Symbol : A short form of an element.

John Dalton -1807

1814 – Berzelius:
Representation of the elements by the letters of their
names. ( either English or Latin)

First letter is always capital and second is small.

Berzelius

NO NAME SYMBOL NO NAME SYMBOL

1 Hydrogen H 8 Silver Ag
2 Mercury Hg 9 Potassium K
3 Fluorine F 10 Iron(Ferrum) Fe
4 Sodium Na 11 Tin Sn
5 Phosphorus P 12 Mercury Hg
6 Copper Cu 13 Lead Pb
7 Zinc Zn 14 Gold Au
Valency :
It is the number of electrons Na = +1
gained, lost or shared by an atom
during the formation of a chemical
compound.

OR Cl = -1

The number of hydrogen atoms

which can combine with or
displace one atom of element or
radical so as to form a compound.

O=2 Cl = 1
 FORMATION OF IONS

Sodium has 1 electron in

its outer shell. It will
lose
its outer electron to
complete its octet and
acquire stable electronic
configuration.

Chlorine has 1 electron in its

outer shell. It will gain 1
electron to complete its octet
and acquire stable electronic
configuration.
 FORMATION OF IONS

Magnesium has 2
electrons in its outer shell.
It will lose
its 2 outer electrons to
complete its octet and
acquire stable electronic
configuration.

Oxygen has 6 electrons in its

outer shell. It will gain 2
electrons to complete its octet
and acquire stable electronic
configuration.
 METALS VALENCY NON METALS VALENCY

Na -1e
Na + +1 Cl +1e
Cl - -1

Mg -2e Mg ++ +2 +2e S -- -2
S
Al -3e
Al+++ +3 +3e N --- -3
N

Atoms of elements like iron, copper sometimes lose more

electrons than are present in its outermost shell ( valence shell)
i.e loss from penultimate shell and exhibit more than one
valency called variable valency.
Eg. Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ; Cu 1+ and Cu 2+.
 RADICALS:
A radical is an atom or group of atoms with valency and charge.

RADICALS

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

UNIVALENT UNIVALENT

BIVALENT BIVALENT

TRIVALENT TRIVALENT

Nitride N 3-
 Representation of a molecule of an
element or a compound by symbols is
known as chemical formula.

Eg. The chemical formula for:

1] Oxygen is O2
2] copper sulphate is CuSO4
3] potassium permanganate is KMnO4
 WRITING FORMULA OF A COMPOUND
•Step 1 - Write the positive ion on the left side and the negative
• ion on the right side.
•Step 2 - Write their valencies.
•Step 3 – Interchange the valency and shift to lower right sides.
•Step 4 - Write the completed formulae with those same numbers
• at the bottom.
•Step 5 – Reduce to the simplest ratio if possible.
 CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS :

Chemical equation is a shorthand for a chemical reaction.

Eg.
NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O

Reactants Products
[left side] [right side]

INFORMATION PROVIDED BY EQn. LIMITATIONS OF EQUATION

• Reactants • The concentration
• Products • The speed of reaction
• Direction [rev or irrev] • Change in colour
• States of matter • Completion of reaction
• Evolution of sound or light
EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:

 One reactant and two or three products.

2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + O2 + 4NO2
 Two reactants and one product.
NH3 + H2O NH4OH
 Two reactants and two products.
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
 Two reactants and three or four products.
K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 7 H2O + 3Cl2
 BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
A equation is balanced if…
No of atoms of No of atoms of
=
each element [ L.H.S.] each element [ R.H.S.]
 Rules for Balancing Equations
 1. Write the correct formulas for all the reactants and
products in the reaction.
 2. Count the number of atoms of each element in the
reactants and products.
 3. Balance the elements one at a time by using coefficients.
 4. It is best to begin with an element other than
hydrogen or oxygen.
 5. Check each atom to be sure that the equation is
balanced.
 6. Finally, make sure that all the coefficients are in the
lowest possible ratio.

Note! Subscripts should never be changed when trying to

balance a chemical equation.
 Balancing of a chemical equations-An example

K2Cr2O7 + HCl KCl + CrCl3 + H2O + Cl2

Balance the potassium and Chromium atoms. ( generally metals first)

K2Cr2O7 + HCl 2 KCl + 2 CrCl3 + H2O + Cl2

Balance the oxygen atoms.

K2Cr2O7 + HCl 2 KCl + 2 CrCl3 + 7 H2O + Cl2

Balance the hydrogen atoms.

K2Cr2O7 + 14 HCl 2 KCl + 2 CrCl3 + 7 H2O + Cl2

Balance the chlorine atoms.

K2Cr2O7 + 14 HCl 2 KCl + 2 CrCl3 + 7 H2O + 3 Cl2

THANK YOU