaeformis Fragillaria crotonensis Pinnularia sp
Amphora ovalis Fragillaria pinnata Pinnularia viridis
Amphora sp. Fragillaria rumpens Pleurosigma
Amphora veneta Fragillaria virescens Pleurosigma obscurum
Anomoeneis Frustulia Rhoicosphenia
Anomoeneis sp Frustulia Rhoicosphenia abbreriata
Bacillaria Frustulia rhomboides Rhopalodia
Bacillaria Gomphonema Rhopalodia
Bacillaria paradoxa Gomhpnema olivacea Rhopalodia gibba
Caloneis Gomphonema acuminatum Rhopalodia vermicularis
Caloneis Gomphonema affine Sellaphora
Caloneis bacillum Gomphonema angustatum Sellaphora
Caloneis ventricosa Gomphonema augur Sellaphora bacilum
Campylodiscus Gomphonema constrictum Stauroneis
Campylodiscus noricus Gomphonema fanensis Stauroneis
Cocconeis Gomphonema gracile Stauroneis acuta
Cocconeis placentula Gomphonema intricatum Stauroneis anceps
Cocconeis sp Gomphonema lanceolatum Stauroneis phenicenteron
Cymatopleura Gomphonema parvulum Stenopterobia
Cymatopleura solea Gomphonema sp Stenopterobia intermedia
Gomphonema truncatum
Gomphonema ventricosum
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Table 1. Diatom species recorded from Torong, Galeh and Legi Downstream
Cymbella Gyrosigma Surirella
Cymbella affinis Gyrosigma acuminatum Surirella augusta
Cymbella aspera Gyrosigma obtusatum Surirella linearis
Cymbella caespitosa Gyrosigma scalproides Surirella nyassae
Cymbella cistula Gyrosigma sp Surirella ovalis
Cymbella prostata Gyrosygma peisonis Surirella robusta
Cymbella sp Hantzschia Surirella sp
Cymbella tumida Hantzschia amphyoxus Surirella spiralis
Cymbella ventricosa Mastogloia Synedra
Denticula Mastogloia Synedra acus
Denticula Mastogloia elliptica Synedra affinis
Denticula elegans Meridion Synedra capitata
Diatoma Meridion circulare Synedra ulna
Diatoma hiemale Navicula Tabellaria
Diatoma vulgare Navicula acicularis Tabellaria flocculosa
Diploneis Navicula atomus Tabularia
Diploneis elliptica Navicula brakkaensis Tabularia fasciculate
Diploneis ovalis Navicula cryptochepala Tabularia tabulate
Diploneis smithii Navicula cuspidata Tersipnoe
Encyonema Navicula erigmatica Tersipnoe musica. Her
Encyonema minuta Navicula gallica Tryblionella
Entomoneis Navicula geoppertiana Tryblionella levidensis
Entomoneis alata Navicula gregaria
Epithemia Navicula lanceolata
Ephitemia argus Navicula mutica
Ephitemia zebra Navicula pupula
Navicula rhyncochepala
Navicula sp
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Fragilaria cappucina
Pinnularia gibba
Navicula cryptochepala
Cymbella tumida
Figure 2. Some epipelic diatom recorded from Torong, Galeh and Legi downstream
8
Tabularia sp.
Surirella linearis
Rhoicosphenia abbreviata
Gomphonema sp.
Figure 2. Some epipelic diatom recorded from Torong, Galeh and Legi downstream
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250000
Populasi (individu/gram)
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Torong Galeh Legi
5.40 1.40
1.27
5.20 1.20
5.00 4.91
1.00 0.91 0.87
evenness index
Diversity index
4.80
4.61 0.80
4.60
0.60
4.40 4.31
0.40
4.20
4.00 0.20
3.80 0.00
Torong Galeh Legi Torong Galeh Legi
High diversity index and evenness index also related to sediment and water
quality of Torong, Galeh and Legi downstream that support the diatom grow well.
Generally, water quality has ranged pH value between 6.45 to 6.67; DO concentration
value from 5.83 to 6.80 mg/L and SiO2 concentration value from 1.40 to 1.60 mg/L.
high silica and DO concentration contribute to the increasing of diatom productivity
and biomass (Anonim, 2005; Werner 1977).
Similarity were observed between Torong, Galeh and Legi downstream rivers.
There was no difference in diatom species composition between the downstream
rivers that could be inferred by high value of Sorensen index, ranged from 0.58 to
0.76 as shown on table 2 below.
Table 2. Epipelic Diatom Sorensen similarity index in Torong, Galeh and Legi
Station Sorensen similarity index
Torong Galeh 0.58
Galeh Legi 0.70
Legi Torong 0.76
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Epipelic diatoms populations of Torong, Galeh and Legi downstream are mix
species of planktonic diatom (15 %), epiphytic diatom (21 %), epilitic diatom (14 %)
and epipelic diatom (44 %). Varied diatom population is suspected due to planktonic
diatoms that sink and buried over the bottom of the river, could be from epiphytic
diatoms that lose from plant substrate because wind and finally sinking and buried in
the sediment, also from epilitic diatom that release from rock surface (Killinc &
Sivaci, 2001).
Torong
Galeh
Legi
Figure 5. Dominant epipelic diatom species in Torong, Galeh and Legi downstream
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Those species were species that have high tolerant range and widely distributed
species (Gell et.al, 1999).
CONCLUSSION
The differences of sedimentation potencies of Torong, Galeh and Legi downstream
river did not have strong influence on relative abundance, diversity, evenness and
similarity of the epipelic diatom.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank the Grant Competitive Research XII
No.031/SPP/PP/DP3M/IV/2005 for giving me the opportunity to work on this study.
Many thanks to my mentor, Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati and Murningsih, and
surveyor team for their support and encouragement. I would also like to thank Eni,
Yunita and Maya for their invaluable help in the lab and Karyadi Baskoro for sharing
his knowledge. Many thanks to Ecology & Biosystematics Lab staff and students for
making this fun, memorable experience possible.
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Appendix
Gomphonema lanceolatum