OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

By :
Dr. dr. Lientje Setyawati K. Maurits, MS. SpOk
Occupational Health & Occupational Medicine Specialist
Blok C.6 “Lifestyle Related Diseases”
08, 17 May 2019 , FKKMK UGM Yogyakarta
OUTLINES
◼ Introduction
◼ History
◼ Definition & Cause
◼ Screening for Occupational Disease
◼ Preventing Occupational Disease
◼ Summary

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 HISTORY
◼ 1700s : Bernadino Ramazzini
- physician, professor of medicine in
Modena and Padua, Italy
- recommended that physicians enquire
about a patient’s occupation.
◼ Evident → that work had relationship to health
and disease
◼ The routine questions :
What is your job ?
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◼ In 1991 the Institute of Medicine (IOM)
defined disability as “a function of the
interaction of the person with the
environment” and produced an
interactive model of the “enabling-
disabling process,”
which identified 3 independent modifiers,
including biology (i.e. heredity),
environment (i.e. physical, social,
psychological), and lifestyle and behavior.
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 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION’S
INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF ILLNESS

Pathology Impairment Disability Handicap

The underlying The immediate The functional The social and

disease or physiological, consequences, societal
diagnosis consequences, abilities lost consequences,
symptoms, and freedoms lost
signs

Saunders Co (2000)

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◼ The ILO estimates that the world’s workforce
experiences more than 250 million accidents
every year, resulting in 330.000 fatalities.
According to conservative estimates, there may
be well over 2 million fatalities and more than
1 billion occupational injuries each year.
Occupational accidents cause permanent
disability and economic losses amounting to
4% of national incomes (LaDou J., 2004)

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◼ The WHO current estimated of
occupational disease worldwide place the
total at 217 million cases, with an
unknown additional toll on national
incomes. Occupational diseases are
grossly underreported in all developing
countries (LaDou J., 2004).

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 DEFINITIONS
❖ Occupational diseases as any disease contracted as a
result of an exposure to risk factors arising from
work activities (ILO, 1981).
❖ Work-related diseases are diseases initiated,
hampered and or easy to get by work
❖ Occupational disease occur as a result of exposure to
physical, chemical, biological, ergonomics and or
psychosocial factors in the workplace.
❖ Occupational diseases as any disease caused by an
related to work and or work environment (PerPres
RI No.7 / 2019)

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 WORK ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSE

Biology : Physical : Chemical :

-Moulds -Noise & vibration -Dust
-Bacteria -Radiation -Fume
-Virus -Climate -Fiber
-Fungus -Lighting -Liquid
-Yeast -Pressure -Mist
-Mite -Gas
-Insect -Vapor

Ergonomic Psychosocial
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 TEN LEADING WORK-RELATED
DISEASES & INJURIES (WHO & ILO)
1. Occupational lung disorders
2. Musculoskeletal disorders
3. Occupational cancer
4. Fractures, amputations, traumatic deaths
5. Cardiovascular disease
6. Reproductive problems
7. Neurotoxic illness
8. Noise-induced hearing loss
9. Dermatological problems
10. Psychological disorders

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Costs of occupational and
work-related diseases

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SCREENING FOR OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE
Screening Approach :
1. History : questionnaire
2. Physical Examination
3. Tests :
1. Chest x-ray
2. Pulmonary Function Test
3. Biologic monitoring
4. Audiometry

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OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES DIAGNOSE (BY
MINISTRY OF HEALTH & INDONESIAN
OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE ASSOSIATION, 2015)
I. Clinical diagnose
II. Work environment exposure
III. Relation between worksite exposure and clinical
diagnose
IV. Is the amount of worksite exposure enough to
conduct occupational diseases
V. Role of individual factors
VI. Other factors outside of work
VII. Determining the disease is occupational diseases

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PREVENTING OCC DISEASE
1. Measures Applied to the Process or Workplace
a. Substitution of a Non hazardous Substance for
Hazardous One
b. Installation of Engineering Controls and Devices
c. Job Redesign, Work Organization Changes and
Work Practice Alternatives
2. Measures Primarily Directed Toward Worker
a. Education and Advice
b. Personal Protective Equipment
c. Organizational Measures

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◼ To prevent occupational disease
effectively, health professionals must
know how to anticipate and recognize
conditions in those who present with
symptoms and those who are
presymptomatic

◼ The goal is to limit symptoms or

discomfort, minimize injury to the body
and maximize functional capacity
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 POINT OF PREVENTION
◼ Sustainable EHS education
◼ Engineering controls
◼ Good housekeeping
◼ Proper equipment guards
◼ Proper use of PPE

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 RESUME
◼ Occupational diseases and disorders can be
prevented with proper monitoring, proper
PPE, and most of all a thorough safety
orientation for your employees.

◼ An ounce of loss prevention may be worth a

pound of claims management.
◼ Your immunity to occupational diseases
depends on your level of control in the
hiring process as well as at the worksite.
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 REFERENCES :
◼ ILO, 2004
◼ Indonesian Journal of Occupational & Environmental
Medicine. 2014. Vol.2. IOMA Jakarta.
◼ LaDou J., 2004. Current Occupational &
Environmental Medicine. Third Edition. The McGrow
Hill Companies. New York.
◼ PerPres RI No.7 / 2019
◼ Setyawati L., 2013. Selintas Tentang Kelelahan Kerja.
Ed. IV. Amara Books. Yogyakarta.
◼ WHO, 2004

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