Outline of

philosophy

The following outline is provided as an

overview of and topical guide to
philosophy:

Philosophy – study of general and

fundamental problems concerning matters
such as existence, knowledge, values,
reason, mind, and language.[1][2] It is
distinguished from other ways of
addressing fundamental questions (such
as mysticism, myth, or religion) by its
critical, generally systematic approach and
its reliance on rational argument.[3] The
word "Philosophy" comes from the Greek
philosophia (φιλοσοφία), which literally
means "love of wisdom".[4][5][6]

Core areas of philosophy

The core areas of philosophy are:

Aesthetics – study of the nature of

beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of
personal kinds of truth
Epistemology – study of the nature and
scope of knowledge and belief
 Ethics – study of the right, the good, and
the valuable. Includes study of applied
ethics
Logic – study of good reasoning, by
examining the validity of arguments and
documenting their fallacies
Metaphysics – study of the state of
being and the nature of reality

Fields of philosophy
The branches of philosophy are divided
into the many fields of philosophy:

Aesthetics
Aesthetics is study of the nature of beauty,
art, and taste, and the creation of personal
kinds of truth

Applied aesthetics – application of the

philosophy of aesthetics to art and
culture

Epistemology

Epistemology is the study of knowledge.

How is knowledge different from belief?
What can we know? How does knowledge
arise? Can there be objective knowledge?

Ethics
Ethics – study of the right, the good, and
the valuable

Applied ethics – philosophical

examination, from a moral standpoint,
of particular issues in private and public
life that are matters of moral judgment.
It is thus the attempts to use
philosophical methods to identify the
morally correct course of action in
various fields of human life.
Decision ethics – ethical theories
and ethical decision processes
Environmental ethics – studies
ethical issues concerning the non-
human world. It exerts influence on
a large range of disciplines
including environmental law,
environmental sociology,
ecotheology, ecological economics,
ecology and environmental
geography.
Professional ethics – ethics to
improve professionalism
Computer ethics – deals with
how computing professionals
should make decisions
regarding professional and
social conduct
Ethics of artificial
intelligence – specific to
 robots and other artificially
intelligent beings.
Research ethics – application
of fundamental ethical
principles to a variety of topics
involving research, including
scientific research.
Bioethics – study of the typically
controversial ethical issues
emerging from new situations and
possibilities brought about by
advances in biology and medicine.
Medical ethics – ethics to
improve basic health needs of
humans
 Business ethics – individual based
morals to improve ethics in a
business environment
Organizational ethics – ethics
among organizations
Social ethics – ethics among
nations and as one global unit
Descriptive ethics – study of people's
beliefs about morality
Normative ethics – study of ethical
theories that prescribe how people
ought to act
Metaethics – branch of ethics that
seeks to understand the nature of
 ethical properties, statements, attitudes,
and judgments

Logic

Logic – the systematic study of the form

of valid inference and reason

Propositional logic
Predicate logic
Modal logic

Metaphysics

Metaphysics – traditional branch of

philosophy concerned with explaining the
fundamental nature of being and the world
that encompasses it. Metaphysics
attempts to answer two basic questions in
the broadest possible terms: "What is
ultimately there?" and, "What is it like?"

Ontology – philosophical study of the

nature of being, becoming, existence, or
reality, as well as the basic categories of
being and their relations.
Philosophy of mind – studies the nature
of the mind, mental events, mental
functions, mental properties,
consciousness, and their relationship to
the physical body, particularly the brain.
Philosophy of space and time – branch
of philosophy concerned with the issues
 surrounding the ontology, epistemology,
and character of space and time.
Philosophy of action – theories about
the processes causing willful human
bodily movements of a more or less
complex kind. This area of thought has
attracted the strong interest of
philosophers ever since Aristotle's
Nicomachean Ethics (Third Book).

Other

Meta-philosophy
Philosophy of education
Philosophy of history
Philosophy of language
 Philosophy of law
Philosophy of mathematics
Philosophy of religion
Philosophy of science
Political philosophy
Environmental philosophy

History of philosophy
History of philosophy – study of
philosophical ideas and concepts through
time. Issues specifically related to history
of philosophy might include (but are not
limited to): How can changes in
philosophy be accounted for historically?
What drives the development of thought in
its historical context? To what degree can
philosophical texts from prior historical
eras be understood even today?

Ancient philosophy

Sophism
Epicureanism
Platonism
Stoicism

Western philosophy

Western philosophy

Medieval philosophy (Scholasticism)

Renaissance philosophy
 Modern philosophy

Eastern philosophy

Eastern philosophy

Islamic philosophy
Indian philosophy
Chinese philosophy

Contemporary philosophy

Contemporary philosophy

Analytic philosophy
Continental philosophy

Philosophical theories
Major traditions in philosophy

Analytic philosophy
Continental philosophy
Eastern philosophy

Philosophical movements

Philosophical movement
Ancient
Confucianism
Platonic realism
Aristotelianism
Pythagoreanism
Pyrrhonian skepticism
Epicureanism (hedonism)
Stoicism
Cynicism
Medieval
Neo-Confucianism
Neoplatonism
Thomism
Scotism
 Scholasticism

Modern
Empiricism
Existentialism
German idealism
Logicism
Logical Positivism
Marxism
Phenomenology
Poststructuralism
Pragmatism
Rationalism
Structuralism
 Utilitarianism

Philosophies by branch
Aesthetics

Aesthetics

Symbolism
Romanticism
Historicism
Classicism
Modernism
Postmodernism
Psychoanalytic theory
Epistemology

Epistemology

Coherentism
Constructivist epistemology
Contextualism
Embodied cognition
Empiricism
Fallibilism
Foundationalism
Holism
Infinitism
Innatism
Internalism and externalism
Naïve realism
Naturalized epistemology
Objectivist epistemology
Phenomenalism
Positivism
Reductionism
Reliabilism
Representative realism
Rationalism
Situated cognition
Skepticism
Theory of Forms
Transcendental idealism
Uniformitarianism
Ethics

Ethics

Consequentialism
Deontology
Virtue ethics
Moral realism
Moral relativism
Error theory
Non-cognitivism
Ethical egoism
Cultural relativism
Evolutionary ethics
Evolution of morality
Logic

Logic

Classical logic
Intermediate logic
Intuitionistic logic
Minimal logic
Relevant logic
Affine logic
Linear logic
Ordered logic
Dialetheism

Metaphysics
Metaphysics

Anti-realism
Cartesian dualism
Free will
Materialism
Meaning of life
Idealism
Existentialism
Essentialism
Libertarianism
Determinism
Naturalism
Monism
Platonic idealism
Hindu idealism
Phenomenalism
Nihilism
Realism
Physicalism
MOQ
Relativism
Scientific realism
Solipsism
Subjectivism
Substance theory
Type theory
Emergentism
 Emanationism

Political philosophy

Political philosophy

Anarchism
Authoritarianism
Conservatism
Liberalism
Libertarianism
Social democracy
Socialism

Philosophy of language

Philosophy of language
Causal theory of reference
Contrast theory of meaning
Contrastivism
Conventionalism
Cratylism
Deconstruction
Descriptivist theory of names
Direct reference theory
Dramatism
Expressivism
Linguistic determinism
Logical atomism
Logical positivism
Mediated reference theory
Nominalism
Non-cognitivism
Phallogocentrism
Quietism
Relevance theory
Semantic externalism
Semantic holism
Structuralism
Supposition theory
Symbiosism
Theological noncognitivism
Theory of descriptions
Verification theory
Philosophy of mind

Philosophy of mind

Behaviourism
Biological naturalism
Consciousness
Disjunctivism
Dualism
Eliminative materialism
Emergent materialism
Enactivism
Epiphenomenalism
Functionalism
Identity theory
Idealism
Interactionism
Materialism
Monism
Neutral monism
Panpsychism
Phenomenalism
Phenomenology
Physicalism
Property dualism
Representational theory of mind
Sense datum theory
Solipsism
Substance dualism
 Qualia theory

Philosophy of religion

Philosophy of religion

Theories of religion
Acosmism
Agnosticism
Animism
Antireligion
Atheism
Dharmism
Deism
Divine command theory
Dualistic cosmology
Esotericism
Exclusivism
Existentialism
Christian
Agnostic
Atheist
Feminist theology
Fideism
Fundamentalism
Gnosticism
Henotheism
Humanism
Religious
Secular
 Christian
Inclusivism
Monism
Monotheism
Mysticism
Naturalism
Metaphysical
Religious
Humanistic
New Age
Nondualism
Nontheism
Pandeism
Pantheism
 Perennialism
Polytheism
Process theology
Spiritualism
Shamanism
Taoic
Theism
Transcendentalism

Religious philosophy

Buddhist philosophy
Christian philosophy
Hindu philosophy
Islamic philosophy
 Jain philosophy
Jewish philosophy

Philosophy of science

Philosophy of science

Confirmation holism
Coherentism
Contextualism
Conventionalism
Deductive-nomological model
Determinism
Empiricism
Fallibilism
Foundationalism
Hypothetico-deductive model
Infinitism
Instrumentalism
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Positivism
Pragmatism
Rationalism
Received view of theories
Reductionism
Semantic view of theories
Scientific realism
Scientism
Scientific anti-realism
Skepticism
 Uniformitarianism
Vitalism

Philosophical literature
Blackwell Companion to Philosophy
A History of Western Philosophy by
Bertrand Russell
A History of Philosophy by Frederick
Copleston

Reference works

Encyclopedia of Philosophy – one of the

major English encyclopedias of
philosophy. The second edition, edited
by Donald M. Borchert, was published in
ten volumes in 2006 by Thomson Gale.
Volumes 1–9 contain alphabetically
ordered articles.
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy –
free online encyclopedia on
philosophical topics and philosophers
founded by James Fieser in 1995. The
current general editors are James Fieser
(Professor of Philosophy at the
University of Tennessee at Martin) and
Bradley Dowden (Professor of
Philosophy at California State University,
Sacramento). The staff also includes
numerous area editors as well as
volunteers.
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy –
encyclopedia of philosophy edited by
Edward Craig that was first published by
Routledge in 1998 (ISBN 978-
0415073103). Originally published in
both 10 volumes of print and as a CD-
ROM, in 2002 it was made available
online on a subscription basis. The
online version is regularly updated with
new articles and revisions to existing
articles. It has 1,300 contributors
providing over 2,000 scholarly articles.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy –
combines an online encyclopedia of
philosophy with peer reviewed
publication of original papers in
 philosophy, freely-accessible to internet
users. Each entry is written and
maintained by an expert in the field,
including professors from many
academic institutions worldwide.

Philosophers
Lists of philosophers

Timeline of Western philosophers

Timeline of Eastern philosophers

See also
Philosophy portal
Outline of philosophy of artificial
intelligence
 List of important publications in
philosophy
Index of philosophy
Index of philosophy of science articles
Unsolved problems in philosophy

References
1. Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C.
Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's
Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p.
1: "Philosophy is a study of problems
which are ultimate, abstract and very
general. These problems are
concerned with the nature of
 existence, knowledge, morality,
reason and human purpose."
2. A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide
through the Subject (Oxford
University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim
of philosophical inquiry is to gain
insight into questions about
knowledge, truth, reason, reality,
meaning, mind, and value."
3. Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich
(ed.), The Oxford Companion to
Philosophy (Oxford University Press,
1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is
rationally critical thinking, of a more
or less systematic kind about the
general nature of the world
(metaphysics or theory of existence),
the justification of belief
(epistemology or theory of
knowledge), and the conduct of life
(ethics or theory of value). Each of
the three elements in this list has a
non-philosophical counterpart, from
which it is distinguished by its
explicitly rational and critical way of
proceeding and by its systematic
nature. Everyone has some general
conception of the nature of the world
in which they live and of their place in
it. Metaphysics replaces the
unargued assumptions embodied in
such a conception with a rational and
organized body of beliefs about the
world as a whole. Everyone has
occasion to doubt and question
beliefs, their own or those of others,
with more or less success and
without any theory of what they are
doing. Epistemology seeks by
argument to make explicit the rules
of correct belief formation. Everyone
governs their conduct by directing it
to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or
moral philosophy, in its most
inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in
rationally systematic form, the rules
or principles involved."
 4. Philosophia, Henry George Liddell,
Robert Scott, A Greek-English
Lexicon, at Perseus
5. Online Etymology Dictionary
6. The definition of philosophy is:
"1.orig., love of, or the search for,
wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or
logical analysis of the principles
underlying conduct, thought,
knowledge, and the nature of the
universe". Webster's New World
Dictionary (Second College ed.).

External links

Philosophy
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Taxonomy of Philosophy – topic outline

developed by David Chalmers as the
category structure for the table of
contents of the PhilPapers academic
directory.
PhilPapers – comprehensive directory
of online philosophical articles and
books.
Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and
Names
Guide to Philosophy on the Internet
The Internet Encyclopedia of
Philosophy
The Ism Book
Introducing Philosophy Series. By Paul
Newall (for beginners)
Philosophical positions (philosophy,
movement, school, theory, etc.)
The Problems of Philosophy, by
Bertrand Russell (links provided to full
text)
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

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