LESSON THIRTEEN 167 ALPHABET: 1. The following chart shows the changes that vowels often undergo. VOWEL SANDHI These changes are called guna and vrddhi changes: a a a a a a ui e ai y ui ° au v r ar ar r 1 al al 1 LW Lo WI guna vrddhi__ Corresponding Semi-vowel 2. This important chart will help you understand how vowels combine in both internal and external sandhi. Later on, it will help you understand how roots are strengthened (by gupa or vrddhi) to form verbs and nominals. For example: Vid veda vaidya \div deva daivika Vyuj yoga yaugika Nahr dharma dharmika Lo 14 1 Root guna =——vrddhi 3. Memorize the above chart and then memorize the sandhi rules for combining vowels that follow: 4, SIMILAR VOWELS a Wy + Wa: = Waa: rma + aSvah = rimasvah +8 sa168 LESSON THIRTEEN Treata . sf - Weesdifa gacchati + iti = gacchatiti Us ea We. TT -eT guru + upa = gurdipa peret fag. sa rghe pitr + rsi = pitrsi ‘These rules apply first. Then the following rules apply. 5. DISSIMILAR VOWELS vowel = yvowel ("vowel means any short or long vowel) Treata . Haq = Teeeray gacchati + aSvam = gacchaty aSvam T+ vowel = wow —- 8+ WA = Tea guru +asvam = gurv ajvam r+ vowel = rvowel fag. aa = fr pitr +atra = pitratraLESSON THIRTEEN 169 WA. WT = WAST grame+atra = grime ’tra e+vowel =a vowel = TY + Sf = rT eet grime + iti = grima iti 6. e+a 1. aitvowel =a vowel «=A WA = TT HT tasmai+atra = tasmda atra Ano seldom occurs in a final position before sandhi is applied. au+vonel = dwowed Tit. gfat= manta gajau+ iti = gajaviti 8. FINAL “a” FOLLOWED BY DISSIMILAR VOWELS wa + ofa - waft tatra+ iti = tatreti E+ =0 ws + TOR. HST katha + upanisad = kathopanisad er sar Wes WA = Ta, satya + rtam = satyartam