Chapter XXII Nonlinear Static Analysis ‘The default values are recommended as starting point. For stiffening systems that are slow to converge, try increasing the maximum number of line searches per iter- ation, decreasing the acceptance tolerance, and reducing the step factor. Static Pushover Analysis Nonlinear static pushover analysis is a specialized procedure used in perfor- mance-based design for seismic loading. SAP2000 provides the following tools needed for pushover analysis: + Material nonlinearity at discrete, user-defined hinges in Frame elements. The hinge properties were created with pushover analysis in mind. Default hinge properties are provided based on ASCE 4land other code-based criteria. See Chapter “Frame Hinge Properties” (page 147). In ETABS, discrete fiber P-M3 hinges can be assigned to wall elements, + Nonlinear static analysis procedures specially designed to handle the sharp drop-off in load carrying capacity typical of frame hinges used in pushover analysis, + Nonlinear static analysis procedures that allow displacement control, so that unstable structures can be pushed to desired displacement targets. See Topic “Load Application Control” (page 428) in this Chapter. + Display capabilities in the graphical user interface to generate and plot push- ‘over curves, including demand and capacity curves in spectral ordinates. See the online Help facility in the graphical user interface for more information. + Capabilities in the graphical user interface to plot and output the state of every hinge at each step in the pushover analysis. See Chapter “Frame Hinge Prop- erties” (page 147) and the online Help facility in the graphical user interface for ‘more information, Inaddition to these specialized features, the full nonlinearity of the program can be used, including nonlinear Shell and Link/Support behavior, geometric nonlinearity, and staged construction, In addition, you are not restricted to static pushover analysis: you ean also perform full nonlinear time-history analysis. The following general sequence of steps is involved in performing nonlinear static pushover analysis using SAP2000: 1, Create a model just like you would for any other analysis. 2. Define frame hinge properties and assign them to the frame elements. Static Pushover Analysis 437SI Analysis Reference Manual 438 6 10. ul . Define any Load Pattems and static and dynamic Load Cases that may be needed for steel or concrete design of the frame elements, particularly if default hinges are used, Run the Load Cases needed for design. . Ifany concrete hinge properties are based on default values to be computed by the program, you must perform concrete design so that reinforcing steel is de- termined. If any steel hinge properties are based on default values to be computed by the program for Auto-Select frame section properties, you must perform steel de- sign and accept the sections chosen by the program. Define the Load Pattems that are needed for use in the pushover analysis, including + Gravity loads and other loads that may be acting on the structure before the lateral seismic loads are applied. You may have already defined these Load Patterns above for design. + Lateral loads that will be used to push the structure. If you are going to use Acceleration Loads or modal loads, you don’t need any new Load Patterns, although modal loads require you to define a Modal Load Case. Define the nonlinear static Load Cases to be used for pushover analysis, includ~ ing: + A sequence of one or more cases that start from zero and apply gravity and other fixed loads using load control. These cases can include staged con= struction and geometric nonlinearity. + One or more pushover cases that start from this sequence and apply lateral pushover loads. These loads should be applied under displacement control ‘The monitored displacement is usually at the top of the structure and will be used to plot the pushover curve Run the pushover Load Cases. Review the pushover results: Plot the pushover curve, the deflected shape showing the hinge states, force and moment plots, and print or display any other results you need. Revise the model as necessary and repeat. Static Pushover AnalysisChapter XXII Nonlinear Static Analysis Itis important that you consider several different lateral pushover cases to represent different sequences of response that could occur during dynamic loading. In partic« ular, you should push the structure in both the X and Y directions, and possibly at angles in between. For non-symmetrical structures, pushing in the positive and negative direction may yield different results. When pushing in a given direction, ‘you may want to consider different vertical distributions of the lateral load, such as the first and second mode in that direction. Staged Construction Staged construction is a special type of nonlinear static analysis that requires a sep- arate add-on module for this feature to become available in the program. Staged construction allows you to define a sequence of stages wherein you can add or remove portions of the structure, selectively apply load to portions of the struc- ture, and to consider time-dependent material behavior such as aging, creep, and shrinkage. Staged construction is variously known as incremental construction, se- ‘quential construction, or segmental construction. Normally the program analyzes the whole structure in all Load Cases. If you do not ‘want to perform staged-construction analysis, you can skip the rest ofthis topic. Staged construction is considered a type of nonlinear static analysis because the structure may change during the course of the analysis. However, consideration of material and geometric nonlinearity is optional. Because staged construction is a type of nonlinear static analysis, it may be part of a sequence of other nonlinear static and direct-integration time-history Load Cases, and it may also be used as a stiffness basis for linear Load Cases. Ifyou continue any nonlinear analysis from a staged construction analysis, or per= form a linear analysis using its stiffness, only the structure as built at the end of the staged construction will be used. Stages For each nonlinear staged-construction Load Case, you define a sequence of stages. ‘These are analyzed in the order defined, You can specify as many stages as you want in a single Load Case. Staged construction can also continue from one Load Case to another. For each stage you specify the following: Staged Construction 439