13-5 + THE EFFECTIVENESS-NTU METHOD ‘The log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method discussed in Section 13-4 is easy to use im heat exehanger analysis when the inlet and the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids are known or can be determined from fan energy balance. Once A7;,. the mass flow rates, and the overall heat trans- fer coefficient are available, the heat transfer surface area of the heat ex- changer can be determined from mua AT. ‘Therefore, the LMTD method ix very suitable for determining the size of 2 heat exchanger to realize prescribed outlet temperatures when the mass flow rates and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the hat and cold fluids are specified. With the LMITD method, the task isto sefecta est exchanger that will meet the preseribed heat transfer requirements. The procedure to be fallawed by the selection process is: 1, Select the rype of heat exchanger suitable for the application. 2. Determine any unknown inlet or outlet temperature and the heat transfer rate using an energy balance. 3. Calculate the log mean temperature difference AT}, and the correction factor F, if necessary. 4. Obtain (select or calculate) the value of the overall heat transfer eo- efficient U. 5. Caleulate the hest transfer surface area A,_ ‘The task is completed by selecting a heat exchanger that has.a heat transfer surface area equal to or larger than 4, ‘A second kind of problem encountered in heat exchanger analysis isthe de- termination of the heat transfer rate and the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids for prescribed fluid mass flow rates and inlet temperatures when the type and size of the beat exchanger are specified. The heat transfer surface area A of the heat exchanger in this case is known, but the outler temperatures are not. Here the task isto determine the heat transfer performance of s spec- ified heat exchanger or to determine if s heat exchanger available in storage do the job. ‘The LMTD method could still be used for this alternative problem, but the procedure would require tedious iterations, and thus it is not practical. In an attempt to eliminate the iterations from the solution of such problems, Kays and Londen came up with a method in 1955 called the effectiveness-NTU method, which greatly simplified heat exchanger analysis. This method is based on a.dimensionless parameter called the heat trans- fer effectiveness e, defined as 2, __Actua! but trans rate __ Oe ~ Maximum possible hear wansfer eae ‘The actual heat transfer raie in 2 heat exchanger can be determined from an energy balance on the hot or cold fluids and can be expressed as Bm CAT c= Tee) * CelTote ™ Taye (i320)TABLE 13-4 Effectiveness relations for Neat exchangers: NTU = UAy/Gnie and CeCe (Kays and Loncon, Ref. 5.) Effectiveness relation = ep [-NTUC = el] — Te 1 = 2x9 [-NTUC = ofl = Gap [NTU = ol] Counterstiow 2 Shell and tubes ‘Oneshel pass 2.4... tube pases 3 Cose-fow (Ginginptee Both ids unmixed ‘ Con ined, : Guurmaed = L(t = expat - exp (“NTU G.. mses, : Counmixd ee ~ 00 {-20 ~ en (-entur} 4 Al beat exchangers 01 et-NTU) nes 0 1+ ex0 [-NTUVI=e4) 1a ex [-NTUVT =e, afi+e+ VIB woo (ME ap tce nt = 3}‘work wth an overall hea transfer coefficient U rita ther nal resistance , expressed as 1 04, 0A TA, ‘where the suberipts Zand a sand fr the inner end outer sur faces ofthe wall hat separses the two fluids, respectively When the wall thickness of te tobe is small andthe thermal conducivily ofthe tube material's high the last relation sim- plies © ah where U = Um U_ The effets of fouling on toth the inner nd the oer erties ofthe tubes of eat exchanger can be where 4; = mD,Land A, = nD, Larethe aes ofthe inner and cuter surfaces and Rand R, ae the fouling factors atthore Tne wel-inslaied heat exchanger, the nts of het tana from the hot id is equalo the rite heat enser othe cold one Thats, OF OTe Ta) = Tse = Toad Ot alTain ~ Tao) = Tain Tied where the soberipts cand h and for the cold and to fice, respectvely and the produc ofthe mass flow rts an the spe. cific heat ca uid AC, isealed ine heat capacity rete (Ofte two netods ised inthe analyst ofnea exchangers, the log mean temperature dference (or LMMTD) metiad in test suited for detsemining the size of a heat exchanger ‘Sher ll the inlet a the oat! temperatures are known. Te qpeciveteri-NTU metiod is test ules preci te outlet {emperatures ofthe hot and cold fuid streams ina specified Festexchanger. Inthe LMFID method, he rate of heatirarster iedetermines from here isthe log mean temperate difference, which isthe suitable {armof ne everage emperatte ciference ‘or we in he arly ‘se of nest exchangers Here AV, and A/,repesentine temper: [Sure difernces beween the Ovo ui atthe we ends (let and ctlet) ofthe hea exchenge or cross-flow ard multipass ‘hellane-tube heat exchangers the logartamic mean tmper- ‘Sure diference is related fo the counter flow one AT. cr 88 Mig = F Min cr ‘cher Fic the correction factor stich depends onthe geome. ‘ny ofthe heat exchanger ard the inlet and outlet temperatres cf the het and cla fis streams. {he efeenvenens of ane exchangers cefizedas oO _ Actual hou transfer te aa” Maximum possible nestrensier a here Goan CniTae ~ Fei) and C.,,is tbe emalerctC, = ,C, and €, = mC The ef feetirenia of heat eachangers canbe determined ftom elfee- "The selewion or design of a heat exchanger depends on several factors such as the hest tanser rate, cos, pressure ‘op, sz, Weigt, conSrUCion tye, Materials, ae Operatingeller 6 etlecsve me 1 aS ‘Muntter of wenafer units NTL = A,UIC_ (a) Twente pomeesand. 4,8, 12, ube poses Hikers, 1 T AE = es SSE « pe =| i* Ba nas : us » Usuined fit al 1 rr ‘Namie ofwanafr unis NTU AC Uf) Crome wid sxe Maid mined end he ihernmrene