Indian Anthropological Association

Dermatoglyphic Differentation of Five Castes of Punjab

Author(s): INDERJIT KAUR
Source: Indian Anthropologist, Vol. 22, No. 1 (June 1992), pp. 49-65
Published by: Indian Anthropological Association
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41919672
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Anthropologist 22,1992 1-1-49-65

Dermatoglyphic Differentation of Five Castes of Punjab

INDERJIT KAUR

Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110001

Abstract. The present study is an attempt to find out the differences amon
caste groups of Punjab (Banias, Jat Sikhs, Khatri Sikhs, Khatri Hindus
Ramgarhias)onthe basis of finger and palmar dermatoglyphic patterns. 1000 b
finger and palmar prints were analysed for digital patterns, digital indices,
main lines termations, main line formulae, position of axial triradius, incide
interdigital accessory triradii and distribution of pattern types in different p
configurational areas. Intergroup heterogeneity exists among male khatri Sik
Male Ramgarhias. Bilateral differences are more pronounced among the males
five groups.

Introduction :

Dermatoglyphics is one of the poly genetic parameters used by anthropologists to

study the variations in different groups, in relation to ethnic and geographic distribution
A to classify human populations.

The present study attempts to report the intra as well as intergroup variations
on the basis of finger and palmar dermatoglyphic studies among the five mojor caste
groups of Punjab state. Five caste groups included in the study are : Bania', Jat-Sikhs,
Khatri- Sikhs, Khatri-Hindus and Ramgarhias. All these groups practise strict endogamy
at caste level. The earlier works of Singh ('50), Biswas ('52), Kushwaha (*72), Ahuja ( 74),
Gupta ('76), Singh and Bhasin ('79) and Gill ('82) on the Punjabi populations are worth
mentioning.
Materials and Methods ;
The present data comprises of 1000 inked bilateral finger and palmar prints (100 eaçh
males and females of each caste group),

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 50 Indian Anthropologist [ 22 1992

The data was collected from school going child

districts in Punjab state in the year 1982-83. Wh
group, sex, gotra were taken into consideration to
The methods prescribed by Cummins and M
identifying and analysing the prints. The traits in
are : digital pattern types, digital indices, termin
formulae, position of axial triradius, incidence
distribution of pattern types in different palmar
have been calculated for testing intraas well as int

RESULTS

Finger Pattern types :

Table 1 gives the percentage distribution of digital pattern types separately for - each
group. It is observed with respect to finger pattern distribution that loops show maximum
frequency in all the groups, next come whorls and arches. The percentage frequency of
loops among males and females vary from 42.90 (Khatri Sikhs) to 53.10 (Ramgarhias)
land 51.50 (Khatri Hindus) to 59.60 (Banias) respectively. The frequency of whorls also
depicts wide range of variation among these groups. Among males the range being 38.70
(Ramgarhias) to 53.90 (Khatri Sikhs) while among females the range is 32.40 (Banias) to
43 50 (Khatri Hindus). The range of distribution of arches among males and females is
from 3.20 (Khatri Sikhs) to 8.20 (Ramgarhias) and 5.00 (Khatri Hindus) to 8 00 (Banias)
respectively.

Indices :

Marked intragroup variations are observed regarding the values of Dankmeijer's

index and Furuhata's index (Table 2). The value of Dankameijer's index among males and
females varies from 5.93 (Khatri Sikhs) to 16.90 (Banias) and 12.47 (Jat Sikhs) to 24.69
(Banias) respectively. The range values of Furuhata's index among males is 72.88
(Ramgarhias) to 124.64 (Khatri Sikhs) and among females 54.36 (Banias) to 78.58
(Jat Sikhs). The range of variation of pattern intensity index among males and females is
from 13.05 (Ramgarhias) to 15.07 (Khatris Sikhs) and 12.44 (Banias) to 13.65 (Jat Sikhs)
respectively.
The range values of Furuhata's index among males is 72.88 (Ramgarhias) to 124.64
(Khatri Sikhs) and among females 54.36 (Banias) to 78.53 (Jat Sikhs). The range of
variation of pattern intensity index among males and females is from 13.05 (Ramgarhias)
to 15.07 (Khatris Sikhs) and 12.44 (Banias) to 13.65 (Jat Sikhs) respectively.

Palmar Analysis :
Palmar main line terminations :

The present frequency distribution of the main line D, C, B and A terminations are

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ìnderjit Kaur ] Dermatoglyphic Dìfferentation 51
TABLE 1

Distribution of digital pattern types (percent)

Caste Group Sex Arches Uinar+ Whorls

(A+T) radial loops

M 7.10 50.90 42.00

Banias F8.00 59.60 32.40
M+F 7.55 55.25 37.20

M 5.10 50.30 44:60

Jat Sikhs F 5.20 53.30 41.70
M+F 5.15 51.70 43.15

M 3.20 42.90 53.90

Khatri Sikhs F 5.80 55.10 39.10
M+F 4.50 49.00 46.50
M 4.60 49.70 45.70
Khatri Hindus F 5.00 51.50 43.50
M+F 4.80 50.60 44.60
M 8.20 53.10 38.70
Ramgarhias F 7.20 55.20 37.60
M+F 7.70 54.10 38.15

TABLE 2

Values of Dankmeijers' Index, Furuhata's Index and Pattern Intensity

Caste group Sex D. I. F.f. pA.L

M 16.90 82.51 13.49

Banias F 24.69 54.36 12.44
M+F 20.29 67.33 12.96
M 11.43 S8.06 13.95
Jat Sikhs F 12.47 78.53 13.65
M+F 11.93 83.46 13.80
M 5.93 124.64 15.07
Khatri Sikhs F 14.83 70*96 13.33
M+F 9.67 94.89 14.20
M 10.06 91.95 14.09
Khatri Hindus F 14.92 54.47 12.85
M+F 12.12 71.22 13.48
M 12.18 72.88 13.05
Ramgarhias F 19.14 68.11 13.04
M+F 20.18 70.45 13.04

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52 Indian Anthropologist [ 22, 1992
TABLE 3

Percentage Frequency of Term ¡not ions of Palmar Main Line D

Caste Group Sex N 7 8 9 10 11 12

M 100 11.00 5.00 20.00 21.50 41.50 1.00

Banias F 100 5.50 6.50 14.00 26.00 48.00 -
M+F 200 8.25 5.75 17.00 23.75 44.75 0.50
M 100 13.50 4.50 19.50 14.50 47.00 1.00
Jat Sikhs F 100 6.00 13-00 12.50 26.00 42.50 -
M + F 200 9.75 8.75 16.00 20.25 44.75 0.50
M 100 7.00 3.50 19.50 16.50 53.50 -
Khatri Sikhs F 100 7.00 11.00 17.00 20.50 44.50 -
M + F 200 7.00 7.25 18.25 18.50 49-00 -
M 100 5.50 3.50 16.00 16.50 58.50 -
Khatri Hindus F 100 9.00 10.50 14.50 18.50 47.50 -
M+F 200 7.25 7.00 15.25 17-50 53.20 -
M 100 17.00 6.50 28.50 6.00 42.00 -
Ramgarhias F 100 14.00 4.00 20.50 8-00 53.50 -
M+F 200 15.50 5.25 24.50 7.00 47.75 -

given separately for each caste group in tables 3-6. A g

the terminations of palmar main lines among the five
magnitude the terminations of line D among the m
(U>10>9>7>8)' Jat Sikhs and Khatri Sikhs (1 1
(11>9>7>8>10>); while the females depict the order
Khatri Hindus ( 11>10>9>8>7 ), Jat Sikhs ( 11
(11>9>7>10 8). The percent ran* e of variatio
terminatingat most common position 11 among the m
to 58.50 (Khatri Hiadus) and 42.50 (Jat Sikhs) to 5
Similarly, pjrcent terminations at position 7 ranges fr
(Ramgarhias) in males & 5 50 (Banias) to 14.00 (Ramgar

Inter-group variations observed with res pect to the

that in both the sexes of all the groups the line C term
Its range of variation is among males 42.00 (Ramga
(Jat Sikhs) to 51.50 (Banias) in females. The next highe
and the range of variation among males is 1 1 . 50(Bani
(Banias and Khatri Hindus each) to 20,50 (Jat Sikh») am

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 Inderjit Kaur ] Dermatoglyphic Differentation 53

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 54 Indian Anthropologist 1 22, 1992

TABLB 5

Percentage Frequency of Termination of Palmar Main Line B.

Caste grouq Sex N 4 5 6 7 8 9

M 100 - 36 50 19.00 38.00 5.50 1.00
Banias F 100 - 27 00 22.50 22.50 8.00 1.50
M + F 200 - 31.75 20.75 30.25 6.75 1.25
M 100 0-50 36.50 12.50 45.00 4.50 1.00
Jat Sikhs F 100 0.50 31 00 22.00 34 00 11.00 1.50
M + F 200 0.50 33.75 17.25 39.50 7.75 1.25
M 100 0.50 30.00 12.00 50.00 7.00 0.:0
Khatri Sikhs F 100 0.50 35.00 16.50 39.00 8.00 1.00
M+F 200 0.50 32.50 14.25 44.50 7.50 1.25
M 100 - 26.00 9.50 55 50 7.00 2.00
Khatri Hindus F 100 33.50 18.00 4 3.00 5.00 0.50
M + F 200 - 29.75 13.75 49.25 6.0 1.25
M 100 0.50 51.50 5.00 40.00 2.50 0.50
Ramearhias F 100 38.50 N 8.00 50.50 1.50 1.20
M+F 200 0.50 45.00 6.50 45.25 2.00 1.00

TABLE 6

Prcentage Frequency of Terminn/ions of Palmar Main Line A

Casie Group Sex N 1 2 3 4 5 6

M 100 4.00 1.50 19.50 35.53 38.50 1.00
Banias F 100 - 2,50 15.50 33.00 49.50 -
M+F 200 2.00 2.00 17.25 34.25 44.00 0.50
M 100 0.50 1.50 21.00 24.50 52.00 0.50
Jat Sikhs F 100 0.50 - 10.00 40.00 50.00 -
M+F 200 0 50 0.75 15.50 32.25 51.50 0.25
M 100 - 1.50 24.00 27.00 49.50 -
Khatr Sikhs F 100 1.00 3.00 14.50 36.00 45-50 0.50
M+F 200 0.50 2.25 19.25 31.50 46.00 0.25
M 100 0.50 1.50 23 00 26.50 46.50 1.00
Khatri Hindus F 100 0.50 3 00 9.00 52.50 61.00 1.00
M+F 200 0.50 2.25 16.00 26.00 54.25 1.00
M 100 1.50 - 18.00 43.00 37.50 -
Ramgarhias F 100 - 3.00 16 50 38.00 44.00 -
M + F 200 0.75 0-75 17.25 40.50 40.75 -

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Inderjit Kaur ] Dermotoglyphic Differentation 55
TABLE 7

Percentage Districuticn of Three Palmar Main Line Formulae

Caste Group Sex N 11.9.7 - 9.7.5- 7.5.5-

M 100 22-50 7.00 10.50

Banias F 100 33.50 9.03 3.50
M+F 200 315.0 8.00 7.0

M 100 32.50 7.00 11.00

Jat Sikhs F 100 26.53 8.00 5.00
M+F 200 22.50 7.50 8.00
M 100 33.00 9.00 5.00
Khatri Sikhs F 100 27.53 13 00 6.50
M+F 200 30.25 11.00 5,75
M 100 36.00 6.50 5.00
Khatri Hindus F 100 36.00 5.50 8.00
M+F 200 36.00 6,00 6.50
M 100 28.50 16.00 16.50
Ramsarhias F 100 36.00 13 00 12,50
M+F 200 32.25 14.50 14.50

TABLE 8

Percentage Distribution oi Acccssory Triradii (d,c.b,m)

Caste Group Sex N d c b a

M 100 25.50 0.50 2.00 8.00
Banias F 100 33.50 13.00
M+F 200 29.50 0.25 1.00 10.50
M 100 25.50 0.50 0.50 13.50
Jat Sikhs F 100 24 50 - 0.50 8.50
M+F 200 25.00 0.25 0.50 11. OQ
M 100 31.50 - 0.50 8.50
Khatri Sikhs F 100 27.50 - - 6.00
M+F 200 29.50 - 0.25 7.25
M 100 27.00 - - 14.00
Khatri Hindus
M+FF 100
20028 27.50
(^ - - --11.75 9.50
- 11.75
M 100 19.00 0.50 1.00 6.50
Ramgarhias g F 100 15.50 5-50
Ramgarhias g M+F 200 17-2

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 56 Indian Anthropologist [ 22,

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Inderjit Kau* ] Dermatoglyphic Differentation 57

TABLE 10

Percentage Distribution of Patterns in Different Palmar Configurations! Areas

Caste group Sex N Hopo- Thenar/ inte- Inter- Inter-

Thenar digital digital digital
I 11 III IV

M 100 38.50 19.00 10.00 63.50 53.00

Banias F 100 45 00 30.00 12.50 68-52 58.00
M + F 200 41.75 24.59 11.25 69.66 55.50
M 100 36.50 23.00 16.00 56.00 56.50
Ja* Sikhs F 100 40.50 14.00 10.50 49.50 59.00
M + F 200 38.50 18.50 13.2- 52.75 57.75
M 100 30.50 16.50 1200 54.00 62.50
Khatri Si-Vhs F 100 41.00 20.00 6.50 53.00 58.5
M+F 200 35.75 18.25 9.25 53.50 69.50
M 100 32-50 19.00 16.00 58.00 54.50
Khatri Hindus F 100 45.50 10.50 14.00 60.50 57.50
M + F 200 39.00 14.75 15.05 59.25 56.00
M 100 31.00 16.00 7.00 44.00 57.00
Ramgarhias F 100 38 50 20-00 5.5s 49.00 47.50
M+F 200 34.75 18.00 6.25 46.50 52.25
Marked inter - group variations are also observed in th
percentage incidence at position 7 among the males and fem
to 55.50 (Ramgarhias) respectively. The percentage term
very from 26.00 (Khatri Hindus) to 51.50 (Ramgarhias)
38.50 (Ramgarhias) in females.
Wide variations are also observed among the groups reg
line A. The percentage terminations at position 5 (5' + 5")
very from 37.50 (Ramgarhias) to 52.00 (Jat Sikhs) and
(Khatri Hindus) respectively. Terminations at position 4 al
ion., among males and females the range being 24.50 (Jat
and 25.50 (Khatri Hindus) to 40.00 (Jat Sikhs) respectively.
Palmar Main Line Formulae ;
Inter group vari ations are observed in males as we
percentage frequency of main line formula 119.7 - among m
28.50 (Ramgarhias) to 36-00 (Khatri Hindus) and 26.50
Hindus and Ramgarhias each) respectively. The percentage f
9.7.5 among males varies from 6.50 (Khatri Hindus) to 1
females from 5.50 (Khatri Hindus) to 13.00 (Ramgarhias
found regarding the frequency of main line formula 75.5
frequency varies from 5.00 (Khatri Hindus) to 16.50 (R
females it varies frcm 3.50 (Banias) to 12.50 (Ramgarhias).

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 58 Indian Anthropologist [ 22, 1992

Accessory Triradii :
The order of prepondrance of accessory triradii in a
Sexes is d>a>b>c in (Table 8). The percentage range of
d among males is 19.00 (Ramgarhias) to 31.50 (Khatri
(Ramgarhias) to 33.50 (Banias). The percentage freque
males and females very from 6.50 (Ramgarhias)
(Ramgarhias) to 13 00 (Banias) respectively.

Axial Triradii :

In all the groups and both the sexes the position of axial triradius is found to be at or
near the proximal border (t). The range of variation is from 66.50 (Banias) to 80 00
(Ramgarhias) in males and 58.50 (Banias) to 70. 00 (Jat Sikhs) in females. Bisexual
variations are found to be high in Banias, Khatri Hindus and Ramgarhias (Table 9).

Palmar Patterns :

The order of magnitude of occurrence of true patterns in palmar areas among Banias
is III>IV>Hypo>Th/I>II; Jat Sikhs lV>III>Hypo>H>Th/I, Khatri Sikhs and Ram-
garhias I V>III>Hypo>Th/' I> II and Khatri Hindus III>IV>Hypo>II>Th/I. Marked
bisexual variations are seen in Khatri Hindus regarding the patterns in Hypothenar area
(Table 10).

Discussion :

The percentage frequencies of digital pattern types and indices calculated for these
patterns do not show any unusual feature of deviation and are with in the range of other
north Indian populations reported so far by many workers. In the three coordinate graph
(Fig.l) plotted against the frequency distribution of whorl, loop and arches. Banias and
Jat Sikhs are distributed as distinct groups, and so does Khatri Sikhs and Banias. Banias,
Ramgarhias and Khatri Hindus are forming a common cluster.

Statistical significant differences are only found among male Khatri Sikhs and male
Ramgarhias. While calculating intergroup homogenity (Table 11-15). The ridge direction
of the main line terminations tends more towards transverse in the right hand (Cummins
and Midlo, 1961 : 197) holds good in both the sexes of the five caste groups. Main line A,
terminates more frequenity in the distal border and line D tends to course further radial
words is also true in the present study. The present findings show that line C is more
frequently abortive or absent in left hands.

In general bilateral differences are more pronounced among the males. In the present
series in total the 9 traits where bilateraly has been tested, males depicted significant
differences in 6 traits and females in 4 traits ITable II).

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 Inderjit Kaur ] Dermatoglyphic Differentation 59

Three Co-ordinot® gropW

Observing intergroup variations for males in all the five groups (Table 13). a total 9
traits have been compared Ramgarhias show statistically great differences from Banias for
'to' and interdigital III values, from Jat Sikhs for 'ť and interdigital II values, from
Khatri Sikhs for digital patterns and accessory *ď triradius values and from Khatri
Hindus for interdigital II, III and accessory 'ď triradius value.

Female Banias differ from Jat Sikhs for Thenar I & interdigital III values, from
Khatri Sikhs for interdigital III values; and from Ramgarhias for interdigital III,
Accessoiy 'a* and 'ď triradii values. Similarly female Ramgarhias differ from Khatri
Hindus for interdigital II and aceessory 'ď triradius values (Table 14).

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 60 tudian Anthropologist [ 22, 1991

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 62 ¡ndiau Anthropologist [ 22, 1992

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 Indeijit Kaur ] DeJmatoglyphtc Differentation 63

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 64 Indian Anthropologist [ 22, 1992

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 Inderjit Kaur ] Dermatoglyphic Differentation 65

Combining both the sexes for intergroup differences (Table 15). Banias d
Khatri Sikhs for interdigital III values and from Ramgarhias for interdig
accessory ťď triradius values. Similarly Ramgarhias differ from Khatr
interdigital II and accessory ťď triradius values.

It is interesting to observe that both the sexes show statistical significant he

each, in 9 digital and palmar traits (Table 16). Overall 90 pairwise traits are
these five case groups, and significant differences have been found in 18 pairs o

On the outcome of these results on the basis of finger and palmar derm
traits it can be inferred that Banias stand out as a distinct group from the rema
groups, similar is the case with Ramgarhias. Jat Sikhs, Khatri Sikhs and
do not show any significant variations as for as these traits are coneerned.

It will be worth while to study other genetic parameters to prove or

present findings. That may also give a further evidence of the convergence
of these groups from the same ancestors during the lapse of time.

REFERENCES

Ahuja, Y. R; and Tickoo, J. L. 1974 Genetic investigation among Khatri-Arora Pun

of India. II. Dermatoglyphics. Ind. J. Hered,
6:13-18.

Biswas, P.C. 1952 Cited from Singh and Bhasin 1979-

Cummins, H. and Miélo, C : 1943 and 1961 Finger Print , Palm and Soles. An In
Dermatoglyphics . Dover Publications, Inc. Ne
York.

Gill, P.S. 1982 Digital and Palmar Dermatoglyphics in the low

land Rajput oj Punjab. Bionature 2 : 69 76.
Gupta, G:D, 1 986 A Finger Dermatoglyphics Study among tqe Jats of
Delhi on the basis of Delta diagram. Res. Proc. 4 :
53-56.

Kushwaha, K.P. 1972 A sludy of finger and Palmar Dermatoglyphics of

Khatri of Patiala, Dissertation Punjabi University
Patiala (Unpublished)
Singh I.P. 1955 Finger ball patterns as anthropological variables.
Antropologitls 2 : 36-54.

Singh, LP, and Bhasin, M.K. : 1979 Ethnic and Olographic frequency distribution oh
dermatoglyphic traits in India. A review Birtf
De/ectift ; XV 6 : 347-387,

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