HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

ANGELES CITY PAMPANGA

PHYSICS
GO, DENIZEN AUDREY
GUEVARRA, RYDELLE
MALONZO, SHAN VINCENT
MICLAT, EARL JOHN
PACIA, JOHN FRANCO
SAGUN, JAN ALBERT
YUSE, CHRISTIAN PATRICK DALE

ENGR. NEAL CASTILLO

School of Arts and Sciences
Holy Angel Univeristy
 Electrostatics is the study of electromagnetic phenomena that occur when there are no
moving charges.

Charge – is a property that causes a particle to experience a force when placed in an

electromagnetic field. There are two types of charges namely; Proton (+) and Electron (-).
Coulomb’s Law – is a law stating that like charges repel each other and opposite charges attract
to each other. It also has a force directly proportional to the product of the charges and is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two charges.
𝑞1 𝑞2
F=K 𝑟2

𝑚2
K = 9x109 N 𝐶 2

1.) Calculate the force acting on two negative stationary charges given a charge of 10C and
8C. The distance between the two charges is 34cm.

𝑞1 𝑞2 (10)(8)
F=K F = 9x109 (0.34)2
𝑟2
1𝑚
r = 34cm x 100𝑐𝑚

r = 0.34m F = 6.228373702x1012 N
2.) Determine the distance of between the two positively and negatively charged particles
given charges of 34µC and 41µC and a force of 100N.

𝑞1 𝑞2
F=K 𝑟2

𝑞1 𝑞2 (34𝑥10−6 )(41𝑥10−6 )
𝑟2 = K r = √9x109
𝐹 100

𝑞1 𝑞2
r = √K r = 0.3542033314m
𝐹

3.) Two point charges exist being separated by a distance of 49cm. Given that a force of 87N
is present, calculate the magnitude of the two point charges.

𝑞1 𝑞2 𝐹𝑟 2
F=K q=√
𝑟2 𝐾
 𝐹𝑟 2 (87)(0.49)2
𝑞2 = q=√
𝐾 9x109

q = 4.817641193x10−5C

4.) Determine the force acting on two point charges given charges of 87µC and 79µC. The
distance between the two charges is 6300mm.

𝑞1 𝑞2
F=K F = 155.85030401N
𝑟2

(87𝑥10−6 )(79𝑥10−6 )
F = 9x109 (0.63)2

5.) Calculate the distance between two charges given that a force of 200KN is present and
charges of 68µC and 59µC.

𝑞1 𝑞2 (68𝑥10−6 )(59𝑥10−6 )
F=K r = √9x109
𝑟2 200,000

𝑞1 𝑞2
r = √K r = 0.01343651741m
𝐹

1000𝑁
= 200KN x 1𝐾𝑁

= 200,000N

Superposition Principle – states that a net force on a charge is exerted due to the presence
of other charges.

1.) An electron with a charge of 9µ𝐶 is placed to the left side of a proton with a charge of
7µ𝐶 at a distance of 0.3m. An electron is also present at the right side of the proton, with
a charge of 10µ𝐶 and is 0.45m from the proton. Calculate the net force on 𝑞1 due to 𝑞2
and 𝑞3 .

𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑞1 = 9µ𝐶 𝐹12 = K 𝑟2
 (9𝑥10−6 )(7𝑥10−6 )
𝑞2 = 7µ𝐶 𝐹12 = 9x109 0.32

𝑞3 = 10µ𝐶 𝐹12 = 6.3𝑁 (due to the right)

𝑞1 𝑞3
𝐹13 = K 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 6.3 + (-1.44)
𝑟2

(9𝑥10−6 )(10𝑥10−6 )
𝐹13 = 9x109 (0.3+0.45)2
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 4.86N (due to the right)

𝐹13 = 1.44N (due to the left)

2.) A proton (with a charge 6µ𝐶) is placed between two electrons (with charges 7. 5µ𝐶 and
8µ𝐶). The proton is separated to the electrons by an equal distance of 0.9m. Calculate the
net force acting on the proton.

𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑞1 = 6µ𝐶 𝐹12 = K 𝑟2

(6𝑥10−6 )(7.5𝑥10−6 )
𝑞2 = 7µ𝐶 𝐹12 = 9x109 0.92

𝑞3 = 8µ𝐶 𝐹12 = 0.5N (due to the left)

𝑞1 𝑞3
𝐹13 = K 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = -0.5 + 0.5333333333
𝑟2

(6𝑥10−6 )(8𝑥10−6 )
𝐹13 = 9x109 (0.9)2
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0.0333333333N

𝐹13 = 0.5333333333N (due to the right)

3.) There are two protons (with charges 6µ𝐶 and 15µ𝐶) which are separated by a distance of
2m. A 2µ𝐶 electron is placed somewhere nearer the 6µ𝐶 proton. Calculate the distance of
the electron to the protons.

r 2-r

2m

𝐹13 = 𝐹12 𝑞1 = 6µ𝐶

𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞1 𝑞2
K =K 𝑞2 = 15µ𝐶
𝑟2 𝑟2
 𝑞1 𝑞2
= (2−𝑟) 𝑞3 = 2µ𝐶
𝑟2 2

6 15
= (2−𝑟)2
𝑟2

6(2 − 𝑟)2 = 15𝑟 2

√6(2 − 𝑟)2 = √15𝑟 2

√6 (2-r) = √15r
𝑟 = 0.8𝑚
= 2 – 0.8
= 1.2m

4.) A proton (with a charge of 11µ𝐶) and an electron (with a charge of 9µ𝐶) is 1.9m away
from each other. An electron (with a charge of 12µ𝐶) was later on located beside the
other electron 0.9m away from it. Calculate the net force acting on the 12µ𝐶 electron.

𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑞1 = 12µ𝐶 𝐹12 = K 𝑟2

(12𝑥10−6 )(9𝑥10−6 )
𝑞2 = 9µ𝐶 𝐹12 = 9x109 1.92

𝑞3 = 11µ𝐶 𝐹12 = 0.2692520776N (due to the right)

𝑞1 𝑞3
𝐹13 = K 𝑟2

(12𝑥10−6 )(11𝑥10−6 )
𝐹13 = 9x109 (1.9+0.9)2

𝐹13 = 0.1515306122N (due to the left)

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =0.2692520776N+(-0.1515306122)
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0.1177214654N

5.) Two protons (with charges 19µ𝐶 and 24µ𝐶) were placed 2.3m away from each other.
Another proton (with a charge of 30µ𝐶) was then placed beside the 24µ𝐶 proton with a
distance of 1.4m. Calculate the net force acting on the 30µ𝐶 proton.

𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑞1 = 30µ𝐶 𝐹12 = K 𝑟2
 (30𝑥10−6 )(19𝑥10−6 )
𝑞2 = 19µ𝐶 𝐹12 = 9x109 (2.3+1.4)2

𝑞3 = 24µ𝐶 𝐹12 = 0.3747260774N (due to the right)

𝑞1 𝑞3
𝐹13 = K 𝑟2

(30𝑥10−6 )(24𝑥10−6 )
𝐹13 = 9x109 (1.4)2

𝐹13 = 3.306122449N (due to the right)

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 =0.3747260774 + 3.306122449
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 3.680848526N

Electric Field Intensity – is the strength of the electric field at a given point or position.

𝐾𝑞
E= 𝑟2

1.) How strong is the electric field 30cm from a 430µC charge?

𝐾𝑞 𝑁
E= E = 43,000,000 𝐶
𝑟2

(9𝑥109) (430𝑥10−6 )
E= 0.32

2.) Solve for the magnitude of the electric field 57cm above a 98µC charge.

𝐾𝑞 𝑁
E= E = 2714681.44 𝐶
𝑟2

(9𝑥109 )(98𝑥10−6 )
E= 0.572

3.) What is the strength of the electric field 890mm away from a 76µC charge?

𝐾𝑞 𝑁
E= E = 863527.3324 𝐶
𝑟2
 (9𝑥109) (76𝑥10−6 )
E= 0.892

𝑁
4.) What is the charge of the particle if the strength of the electric field is 87964 𝐶 with a
distance of 78cm away from the charge?

𝐾𝑞
E= q = 5.9463664x10−6C
𝑟2

𝐸𝑟 2
q= 𝐾

(87964)(0.782 )
q= 9𝑥109

5.) Determine the distance of the charged particle (93µC) if the strength of the electric field
𝑁
is 700 𝐶 .

𝐾𝑞
E= r = 1195.714286m
𝑟2

𝐾𝑞
r=√𝐸

(9𝑥109) (93𝑥10−6 )
r=√ 700

Uniform Electric Field – states that the strength or intensity of the electric field does not
vary, the field lines are equally spaced and parallel to each other.

F = Eq e = -1.6x10−19 C
𝐾𝑞
E= p = 1.6x10−19 C
𝑟2

𝑁
1.) A proton is placed in a uniform electric field of 5.7x106 𝐶 created by two parallel plates.
The proton accelerated from the positively charged plate. Determine the net force being
exerted on the proton.
 F = Eq
F = (5.7x106 )( 1.6x10−19)
F = 9.12x10−13N

𝑁
2.) A negatively charged particle (79µC) is located in a uniform electric field of 4.9𝑥106 𝐶
created by two plates. The particle starts from the negatively charged plate. Calculate the
force exerted on the particle and its acceleration. (The mass of the particle is 0.003g)

𝑚
F = Eq F = ma a = 1.290333333x10−4 𝑠2
𝐹
F = (4.9𝑥106 )(79x10−6) a=𝑚
387.1
F = 387.1N a = 3𝑥10−6

𝑁
3.) An electron is placed in a uniform electric field of 9.3𝑥106 𝐶 created by two oppositely
charged parallel plates. The particle accelerates from the negatively charged plate.
Calculate the force being exerted on the electron.

F = Eq F = 1.488x10−12N
F = (9.3𝑥106 )(1.6x10−19)
𝑁
4.) A proton is placed in a uniform electric field of 9.1x10−8 𝐶 . The proton accelerates from
rest at the positively charged plate. Calculate the final speed of the proton after travelling
a distance of 6cm.

F = Eq F = ma
𝐹
F = (9.1x10−8)( 1.6x10−19 ) a=𝑚

1.456x10−26
F = 1.456x10−26N a = 1.6726219x10−27
𝑚
a = 8.704896187𝑠2

𝑉𝑓2 = 𝑉𝑖2 + 2ad

 𝑉𝑓2 = 0 + 2(8.704896187)(0.06)

𝑉𝑓 = √1.044587542
𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = 1.022050655 𝑠

𝑁
5.) An electron is placed in a uniform electric field of 6.5x107 𝐶 . The electron accelerates
from rest at the negatively charged plate. After travelling a distance of 19cm, calculate
how long it took the electron to get there.

𝐹
F = Eq a=𝑚

1.4x10−11
F = (6.5x107 )( 1.6x10−19) a = 9.11x10−31
𝑚
F = 1.4x10−11N a = 1.536772777x1019 𝑠2

𝑉𝑓2 = 𝑉𝑖2 + 2ad 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑖 + at

𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑓2 = 0 + 2(1.536772777x1019 )(0.19) t=
𝑎
2416554687−0
𝑉𝑓 = √5.839736553𝑥1018 t = 1.536772777x1019
𝑚
𝑉𝑓 = 2416554687 𝑠 t = 1.572486657x10−28s

Motion In A Uniform Electric Field - is generated when electric charge carriers such as
electrons move through space or within an electrical conductor. The geometric shapes of the
magnetic flux lines produced by moving charge are similar to the shapes of the flux lines in an
electrostatic field.
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸 = 𝑚𝑎

1.) A charge of q=1.20, is placed in a uniform x-directed electric field of magnitude x=1.40 x
10^3. How much work must be performed in order to move the charge a distance c=-3.50
cm in the x-direction? What is the potential difference between the initial and final
positions of the charge? If the electric field is produced by two oppositely charged
 parallel plates separated by a distance d=5.00 cm, what is the potential difference
between the plates?

2.) What Is the Highest Voltage Possible between Two Plates? Dry air will support a
maximum electric field strength of about . Above that value, the field
creates enough ionization in the air to make the air a conductor. This allows a discharge
or spark that reduces the field. What, then, is the maximum voltage between two parallel
conducting plates separated by 2.5 cm of dry air?

= (3.0𝑥106 𝑣/𝑚)(0.025m)=7.5x104 V or

3.) Field and Force inside an Electron Gun. An electron gun has parallel plates separated by
4.00 cm and gives electrons 25.0 keV of energy. What is the electric field strength
between the plates? (b) What force would this field exert on a piece of plastic with
a charge that gets between the plates?

4.) What Voltage Is Produced by a Small Charge on a Metal Sphere? Charges in static
electricity are typically in the nanocoulomb (nC) to microcoulomb range. What is
the voltage 5.00 cm away from the center of a 1-cm diameter metal sphere that has a
−3.00nC static charge?
 Q
V=k
r
−3.00x109 c
= (8.99x109 N*m2 /c 2 )( 5.00x102m

V=-539V

Work, Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy - Electric potential energy, or
electrostatic potential energy, is a potential energy (measured in joules) that results from
conservative Coulomb forces and is associated with the configuration of a particular set of point
charges within a defined system. An object may have electric potential energy by virtue of two
key elements: its own electric charge and its relative position to other electrically charged
objects.
In physics, a force is said to do work if, when acting, there is a displacement of the point of
application in the direction of the force. For example, when a ball is held above the ground and
then dropped, the work done on the ball as it falls is equal to the weight of the ball (a force)
multiplied by the distance to the ground (a displacement). When the force is constant and the
angle between the force and the displacement is θ, then the work done is given by W = Fs cos θ.
Applying a force over a distance requires work:
𝒘 = 𝑭 𝒙 𝒅 if and are constant
𝒇
𝒘𝟏𝟐 = ∫𝒊 𝑭 ∗ 𝒅𝒔 Otherwise to move the object from initial point i to final point f

∆𝑃𝐸 = ∆𝑚𝑔ℎ
∆𝑃𝐸 = 𝑞∆𝑉
1.) Suppose you have a 12.0 V motorcycle battery that can move 5000 C of charge, and a 12.0
V car battery that can move 60,000 C of charge. How much energy does each deliver?
(Assume that the numerical value of each charge is accurate to three significant figures.)

ΔPEcycle = (5000 C) (12.0 V) = (5000 C) (12.0 J/C) =6.00×104 J

Similarly, for the car battery, q = 60,000 C and

ΔPEcar= (60,000 C)(12.0 V) =7.20×105 J

2.) When a 12.0 V car battery runs a single 30.0 W headlight, how many electrons pass
through it each second? To find the charge q moved, we solve the equation

ΔPE = qΔV: q=ΔPEΔVq=ΔPEΔV.

Q = −30.0 J+12.0 V
 = −30.0 J+12.0 J/C−2.50
Cq = −30.0 J+12.0 V
= −30.0 J+12.0 J/C−2.50 C
E = −2.50 C−1.60×10−19 C/e− = 1.56×1019 E

3.) Renatta Gass is out with her friends. Misfortune occurs and Renatta and her friends find
themselves getting a workout. They apply a cumulative force of 1080 N to push the car 218
m to the nearest fuel station. Determine the work done on the car.

W=F*d

= (1080N)(218m)

W=2.35 x 105 J

4.) How many joules of work are done against a cart when a force of 50 N pushes it 1
kilometer away?
W = 50 N × 100 meters
W = 5000 N.m
W = 5000 joules

5.) In a tug of war, team x pulled team y with a force of 10000 N a distance of 50 meters.
Team y did not win because they were only able to exert of force of 8000 N. Calculate the
work of each team.
W = 10000 × 50 × cos (0)
Cos (0) = 1
W = 10000 × 50 × 1 W = 500000 joules

Electricity
It is the fundamental form of energy observable in positive and negative forms that occurs
naturally (as in lightning) or is produced (as in a generator) and that is expressed in terms of the
movement and interaction of electrons.
Current
Current is defined as the rate at which electric charge flows through a surface. Whenever charge
if flowing, a current is said to exist. To define current mathematically, suppose charged particles
are moving perpendicular to a surface of area
Formulas:
𝑄
𝐼= 𝑉= 𝐼𝑅 𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑉 or P =𝐼 2 𝑅
𝑡

Where:
I = current
Q = charge
t = time
V = voltage source
R= resistance
P= power
1.) A current of 5.4A flows in a wire wirer for 16 minutes, (a) how much charge passes through
any point in this circuit during this time? (b) How many electrons would this represent?

𝑄
(a) 𝐼 = 𝑡

16𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 60𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠
𝑥 = 960 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠
1 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
Q= It
Q = 5.3A (960 secs) = 5088C

𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟖𝐂 1𝑒 −
(b) 𝑥 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔
1 1.6 𝑥 10−19

2.) A 20V battery is connected across a 230 ohms resistor. How much current passes through
the resistor?
𝑉= 𝐼𝑅
20𝑣 = 𝐼 (230 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠)
20𝑣 𝐼 (230𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠)
=
230𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 230𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
I = 0.08A
3.) How much current is flowing when 43.9 coulombs of charge pass a point on 7.84 secs?
 𝑄
𝐼=
𝑡
43,9𝐶
𝐼= = 𝐈 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟎 𝐀
7.64𝑠

4.) A circuit's resistance is 76.8 ohms when connected to a 12 volts battery. Find the current.
𝑉= 𝐼𝑅
12𝑣 = 𝐼 (76.8)
12𝑣 76.8
= 𝐼 76.8
76.8

I = 0.15627 A
5.) A circuit resistance is 520 ohms. Find the power being used when the current is 2.8 amps.

𝑉= 𝐼𝑅
𝑉 = 2.8𝐴 (520)
𝑉 = 1456𝑉
𝑃=𝐼𝑉
𝑃 = (1456𝑣)(2.8𝐴)
𝐏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝐖
Or
𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑉
𝑃 = (2.8)2 (520)
𝐏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟓. 𝟖𝐖
Drift Speed
If the carriers move along the length of the conductor and across its cross-section with a constant
average speed called the drift speed Vd, the distance they move in a time interval Δt is Δxd = vd
Δt
𝐼
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑛𝑞𝐴

Where:
n = carrier density
q = charge (e = −1.6 x 10−19 C) )
v = velocity A = area
1.) A silver cylindrical conductor with a radius of 4 cm has a current of 5.2A flowing
through it. The density of free electrons in silver is 5.8 x 10^28 electron per cubic
meter. Calculate the magnitude of the drift velocity in the conductor.
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(0.04𝑚)2 = 5.02654824 𝑥 10−3 𝑚2
𝐼
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑛𝑞𝐴

5.2𝐴
𝑉𝑑 =
(5.8 x 1028 )(1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝐶)(5.02654824 𝑥 10−3 )
𝑉𝑑 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟔 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕 m/s
2.) Calculate the drift velocity in a piece of wire where the current is 8.2 A, the free
electron density is 5 x 10^28 m^-3 and the diameter of the wire is 3m.
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(2.5𝑚)2 = 19.63495408𝑚2
𝐼
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑛𝑞𝐴

8.2𝐴
𝑉𝑑 =
(5 x1028 m−3 )(1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝐶)(19.63495408𝑚2 )
𝑉𝑑 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝒎/𝒔
3.) Calculate the drift velocity in a conductor which is 4 meters in length and 6 meters
wide and have a current of 6.2 with the carrier density of 6 𝑥 1023 𝑚−3 .
𝐴 = 𝑙 𝑥 𝑤 = 4𝑥6 = 24𝑚2
𝐼
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑛𝑞𝐴

6.2𝐴
𝑉𝑑 =
(6 x1023 m−3 )(1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝐶)(24𝑚2 )
𝑉𝑑 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑𝒎/𝒔
4.) A trapezoid conductor measure bases at 4m and a height of 7m with a current of 18A
flowing. And the carrier density is 6𝑥1028 𝑚−3 . Find its drift speed.
(𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )ℎ (4 + 4)7
𝐴= = = 28𝑚2
2 2
𝐼
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑛𝑞𝐴

18
𝑉𝑑 =
(6𝑥1028 𝑚−3 )(1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝐶)(28𝑚2 )
 𝑉𝑑 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝒎/𝒔

5.) A cylindrical conductor with a 15m diameter and 3m in length allows a 6.7A current
with a 7x10^22 carrier densities find its drift speed.
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(7.5)2 = 176.71𝑚2
𝐼
𝑉𝑑 =
𝑛𝑞𝐴
6.7𝐴
𝑉𝑑 =
(7𝑥1022 𝑚−3 )(1.6 𝑥 10−19 𝐶)(176.71𝑚2 )
𝑉𝑆𝑑 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟗𝟔𝒎/𝒔
Average Current
Average current refers to the average of every instantaneous current value from zero to the peak
and back again on a sine wave; alternating or AC current is represented by a sine wave.
Iavg = Δq/Δt
Instantaneous Current
Instantaneous current is the amount of charge passing through a conductor at the moment.
Iins=dq/dt
Current Density
Is related to electromagnetism and is defined as the amount of electric current flowing
through a unit cross-sectional area. It is a vector quantity. The SI unit of electric current density
is ampere per square meter. The symbol "J" is used for electric current density.

I = ∫ 𝐽⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗

Where I is current in the conductor, 𝐽⃗ is the current density, and 𝑑𝐴⃗ is the differential
cross-sectional area vector.
𝐼
Where for the Current Density: 𝐽⃗ = 𝐴

J = current density in amperes/m2

I = current through a conductor, in amperes
A = cross-sectional area of the conductor, m2
1.) A current of 6 mA is flowing through a copper wire that has an area of 4 mm2. What is
the current density?

The current through the conductor is I = 6 mA = 0.006 amperes (or 6 x 10-3amps). The
area of the wire is A = 4 mm2 = 0.004 m2 (or 4 x 10-3 m2). Use the equation for current
density.
𝐼
𝐽⃗ = 𝐴
= 0.006 amps/0.004 m2
J = 1.5 A/m2

2.) If 45 amperes of current is flowing through a battery with a given area of 8 m2, what is
the current density?

The current, I = 45 amps and the area A = 8 m2.

𝐼
𝐽⃗ = 𝐴
= 45 amps/8m2
J = 5.63 A/m2

3.) Determine the current density when 40 Amperes of current is flowing through the battery
in a given area of 10m2.
It is given that,
I = 40 A,
Area = 10 m2
The current density formula is given by,
𝐼
𝐽⃗ = 𝐴
J = 4 A/m2.
4.) A copper wire of area 5 mm2 has a current of 5 mA of current flowing through it.
Calculate the current density?

Total Current I = 5 mA,

Total Area A = 5 mm2
𝐼
𝐽⃗ = 𝐴
 5×10 𝐴−3
𝐽⃗ = 5×10−3 𝑚2
J = 1 A/m2.

5.) Calculate the current density if 50 Amperes of current is flowing through the battery in a
given area of 10 m2?

Current I = 50 A,
Area A = 10 m2
𝐼
𝐽⃗ = 𝐴
50𝐴
= 10𝑚2
J = 5 A/m2.

Resistance
The ratio of the voltage across the conductor to the current it carries. It is the quantity that
determines the current due to a given voltage in simple circuit. If the resistance increases, the
current decreases. If the resistance decreases, the current increases.
ΔV
R= 𝐼

The resistance of a conductor depends upon its length (l), its cross‐sectional area (A), and its
resistivity (R).

1.) Calculate the resistance offered by the body if 2mA of current is flowing having potential
difference of 2V?

Current I = 2mA,
Potential difference V = 2 V
ΔV
The resistance is given by R = 𝐼
2
R = 2 × 10−3

R = 1000Ω
2.) What is the resistance of an automobile headlight through which 2.50 A flows when 12.0
V is applied to it?
ΔV
V = 12.0v I = 2.50A R= 𝐼
 12.0v
R = 2.50𝐴 R = 4.80Ω

3.) What current flows through the bulb of a 3.00-V flashlight when it’s hot resistance
is 3.60 Ω?
ΔV ΔV
R = 3.60 Ω R= =I=
𝐼 𝑅
V = 3.00v
3.00v
= 3.60
I = 0.833A

4.) What is the effective resistance of a car’s starter motor when 150 A flows through it as
the car battery apply 11.0 V to the motor?
ΔV
I = 150A R= 𝐼

V = 11.0v
11.0v
R = 150𝐴
R = 7.33 × 10−2 Ω

5.) A power saw at the local hardware store boasts of having a 15-Amp motor. Determine its
resistance when plugged into a 110-Volt outlet.
ΔV
I = 15A R= 𝐼
V = 110v
110v
R = 15𝐴
R = 7.3Ω

Resistivity
Is the measure of how much a material resists carrying an electrical current. Electrical
resistivity is denoted by the symbol ρ and has SI units of ohm meter (Ωm).
A
ρ=R 𝑙

Where:
R is the electrical resistance of a uniform specimen of the material measured in ohms
l is the length of the piece of material measured in meters, m
A is the cross-sectional area of the specimen measured in square meters, 𝑚2
 Resistivity, Resistance and Temperature

The general rule is resistivity increases with increasing temperature in conductors and
decreases with increasing temperature in insulators. The resistance of a conductor changes
with the size of the conductor (e.g. thicker wires have less resistance to current flow than
thinner wires), the resistance of a conductor.

R = Ro [(1+α (T−To)] ρt = ρ0 [1 + α (T – T0)]

R = the resistance at temperature, T

Ro = the resistance at temperature To
α = the temperature coefficient of resistance for the material
T = the material temperature in ° Celsius
To = is the reference temperature for which the temperature coefficient is specified.
ρ0 = is the resistivity at an equilibrium temperature,
ρt = is the resistivity at t0 C, T0 is referred to as the reference temperature and α is the
temperature coefficient of resistivity.

1.) Calculate the resistivity of the given material whose resistance is 2Ω; length and area of
cross section are 15cm and 25cm2respectively?
A
R = 2Ω ρ=R 𝑙

l = 15cm = 0.15m and

A = 25cm2 = 0.25m2
0.25
Ρ = 2 1.15𝑚

Ρ = 3.333Ω
2.) The length and area of a wire is given as 0.2m and 0.5m2 respectively. The resistance of
that wire is 3Ω, calculate the resistivity?

A
R = 3Ω ρ=R 𝑙
 l = 0.2m

A = 0.5m2
A 0.5
ρ=R 𝑙 Ρ = 3 0.2𝑚 = ρ=7.5Ω
3.) Calculate the resistivity of the given material has a resistance of 10Ω; length and area of
cross section are 3.00m and 8.00m2, what is the resistivity?

A
R = 10Ω ρ=R 𝑙

I = 3.00m

A = 8.00m2
8.00 A
ρ=10 3.00 = ρ=R 𝑙
ρ= 26.67Ω

4.) Calculate the resistivity of the given material has a resistance of 20Ω; length of a given
wire is 10m and area of 5.00m2, what is the resistivity?

A
R = 20 Ω ρ=R 𝑙

I = 10m

A = 5.00m2
5.00
ρ=20 10
ρ= 10Ω

5.) Temperature changes greater than 100 C, for tungsten. A tungsten filament at 20 C has a
resistance of 0.350Ω. What would the resistance be if the temperature is increased to
2850C?
Ro=0.350Ω R = Ro [(1+α (T−To)]
ΔT=2830C

4.5 ×10−3
R = 0.350Ω (1 + ( ) 2830℃
℃
R = 4.8Ω

Electromotive Force and Internal Resistance - A voltage developed by any source of

electrical energy like battery or photovoltaic cell. EMF is not really a force instead it is a
potential provide energy. It is also the energy provided by a cell or battery per coulomb of charge
passing through it.
Internal Resistance
The electrical resistance inside a battery or any other power supplies that limits the potential
difference that can be supplied to an external load
Formulas:
𝐸
𝜀=𝑄

Wherein:
𝜀 = electromotive force in volts, V
E = energy in joules, J
Q = charge in coulombs, C
𝜀 = I(R+r) 𝜀 = IR + Ir 𝜀 = V + Ir
I = current in amperes, A
R = resistance of the load in the circuit in ohms
r = internal resistance of the cell in ohms
V = terminal potential difference in volts

1.) A battery has a 17V electromotive force. When the resistor is connected to the battery,
the voltage became 8.9V. If a 3A current is present calculate the internal resistance.
𝜀−𝑉
𝜀 = V + Ir V = 𝜀 – Ir r= 𝐼
17𝑉−8.9
= 3𝐴

R = 2.7
2.) Calculate the resistance of the device that has a battery with 6.3V and a 2A current.
𝑉
V = IR R= 𝐼
6.3𝑉
= 2𝐴

R = 3.15
3.) A device has a 15V battery and a 2.25 resistance, calculate the value of current flow
in the device.
𝑉
V = IR I=𝑅
15
= 2.25
 I = 6.666666666666667A
4.) How much voltage of battery does a circuit have with a resistance of 3.15 and a
6.67A of current?

V = IR
= (3.15)(6.67)
V = 21.0105v
5.) How much electromotive force does a circuit with a 4.8 resistor, 6.7 internal
resistances, and a 9A of current have?

𝜀 = IR + Ir
= (9A)(4.8) + (9A)(6.7)
𝜀 = 103.5V

Ohm’s law - the potential difference across an ideal conductor is proportional to the end
current through it. The greater the voltage of a battery the greater the current, but when greater
resistance is present there will be lesser current.
Formulas:
𝑉
I=𝑅

Voltage calculation
V=IxR
Resistance calculation
𝑉
R= 𝐼

I is the resistor’s current in amperes (A)

V is the resistor’s voltage in volts (V)
R is the resistance in ohms (Ω)

1.) Given a device has a 115 ohm resistance and a 5A electric current passes, compute for
the potential difference.

V=IxR
= (5A) (115 Ω) V =575 V
2.) A resistor wire has an electric current of 8A and both ends are given a potential of 12V.
Compute for the electrical resistance.
𝑉
R= 𝐼
12𝑉
= 8𝐴 R = 1.5Ω

3.) Compute the current flowing through a 79Ω resistor that has a potential of 26V.
𝑉
I=𝑅
26𝑉
=
79Ω

I = 0.3291139241A
4.) Calculate the voltage over the 122Ω resistor of the following circuit that has a 2.3A
current flowing through it.

V=IxR
= (122Ω) (2.2A)
V = 268.4V
5.) Calculate the resistance of a bulb in a circuit that has a 0.17A current flowing through it
and has a 125V across.
𝑉
R= 𝐼
125𝑉
=0.17𝐴

R = 735.294117671Ω

Energy and Power in circuits

Energy - Is used to do work on the electrons in the circuit

Power - Electrical power is the rate of energy consumption in an electrical circuit and the unit
used in measuring electrical power is watts.
Formula:
E =VIt
E = energy in joules, J
V = potential difference in volts, V
I = current in amperes, A
t = time in seconds, s
P = VI
P = power in watts, W
V = potential difference in volts, V
I = current in amperes, A
P = 𝐼2𝑅
P = power in watts, W
I = current in amperes, A
R = resistance in ohm’s,

1.) How much energy is dissipated by a resistor if a potential difference of 6.0V is applied to
it for 269 seconds and a current of 0.24 a flows through it?

E=VIt
= (6.0) (269)(0.24) = 387.36 J
2.) What is the power dissipated by a 23 ohm resistor when a current of 2.2 A flows through
it?

P = 𝐼2𝑅
= (2.2)2 (23)
= 111.32 W
3.) What is the current flowing through a bulb if it has a power of 65W when the potential
difference supplied to it is 150V?

P = VI
𝑃
I=𝑉
 65
= 150

= 0.43 A
4.) What is the power of a 200,000V lightning bolt having a current of 3000

P = VI
= (200000) (3000)
=600000000W
5.) What is the potential difference in a circuit with a 2.31A current flowing and a power of
69W?
𝑃
V= 𝐼
69
= 2.31

= 29.87V

Resistors in Series and Parallel Connections

Series
Definition:
- Resistors are considered in series connection whenever the flow of charge(current), must
flow through the device sequentially.

Formula:
V = V1 + V2 + V3
qV = qV1 +qV2 + qV3 if electric potential energy is needed
V = IR wherein V is the voltage necessary to make a current I flow through a resistance R.
q Is the electric charge

Parallel
Definition:
- Resistors are considered in parallel connection when each resistor is connected directly to
the voltage source by connecting wires while neglecting resistance.
Formula:
I = I1 + I2 + I3 for total current
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 1 1 1
I = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 = V (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3) for individual current

A circuit has a battery that has a voltage output of 15V, and the resistances are R1 = 3.00
R2 = 5.00, and R3 = 15.0

a) What is the total resistance?

Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3

= 3.00

Rtotal = 23.0
b) Find the current
𝑉 15
I = 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 23.0 I = 0.6521739130434783A

c) Calculate the voltage drop in each resistor, and show the sum of the voltage output of
the source

V1 = IR1 = (0.6521739130434783A) (3.00

V2 = IR2 = (0.6521739130434783A) (5.00) = 2.60869565217392

V3 = IR3 = (0.6521739130434783A) (15.0) = 9.782608695652175

d) Calculate the power dissipated by each resistor

P1 = 𝐼 2 R1 = (0.7)2 (3.00) = 1.47W

P2 = 𝐼 2 R2 = (0.7)2 (5.00) = 2.45W
P3 = 𝐼 2 R3 = (0.7)2 (15.0) = 7.35W
e) Find the power output of the source.

P = (0.7) (15) = 10.5

 Kirchhoff's laws - are fundamental to circuit theory. They quantify how current flows
through a circuit and how voltage varies around a loop in a circuit. Kirchhoff's current law (1st
Law) states that current flowing into a node (or a junction) must be equal to current flowing out
of it. This is a consequence of charge conservation. Kirchhoff's voltage law (2nd Law) states that
the sum of all voltages around any closed loop in a circuit must equal zero. This is a consequence
of charge conservation and also conservation of energy.

𝜀1 𝑟2 + 𝜀2 𝑟1
𝜀𝑒𝑞 =
𝑟1 + 𝑟2
𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
𝑟1 + 𝑟2
1 1 1
= +
𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝜀𝑒𝑞 𝜀1 𝜀2
= +
𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑟1 𝑟2

1 1 1
= +…+
𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑟1 𝑟𝑛
𝜀𝑒𝑞 𝜀1 𝜀𝑛
= +…+
𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑟1 𝑟𝑛

1.) If R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 4Ω, R3 = 6Ω, determine the electric current flows in the circuit below.

Resistor 1 (R1) = 2Ω
Resistor 2 (R2) = 4Ω
Resistor 3 (R3) = 6Ω
Source of emf 1 (E1) = 9 V
Source of emf 2 (E2) = 3 V
Wanted: Electric current (I)

– I R1 + E1 – I R2 – I R3 – E2 = 0

–2I+9–4I–6I–3=0
– 12 I + 6 = 0
– 12 I = – 6
I = -6 / -12
I = 0.5
2.) Determine the electric current that flows in the circuit as shown in the figure below.

– I R1 + E1 – I R2 – I R3 – E2 = 0
-20 – 5I -5I – 12 – 10I = 0
-32 – 20I = 0
-32 = 20I
I = -32 / 20
I = -1.6 A

3.) Determine the electric current that flows in the circuit as shown in the figure below.

– I R1 + E1 – I R2 – I R3 – E2 = 0
– I – 6I + 12 – 2I + 12 = 0
-9I + 24 = 0
-9I = -24
I = 24 / 9
I=8/3A

4.) An electric circuit consists of four resistors, R1 = 12 Ohm, R2 = 12 Ohm, R3 = 3 Ohm

and R4 = 6 Ohm, are connected with source of emf E1 = 6 Volt, E2 = 12 Volt. Determine
the electric current flows in the circuit as shown in figure below.

Resistor 1 (R1) = 12 Ω
Resistor 2 (R2) = 12 Ω
Resistor 3 (R3) = 3 Ω
Resistor 4 (R4) = 6 Ω
Source of emf 1 (E1) = 6 Volt
Source of emf 2 (E2) = 12 Volt
Wanted: The electric current flows in the circuit (I)
 1/R12 = 1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/12 + 1/12 = 2/12
R12 = 12/2 = 6 Ω

– I R12 – E1 – I R3 – I R4 + E2 = 0
– 6 I – 6 – 3I – 6I + 12 = 0
– 6I – 3I – 6I = 6 -12
– 15I = – 6
I = -6/-15
I = 2/5 A

5.) Determine the electric current that flows in circuit as shown in figure below.

Resistor 1 (R1) = 10 Ω
Resistor 2 (R2) = 6 Ω
Resistor 3 (R3) = 5 Ω
Resistor 4 (R4) = 20 Ω
Source of emf 1 (E1) = 8 Volt
Source of emf 2 (E2) = 12 Volt
Wanted: The electric current that flows in circuit

1/R34 = 1/R3 + 1/R4 = 1/5 + 1/20 = 4/20 + 1/20 = 5/20

R34 = 20/5 = 4 Ω

Magnetism - is a phenomenon associated with magnetic field, which arise from the
motion of electric charges. This motion can take many forms. It can be an electric current in a
conductor or charged particles moving through space, or it can be the motion of an electron in an
atomic orbital. Magnetism is also associated with elementary particles, such as the electron, that
have a property called spin.

Magnetic Field - is generated when electric charge carriers such as electrons move
through space or within an electrical conductor. The geometric shapes of the magnetic flux lines
produced by moving charge carriers are similar to the shapes of the flux lines in an electrostatic
field.

1.) Determine the magnetic field in a solenoid having 20 turns and current of 5 A.

B = μoIn
= (1.26 × 10−6 H/m)(5A)(20)
B = 126 x 10-6 tesla
2.) What is the magnitude of the magnetic field 0.10 m away from a wire carrying a 3.00 A
current? If the current has a vector direction out of the page. What is the direction of the
magnetic field?

(4𝜋𝑋10−7 𝚃・𝑚/𝙰)(3.00𝙰)
𝐵=
2𝜋(0.10𝑚)

(4𝜋𝑋10−7 𝚃・𝑚/𝙰)(3.00𝙰)
𝐵=
2𝜋(0.10𝑚)

(4𝜋𝑋10−7 )(3.00)
𝐵= 𝚃
2𝜋(0.10)

4𝜋(3.00)
𝐵= 𝑋10−7 𝚃
2𝜋(0.10)

𝐵 = 6.00𝑋101−7 𝚃

𝐵 = 6.00𝑋10−6 𝚃

𝐵 = 6.00𝜇𝚃

3.) If the magnitude of a magnetic field 2.00 m away from a wire is 10.0 nT(nano-Tesla), what is
the magnitude of the electric current carried by the wire? If the magnetic field lines form
clockwise circles in the plane off the page (or screen), what is the vector direction of the electric
current?

2𝜋𝑟𝐵
𝐼=
𝜇𝑜

2𝜋 (2.00𝑚)(1.00𝑋10−8 𝚃)
𝐼=
4𝜋 (10−7 𝚃・𝑚/𝙰)

2𝜋
𝐼= (2.00𝑋10−8+7 )𝙰
4𝜋

2𝜋
𝐼= (2.00𝑋10−1 )𝙰
4𝜋
 1
𝐼 = (2.00𝑋10−1 )𝙰
2

𝐼 = 1.00𝑋10−1 𝙰

𝐼 = 0.100𝙰

4.) A toroid of radius 5 cm has 30 turns. If a current of 5 A is passed through it, determine the
magnetic field around it.

B = μoIn / 2πr
= (1.26×10−6)(5A)(30)/ (2π)(0.05m)
B = 1.504 x 10-6 tesla

5.) A solenoid having 40 turns and a current of 6.00A, determine the magnetic field in a
solenoid.

B = μoIn
= (1.26 × 10−6 H/m)(6.00A)(40)
B = 3.024x10-4 T

Field of Moving Charges - Magnetic fields exert forces on moving charges. This force is
one of the most basic known. The direction of the magnetic force on a moving charge is
perpendicular to the plane formed by v and B and follows right hand rule–1.

1.) A 6.00m long wire carrying a current of 120A is immersed in a uniform magnetic field of
magnitude 0.200T and width 3.50m.The wire creates an angle of 90 with respect to the field.
Determine the magnetic force on the wire.

F = (120 A) (3.50 m) (0.200 T) sin (90°)

F= 84.0 N.

2.) An electric power line carries a current of 1400A in a location where the earth’s magnetic
field is 5.0×10^-5 T. The line makes an angle of 75° with respect to the field. Determine the
magnitude of the magnetic force on a 120m length of line.

F = (1400 A)(120 m)(0.00005T)sin(75°)

F = 8.11 N.

3.) Determine the magnetic force of 150 C charged particles moving with the velocity of 8m/s in
a magnetic field of 1T? The direction of its field is same as the path of the second particle.

F = (150C) (8m/s) (1T)(sin0)

F= 0N

4.) A 2.00m wire with a current of 30A is submerge in a magnetic field of 0.1T and creates an
angle of 90 and has span of 2.2m. Determine the magnetic force on the wire.

F = (30A) (2.2m)(0.1T)sin(90)
F= 6.6N

5.) Determine the magnetic force of 200C charged particles with a velocity of 6.00m/s in a
magnetic field of 0.1T and creates an angle of 30 degrees.

F = (200C) (6.00m/s) (0.1T)(sin30)

F = 60N

Field of Current Element - magnetic field due to a current carrying element is directly
proportional to the current and the vector product of length vector of the current element and the
vector joining the current element and the point where magnetic field is to be found; and
inversely proportional to the cube of the distance between the current element and the point
where magnetic field is to be found.

Motion of a Charge in a Magnetic Field - it is charged particle experiences a force

when moving through a magnetic field. If the field is in a vacuum, the magnetic field is the
dominant factor determining the motion. Since the magnetic force is perpendicular to the
direction of travel, a charged particle follows a curved path in a magnetic field.

Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field - The magnetic force on a free moving
charge is perpendicular to both the velocity of the charge and the magnetic field with direction
given by the right hand rule. The force is given by the charge times the vector product of velocity
and magnetic field.
 r = mv/qB (q=1.6x10^-19C) (m=9.11x10^-31kg)

1) A cosmic ray electron moves at 7x10^6 m/s perpendicular to the Earth’s magnetic field at
an altitude where field strength is 1.00x10^-5 T. What is the radius of the circular path
the electron follows?
r= mv/qB

= (9.11x10^-31kg)( 7x10^6 m/s) / (1.6x10^-19C)( 1.00x10^-5 T)

R = 4.27m

2) A proton moves at 7.50x10^7 m/s perpendicular to a magnetic field. The field causes the
proton to travel in a circular path of radius 0.800 m. What is the field strength?
B=mv/qr

= (9.11x10^-31kg)( 7.50x10^7 m/s ) / (1.6x10^-19C)( 0.800 m)

=5.34x10^-4

3) An electron in a TV CRT moves with a speed of 6.00x10^7m/s, in a direction

perpendicular to the Earth’s field, which has a strength of 5x10^-5T. (a) What strength
electric field must be applied perpendicular to the Earth’s field to make the electron
moves in a straight line?

= (6.00x10^7m/s) (5x10^-5T)

= 3.00kV/m

4.) A magnet brought near an old-fashioned TV screen severely distorts its picture by
altering the path of the electrons that make its phosphors glow. To illustrate this, calculate
the radius of curvature of the path of an electron having a velocity
of 6x10^7m/s (corresponding to the accelerating voltage of about 10.0 kV used in some
TVs) perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength B=0.500T (obtainable with permanent
magnets).
r = mv/qB

(q=1.6x10^-19C) (m=9.11x10^-31kg)

= (9.11x10^-31kg) (6x10^7m/s ) / (1.6x10^-19C)( 0.500T)

R = 0.683mm
 5.) With the exception of compasses, you seldom see or personally experience forces due
to the Earth’s small magnetic field. To illustrate this, suppose that in a physics lab you
rub a glass rod with silk, placing a 20-nC positive charge on it. Calculate the force on the
rod due to the Earth’s magnetic field, if you throw it with a horizontal velocity of 10 m/s
due west in a place where the Earth’s field is due north parallel to the ground.

The magnetic force is (F = qvB sin θ)

θ =1
F= (20x10^-9C)(10m/s)(5x10^-5T)
𝑁
=1x10^-11(C*m/s) (𝐶∙𝑚/𝑠)

= 1x10^-11N

Vector Cross Product - The cross product, also called the vector product, is an operation
on two vectors. The cross product of two vectors produces a third vector which is perpendicular
to the plane in which the first two lie. The vector C points in a direction perpendicular to both A
and B.

If we let the angle between A and B is, then the cross product of A and B can be expressed as

•A x B = A B sin θ
1) Calculate the cross products of vectors a = <3, 4, 7> and b = <4, 9, 2>.
The given vectors are, a = (3, 4, 7) and b = (4, 9, 2) The cross product is given by
a × b = (i=𝑎1 𝑏1)( j=𝑎2 𝑏2 )(k=𝑎3 𝑏3 )
a × b = (i=3,4)(j=4,9)(k=7,2)
a × b = i(4×2−9×7)−j(3×2–4×7)+k(3×9−4×9)
a × b = i(8−63)−j(6−28)+k(27−36)
a × b = −55i+22j−9k

2) If 𝑤
⃗⃗⃗= (3,-1, 5) and 𝑣⃗= (0, 4,-2) compute 𝑣⃗ × 𝑤
⃗⃗⃗

𝑖⃗ = 0,3
𝑖⃗ = 0,3
⃗⃗⃗ =( = 4, −1 ) (
𝑣⃗ × 𝑤 𝑗
⃗ )
𝑗⃗ = 4, −1
⃗⃗
𝑘 = −2,5
 ⃗⃗ − 0𝑗⃗ − 2𝑖⃗ − 12𝑘
=20𝑖⃗ − 6𝑗⃗ + 0𝑘 ⃗⃗

⃗⃗
=18𝑖⃗ − 6𝑗⃗ − 12𝑘
3) If 𝑤
⃗⃗⃗=(1,6,-8) and 𝑣⃗=(4,-2,-1) compute 𝑤
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑣⃗

𝑖⃗ = 1,4
𝑖⃗ = 1,4
𝑤
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑖⃗ =( 𝑗⃗ = 6,2 )( )
𝑗⃗ = 6,2
⃗⃗
𝑘 = −8, −1
⃗⃗ − (−𝑗⃗) − 16𝑖⃗ − 24𝑘
=−6𝑖⃗ − 32𝑗⃗ − 2𝑘 ⃗⃗

⃗⃗
=−22𝑖⃗ − 31𝑗⃗ − 26𝑘

4) Find a vector that is orthogonal to the plane containing the points P=

(3,0,1), Q=(4,−2,1) and R=(5,3,−1)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = (1, −2,0) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 = (2,3, −2)

𝑖⃗ = 1,2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑖⃗ = 1,2
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑅 = ( 𝑗⃗ = −2,3 ) ( )
𝑗⃗ = −2,3
⃗⃗ = 0, −2
𝑘
⃗⃗ − (−2𝑗⃗) − 0𝑖⃗ − (−4𝑘
=4𝑖⃗ + 0𝑗⃗ + 3𝑘 ⃗⃗ )

⃗⃗
=4𝑖⃗ + 2𝑗⃗ + 7𝑘

Torque on a Current-Carrying Loop - motors is the most common application of magnetic

force on current-carrying wires. Motors have loops of wire in a magnetic field. When current is
passed through the loops, the magnetic field exerts torque on the loops, which rotates a shaft.
Electrical energy is converted to mechanical work in the process.

Formula: τ = μBsin θ or τ = NIBAsin θ

1.) A 3-turn circular loop radius of 3cm carries 5A current in a B field of 2.5 loop is tilted
30° to B field

μ = 3iπr^2 = 3x5x3.14 (0.03)^2

 = 0.0339A.m^2

τ = μBsin θ = 0.0339x2.5x0.5

= 0.042N.m

2.) A 200-turncoil of wire has a radius coil of wire has a radius of 20 cm and the normal to
the area makes an and the normal to the area makes an angle of angle of 40° with a 3mT
B-field. What is the torque on the loop if the current is torque on the loop if the current is
3 A?

A=πR^2 = π(.2)^2 N=200turns B=3mT θ=40° I=3A

=0.126m^2

τ = NIBAsin θ
τ = (200)(3A)(.003T)(0.126m^2)(.64)

τ = .146N.m

3.) Find the maximum torque on a 100-turn square loop of a wire of 10.0 cm on a side that
carries 15.0 A of current in a 2.00-T field.

τ = NIBAsin θ

= (100)(15A)(.100m^2)(2T)

=30N.m

Biot-Savart Law - is an equation that describes the magnetic field created by a current-
carrying wire and allows you to calculate its strength at various points. If you point your thumb
in the direction of the current in a wire, your fingers will curl around that wire in the direction of
the magnetic field.