Almaz

[DU INTERNSHIP RIPORT] 2010 EC.
CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction
This internship contains semester report from October to February, 2010; this report
describes the major activities of the interns for the past Four months in Zamra construction
plc on building project. Zamra Building contractor has extensive in the construction of civil
work projects. Our firm is fast growing firm for its quality and timely execution of projects.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE HOSTING COMPANY

1.2 History
ZAMRA construction PLC was established in 1992 E.C as a grade six contractor with just 2
members of staff. In the early days, the company were faced with obstacles such as being
forced to transport water to remote sites using donkeys. Once a time, Zamra had over 250
donkeys working in shifts to transport building materials, equipment and even water. In little
over decade it has transcended them humble beginning to become a pioneer in Ethiopia
construction. Today, ZAMRA construction PLC is a Grade one contractor, the highest
ranking possible, with over 250 permanent staff & in excess of 2000 contractual daily labours
as employee, now it operates throughout Ethiopia with a head office in Addis Ababa &
regional offices in Tigray & Amhara regions Mekelle & Gondar.
The organization started to gain reach experience in the area of construction and enhanced its
human and material resources which enable it to increase its level from time to time.
1.3 Overview of the company

Vision; -
 To become the primary firm in the construction sector by executing projects in safe &
timely manner to deliver outstanding results for our stake holders.
 To undertake highway projects.
 to become competent in the construction and other similar sectors
undertaking to have better contribution in the area.
Mission; -
 Play a significant role in the construction sector. To increase its organizational

strength by recreating professional, who will have at their disposal advanced?
 To construct quality buildings, roads, bridges and other with competency and at
currently required standards.
Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

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 To creating strong linkage in industries to produce and supply industrial products

necessary in building construction both for nationally and international markets.
 By using strong man power and material capacity and organization to win
construction projects at international standards.
 Contribute a major role in the hospitality industry of the nation.
Goals; -
 Keeping its level of growth step by step to undertake different construction activities
 Construct building of various standards for government, public and privet sector
through competition
 It wants to participate in different activities such as in electricity, water, etc.
 It wants to participate in bridge construction.
1.4 Main customers:

Zamra has well established office in the Tigray national regional states capital - Mekelle
besides it has established similar office in the national capital -Addis Ababa and Amhara
region. Therefore, Zamra is undertaking its construction business at National level.
Zamra has constructed the following projects: -
 Mekelle university female dormitory.
 Bureau of agricultural and rural development Maine office building in Mekelle.
 Mekelle university feud laboratory, feud drawing studio, dormitory, SGS staff office, etc.
 Mesebo building material plc
 Mass media & broad casting agency complex project Mekelle
 Tigray original council office building complex Mekelle Organization for women in self-
employer
 Magic carpet plc. Mekelle.
 Sillasie cathedral administration.
 Mekelle radio broad casting station
 Water supply infrastructure (berahla)
 Dedebit credit and saving institution s.co Mekelle
 Quiha Meles Zenawi campus on process
 Fifa ambo goal project
 Quiha meles zenawi campus
 Sport filed in arid, business, ayder campus on process
 Yeka sub city administration adissabeba

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Figure; 1 product of Zamra construction.
Figure; 2 ongoing project of Zamra construction.

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1.5 Company organizational flow chart
Figure3:Company organizational flow chart
1.6 Health and safety

Zamra has a very comprehensive Health and Safety policy. The wellbeing of my employees
is paramount importance to me. Before the commencement of any construction project, a
comprehensive risk assessment is undertaken. The various tasks are categorized based on 5
levels of risk with the highest being “Hazardous”. Any methods defined as “Hazardous” are
subject to further review to decide whether they can be eliminated or replaced by safer
methods.
Everyone receives safety training before going on a new project. In addition, all site staff is
fully equipped with the necessary safety equipment such as overalls, goggles and helmets.
Every site has weekly “toolbox” meetings. These meetings are used to update employees on
any important safety issues they need to be aware as well as including brainstorming sessions
that help to identify any potential safety concerns and the best ways to alleviate them.

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1.7Machinery and Equipment

Zamra construction Plc has given due consideration to all aspects which pertain to the
realization of high standard in all directions and that ensure the company's competence and
reliability. In this regard, Zamra construction has equipped itself with modern and heavy-duty
machinery and equipment in sufficient quantity along with the establishment of workshop
service. Such machineries and equipment’s are:
 Loader machine
 Roller
 girder
 excavator
 pumper
 Vibrator
 Mixer
 Crane
 Compactor

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Figure machines and equipments
CHAPTER TWO
2. over All Internship Experience Including Specific Work

2.1 Reason for selecting the company
There were so many reasons to select Zamra construction. It has a wide range of experience
throughout the nation and it employed more experienced engineers and man power. In
addition to this, the site engineers, office engineers and the foramens are willing to show the
specific works of site without any complain.
2.2 Getting the company

First, I entered my internship paper in Zamra construction plc. in Mekelle during the last year
second semester season by fax. The company accepted my internship paper, and sends to me
the acceptance paper at that time by fax. After that I submitted my acceptance paper to
department of Cotm. The department sends to me to Zamra construction plc. And I have
finished my internship at that company with very nice activity and knowledge.
2.3Activity of the company work

Since Zamra have been doing in construction sector at this time, it constructs different
buildings throughout the nation. From these it has been done projects in the Palace of Atsey
Yohans Mekelle. My internship also has done in that campus on the site of Palace. Most of
my work time spent in site work, but I work also different office works.
2.4 Work flow in the site

In most of site projects there are three things must be considered,
 Client
 Consultant
 Contractor
By initiating these groups work flow in our site seems like this:

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Figure 1Site project organization chart
2.5. Work tasks

General Description of the project
Project: MEKELLE PALACE
Location: MEKELLE ATSE-YOHANS MUZEM
Client: FDRE PLACE ADMISTRATION
Consultant: SB Consult
Contractor: ZAMRA CONSTRUCTION P.L.C
The project contains two presidential guest houses complex and one head of state. Budget of
the project is 325 million birr and the construction period takes for three years. And also its
design period is for 100 years.
In the first days of the first week I introduced myself with guards, secretary, Forman, data
collector (surveyor) supervisors, site engineers, office engineers, and other daily labour. In
addition to, I gained information how to use safety material and how to protect myself from
injury in the working place. And I observed different types of equipment in the site. These are
listed as follow with their functions.
 Mixer-is a machine used for mixing of concrete that means mixing of cement, fine
aggregate and course aggregate. A machine is used to keep the quality and strength of
the concrete. And there are two types of mixer permanent and mobile mixer.

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 Tumby- used for leveling (make straight) vertical wall and column.
 Box- used to measure the amount of fine and course aggregate to know the mix ratio
in the mix process.
 Water bubble –used for horizontal leveling
 Segato-used for cutting of bars
 Vibrator-for filling void space (compaction)
 Crane-uses to transport high loads from place to place(transporting concrete to the
upper level or place)
 Excavator-is used for excavation works (clean and cut the selected site)
Brake down Analysis
Brake down analysis deals with the estimation and preparing overall cost of the structure and
take off. There are three basic items used for brake down analysis, those are: -
 Materials
 Cement  Fine Aggregate
 Sand  Water
 Coarse Aggregate
 Equipment
 Mixing Machine
 Conveying materials (Crain or/and badela)
 Vibrator etc.
 Man power
 Forman
 Daily worker
 Person control the
mixer
 Person control the
vibrator
 Manager (Engineer)
etc

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 Brake down for the materials can be made easily, but for the equipment and man
power it needs experience. Then after making this all, I can estimate the total over all
construction cost for the structure.
Activities of the site project that I have been working in are:
 2.5.1. Office work

Under the office work we can see sub and super structure in order to simplify quantity
and specification. But practically we haven’t seen how to excavate. And the terms that
listed below is simply seen theoretically.
 a, Sub structure
 1. Earth work
 Site clearances
The top soil shall be removed to the specified depth leaving area clear off any
vegetable soil. In my site the depth of site clearance is 30 cm as the engineers tell me
with uniform 2m working space every direction of the given floor plan.
 Bulk excavation
Bulk excavation for the measurement shall be as Drawings. In my site the bulk depth
is 5m with the 75Cm working space for each direction. But I have not rich at this
work.
 Trench
The volume of excavation for masonry works buried in ground and requiring no
foundation bedding shall be measured by the net volume of buried masonry & without
allowing for any working pace. In my site depth and width of the trench is 1m, 80cm
respectively. But the masonry work is 50cm and there is 100*30cm needs back fill.
 Pit excavation
Pit excavation shall be measured by adding 250mm to each side of the dimension
giving the surface area of the volume to be excavated. In my site the depth of pit is
different due to the location and reference point of the bench mark.
 Back fill
Backfill to excavation - Suitable material arising from excavation and capable of
being compacted to form a stable filling having side slopes as indicated on drawing or
directed by the Engineer. In the site we use 50cm thick red clay soil with compacted
to 96% proctor density.
 Curt away
All unsuitable and surplus suitable material arising from excavations shall be disposed
of when instructed by the Engineer.

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2. Concrete work
 Lean concrete
 Footing
 Grade beam
 Ground floor
3. Stone work
 Foundation wall Retaining wall
 Hard core
2.5.1.2. Supper structure

A structure which consists above the grade beam such as column, first floor slab etc.
1. Concrete work
 Column
 floor slab
2. Masonry work
 20 cm HCB
 15cm HCB
Take of sheet
Is a tabular standard format in which dimensions from the blue print (working drawing) are
transferred for further calculations?
The quantity of works is specifically calculated in this sheet. The takeoff sheet consists of
four columns these are:
 Time sing column
 Dimension column
 Squaring column
 Description column
All the columns have specific purposes
Time sing column
Are usually uses to write unit less numbers that are used for multiplying identical items.
Example 4, ¼ and to write constants like Π where necessary
Dimension column
In this column, the dimensions of the work to be calculated are written vertically down. The
area or volume of an item is calculated by multiplying these dimensions.
Squaring column (Quantity)
In this column, the product of the dimensions is written. the column contains the area or
volume of an item of the work

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Description column
In this column, the description of the item is in the squaring column is written ordinary
English is used to describe the work, the amount of which is written in the squaring column.
Figure 2: Take of sheet (photo)
Reinforcement take off sheet

I have seen take off sheet calculation for reinforcement. It is useful for cost break down and
payment. The office engineer has guided me how to prepare take off sheet for reinforcement
that means column reinforcement, beam reinforcement, slab, shear wall and foundation
reinforcement. And it is the schedule of bars list of reinforcement’s bars in tabular form
giving the particular of bars, shape of bending with sketches, length of each, total length and
total weight.
0.222∗d2
Unit weight of bar= , kg/m
36

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Total weight= total length of the bar*unit weight of the bar, kg
Figure 3 bar schedule (photo)
In order to fill out the above table properly the following steps should be taken.
Identify the type bar present
Then calculate the number of bars present based on the spacing and the length on which these
bars are placed
Calculate on how many members these bars are present on a single floor system
Then calculate the total length by multiplying the total number of bars with the length of
single bar. Now based on predetermined conversion factor we can calculate the total mass of
bar in kilograms.
In addition to that in the office I saw structural drawing. Such as Detail of reinforcement
(basement floor)Material arrangement in section Foundation lay out and stair case detail
Footing detail (isolated footing, combined and mat foundation) Column, and shear wall
detail.

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2.5.2. Site work/ Construction processes on site

General notes of the project
1. Concrete quality:
 C5 for lean concrete
 C20 for Mass concrete for Stone masonry wall
 C25 for basement floor slab on grade
 C30 for all structural members (foundation, columns, shear & basement walls, slabs,
parapet, gutter, beams
2. Concrete cover
 40mm for foundation concrete cover:
 30mm for Basement walls in contact with soil
 25mm for columns, beams and Shear wall
 20mm for basement floor slab on grade
 15mm for suspended slabs and stairs
3. Steel grade is S-400 [400 Mpa] and bar overlap is 40 dia. unless specified in the drawings.
4. All reinforcement bars are deformed.
5. Foundation is designed for net allowable soil pressure of 250 kPa. Foundation depth is
from 5.50m from ground floor level.
6. Use selected granular fill material around foundation and basement wall. Use 50cm thick
red clay soil in the zone directly in contact with the basement wall which is to serve as
impervious media. Both materials are to be compacted to 96% proctor density.
7. Use subsurface drainage pipe placed at the bottom of the foundation and connected to
sump pit system in accordance with sanitary drawings.
8. Waterproofing treatment to roof slabs, Terrace floor slabs and basement walls shall be in
accordance with the supplier's specifications and detail drawings.
9. For beams indicated by Section, top bars are to be anchored into support columns with
bents of 400mm length.
10. Structural drawings are to be read in conjunction with architectural drawings.
11. No openings other than those shown in structural drawings are permitted. All other
openings for mechanical, electrical, plumbing or architectural purposes must be submitted to
the structural engineer for approval.
12. Construction methods, procedures and sequences are the responsibility of the contractor
who should take all necessary means to maintain and protect the structural integrity of the
whole construction at all stages.
13. Any proposed substitution must be equal to or better than the specified and shall be
approved by the engineer prior to procurement.
 C30 for all structural members (foundation, columns, shear & basement walls, slabs,
parapet, gutter, beams
2. Concrete cover

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 40mm for foundation concrete cover:
Hard core for ground slab

Hard core is a crushed stone provided under ground floor slab to give uniform support for the
slab and to protect up lift pressure to the floor. It is constructed in 25cmthickness.
For all aggregate plant and hardcore fore ground floor can be better basaltic stone .
Figure 4: Hard core for ground slab(photo)
A. Formwork; Shall mean temporary support construction forecast-in-place concrete,

designed and constructed in timber, timber product or metal and capable of withstanding the
live and dead loads imposed on it and fully preventing leakage of concrete. When the
concrete is attained its desired strength the form work is no longer needed, then it removed.
The operation of removing of formwork is called striping. Formworks may be rectangular,
circular shape of different size.
Material for formwork

Concrete forms usually are made of wood. They also can be made of steel, or a combination
of wood and steel. So, timber, timber product, steel panels, shores, wedges, nails, labor and
tools shall be provided as required for the satisfactory construction of formwork.
Preparing the materials
The first step in construction is to prepare the materials; the lengths of the pieces of
dimensions that will be needed must be measured and cut. Common tools for measuring are
carpenter’s squares and flexible metal measuring tapes. When the pieces required for the
forms have been cut to size, they then are assembled and fastened together. Usually in the
forms is fastened together with nails and tying wire.
Formwork constructing Formworks shall be constructed to the exact shapes and
dimensions shown and as required to obtain accurate alignment, location grade, level and
plumb work in finished structures.
Formwork requirements; The formwork should be strong enough to carry safely the dead
weight of the wet concrete placed on it, together with the live loading from the men and
machines used in placing the concrete in position and the impact loading caused by the
concrete being discharged into the formwork.
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It should be practically water proof so that it does not absorb water from concrete. Also, its
shrinkage and swelling should be minimum.
There should be sufficient rigidity in the formwork to maintain the correct lines and levels
without undue bulging or sagging.
The joints between sections of formwork should be sufficiently tight as to prevent the loss of
water or grout from the contained concrete.
The joints between forms should be smooth so that no unwanted surface irregularities are
apparent on the finished unit.
The forms should be designed to be strong and rigid enough not only in use but also for
handling and stripping purposes as well, since durable formwork is also economic.
B. Columns
A column a vertical structure member transmitting axial compression loads with or without
moments. Column support mainly vertical loads from the floors and roof and transmit these
loads to the foundation.
Stirrup
Bars which have a purpose to resist not to budge out the longitudinal bar or to keep the
dimension also to resist shear.
They hold the longitudinal bars in position in the forms while the concrete is being placed.
They prevent the slender longitudinal bars from buckling out ward by bursting the thin
concrete cover
Figure 5: Stirrup (photo)
In my site that I have seen the governing and minimum dimension of the rectangular column
is 550*350 and 500*300 cm respectively. And the circular column is with diameter of 60cm.

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Working Procedure
Fix the area where column from be stand by bulging rope through alignment that extends for
below element, then column yokes are placed considering concrete cover and thickness of the
sheet.
 Reinforcement is placed.
 Add spacer with 25mm thickness.
 Place the sheets (three sides prepared then after the fourth side and tying or nailed on
their end side and inside parts to be tightened. The adjacent selection.
 Construct two side yoke using wooden planks in
 Hung Tumby at least on two adjacent sides and two Tumby in one side.
 Make alignment
 Keep the position by diagonally strutting and fix it when you ensured Tumby and
alignment
 Cheek before casting by supervisor.
Figure 6: Column formwork and casting (photo)

C. Slab
There are different types of slabs such as
Solid slab
Flat slab
Ribbed slab
But in my site we have seen flat slab. Such slabs have uniform thickness supported on
columns. Thickens of the slab in the site is uniform in all blocks with 28-30cm.
The reinforcements are placed due to the moment they receive by considering column strip
and middle strips in addition to the top negative bars.
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Slab formwork
The form work that we use on the flat slab is shall be constructed to the exact shapes and
dimensions shown and as required to obtain accurate alignment, location grade, level and
plumb work in finished structures. The formwork that we use
Standards: they are circular metal members which are used vertically to support slab
formwork totally.
Figure 7: Standard (photo)
 Head drop: A metal structure used to support the infilling members of the slab and
the I-beam.
Figure 8: Head drop(photo)

 Accessory (universal): they are metals of bullet structure used to attach standards and
head drops.
Accessory (universal): they are metals of bullet structure used to attach standards and head
drops.

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Figure 9: Accessory/universal (photo
 Play wood: They are timber member with thickness of 2.5cm and they are used on
slab floor.
Figure 10: Play wood (photo)
 Decking beam: They are metals which placed horizontally as spondee (as beam
formwork) and it support play wood formwork at the bottom
Figure 11: Decking beam (photo)
 I - beam (I- section): They are timber formworks which is placed horizontally under
play wood and infilling and supported by head drop and standards.
 Infilling: Are metals which placed horizontally under play wood with different center
to center and supported by I-beam.

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Figure 12: Infilling (photo)
Lashers: Are metals which connect (tie) the standards horizontally by using bullet. And used
to support the standards in order to stand stably
Figure 13: Lashers (photo)
Working procedure form work of slab; before we placed the formwork we have to know
the floor height in addition to floor finish. Placed the standards vertically based on the given
height. Connect (tie) the standards horizontally by lasher in order to stable.
 The standards which connect at the top with the head drop.
 Then placed the I-beam, infilling, play wood and decking beam horizontally.
 After finishing of the formwork construction the leveling should be checked using
total station in order to gain the permissible height.
D. Stair case
Stair is a set of step leading from one floor to the other floor. In our site there are different
type of stairs were constructed such as straight flight, dogleg and circular stairs. They follow

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the same Working procedure during construction. But the bar arrangements are different in
all.
Working procedure for stair
 Fixing form work for stair care the landing is first set in position, after those two
strings are tied to the landing lower or upper maintaining the width and inclination of
the flight
 The soffit boards are constructed as the normal slab form work as construct except
that stair is inclined. Further, stair case form work has additional member the steps.
 By using horizontal edge walk for steps and vertical edge walk for riser in order to Fix
their point.
 To form these steps, we start from a fixed or known level and then continue by
measuring and marking for both dimensions (i.e. rise and going) using plumbing bob
for level and measuring tape for length.
 Then placed the Maine (longitudinal) reinforcement bar at bottom and the nominal
bars at top. In addition to the raiser and steps bar.
 Finally, checked by supervisor before casting concrete.
U shape straight circular
Figure 14: Staircases (photo)

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E. Elevator/Lift shaft
A device like a box which moves up and down, carrying people or goods from one floor of a
building to another. In our site we use electrical elevator. And we have seen rectangular and
circular shapes in terms of construction.
Figure 15. Elevator/Lift shaft(photo)

F. Electrical Installation
Electrical installation starts parallel with ground slab work by installing conduits. Starting
from sub-basement I observed when they install the conduits according to the design, before
slab is filled with concrete. Additionally, the conduits are covered before concrete is filled to
prevent clogging of cables. At our site, electrical installation is done for different kinds of
utilities such as light bulbs, switches, etc. And we use in the site other methods rather than
use conduit inserting in the slab my use daces like rectangular shape in order to install the
electric and suspended the wire on the corns.
Figure 16 Electrical Installation(photo)

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G. Shear wall
Shear wall is a structural member used to resist lateral force that acts on the structure.
The most common loads that shear wall are designed to carry
 Seismic load
 Wind load
 Surcharge
 Light proof
Figure 17: Shear wall(photo)
Steel reinforcement
The most commonly used bars have projected ribs on the surface of bar, such bars are called
deformed bars. The ribs of deformed bar improve the boned between steel and the
surrounding concrete in a RC member by providing mechanical keys. A wide range of
reinforcing bars is available with nominal diameter ranging 6mm – 35mm. most bars except
6mm diameter are deformed one. And also on our site we use all deformed bars.
Preparing reinforcing steel
As per the design, as given in the plan the size of bars and spacing of bars are to be placed in
the concrete are known. The supervisor gives a copy of the engineers plan to the bar bender
who prepare the reinforcement.
When the bar bender receives the plan the bar schedule showing nothing but lengths, sizes
and bending needed for all the reinforcing bars in the construction for a given footing pad,
foundation column, beam, column or slab. The bar bender then cut and bend the steel rod as
the design.

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Slab reinforcement
Slab has lower mesh bars used to support the positive moments. And upper bars, 1/3 of the
span length to support the negative moments.
Stair case reinforcement
It needs a skilled man power because of its complication. The angle of stair way with
horizontal should be between 20 degrees and 42 degree.
Figure 18: Reinforcement configuration (photo)
H. HCB wall
The building units of this type of masonry are concrete blocks and may produce in different
size. It can be manufactured using hand moulds, steel hand machines or pressed hydraulically
in concrete factors and lay by mason.
A standard block in our country is about 40cm x 20cm x 20cm. Also blocks 15cm 10cm thick
wall are available and such small size blocks are used for partition and sanitary walls or
thinner thickness wall. This type of masonry unit is very important in the construction
process.
In our site we use Two (2) number of bar with diameter of Φ10 on the masonry work of HCB
per five course in order to get more stiffness.
The compression strength of block is normally tested using compression machine and records
the actual capacity. The minimum compulsive strength class A, class B and class C concrete
HCB is as follows according to the standard technical specification. As engineer Abebe says
that class A&B can be used in our site class A for external &class B for internal wall. and
their compressive strength is A= 4.2 for General& 3.8 for individual B=3.8 for
General&3,2for individual C=3.2 for General& 2.8 for individual. The average compressive
strength must be based on this classification.

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Figure 19: HCB wall (photo)
I. Retaining wall
Retains soils on one side may be made of masonry, reinforced concrete, or various other
traditional or proprietary structural system.
There are many retaining walls in our site for the purpose of passing road and for green areas
.maximum height is about 2.9m and 1.75m .bottom width of the wall is 2.1m and top width is
0.5m and there is 1m for the other side and 0.5m for the other one left for working space.
Figure; retaining wall (photo)

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J . Water Proof Membranes and primer liquid water proof
Water proof membranes: It is a thick like plastic membranes which is used to protect from
seepage around ground slab and all the surrounding of the shear wall from surface water.
Primer liquid water proof: it is black liquid membrane it uses to protect from seepage and
ground water and it paints on the basement shear wall and ground floor on the line concrete
Figure 20:Water Proof Membranes(photo) fig; primary liquid water proof
Brick Wall
Brick masonry is built with bricks bonded together with mortar. In my site I use Brick with
the thickness of 10cm over the water proof membrane of the wall.
K . Plastering
plastering Is coating the surface of building members with standard mortar.
The purpose of plastering is:
 To cover the reinforcement bars which are to wall covered while casting. This helps
to prevent from corrosion.
 To be good water tight.
 To protect fire and temperature effects.
 To being smooth, good & attractive
The plastering system is accomplished in three (3) layers 1st coat (bereragirf), 2nd coat
(mullet), and 3rd coat (fino). Type and quality of plaster and thickness are according to the
specification. .
Procedure
Chiselling the surface to be rough for bounding purpose.
Before any plaster is applied the wall (surface) is thoroughly cleaned from dirt and dust.
Make wet or sprinkle water on to the surface just before plastering start.
By bulging thin rope specify the thickness according to the specification on working drawing
by making FASHA (plastering parallel the stretched rope) till it fills the gap between.

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Wire mesh: a mesh that locates and placing between the block work and columns .beams,
lintel beams to protect cracks and instead of pointing. Which means that when we use wire
mesh we can live using already pointing. And it places before starting any plastering.
Figure wire mesh photo
Angle iron:
A material that placing on the internal part of the building that uses to protect the angel from
any applying load when we get with using any house materials like chair ,desk , table etc at
that time when may we teach it may demolish. So it so best for that problem control and
protect the angel of the building.
In my site the length of the angle iron is 150mm from the 00 floor to up.
Figure angle iron

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Scaffolding
works either is a temporary structure erected against construction existing or being built, its
purpose is to provide a working platform for building work which cannot be reached from the
ground and also a means of enabling materials to be brought up to the work area.
These are constructing to support the form work, in addition it serves as a ladder for the
workers to walk up and down and to transport the necessary construction in puts, also enables
for the workers to stand on it at the time of plastering and painting it is necessary to consider
width. It must be enough to pass walk up and down with material at the time.
Figure 21: Scaffolding (photo)
2.5.3. Spacer
Spacers are used to hold the reinforcement bars in position and to assure the required cover.
When reinforcement bars contact directly with moisture, it would corrode and deteriorate no
longer serving its purpose. During fire accidents concrete cover protects the bars from
melting, protecting the structural integrity of the building. Therefore, for this reasons spacers
are used to separate the direct contact of the re-bar with the panel or ply Wood. It’s used in
execution of foundations, slabs, beams, columns, shear walls and other concrete casting
requiring structures. So before casting concrete one has to check enough concrete cover is
provided. Using the cast in wires the spacers are fixed to the reinforcement bars.
 Footing 40mm
 Columns 25mm
 Shear wall 25mm
 Slab 30mm

Page 19
 Suspended slabs and stairs 15mm
Figure 22: Spacer(photo)
2.5.4. Concrete works

Concrete: is stone like material obtaining artificially by hardening of the mixtures of cement,
inner– aggregate material (fine and course) and water in predetermined proportions. When
these ingredients are mixed, they form a plastic mass which can be poured in suitable moulds
(form) and set-on standing in to hared solid mass, as a result of exothermic chemical reaction
between cement and water.
Concrete prepared from the following ingredients;
 Cement
 Aggregate
 Water
 Admixture
Cement: - This paste type material made from calcimine lime and clay in oven after passing
some processes, and used to making mortar (binder) and concrete. This should be stored in
high-capacity silos at works. Cement has different quality;
Type of cement used in our site
 Ordinary port land cement (OPC)
 Also called normal setting cement
 Is grey in color
 Is good price cement and combines a reasonable rate of hardening with moderate
heat output.
Applications: - It is best suited for general concreting purposes (in our site for all main
structures)
 Port land pozzolana cement(PPC)
 Produced by grinding together a mixture of 60-80% port land cement and 40-20%
of pozzolana it may natural as volcanic ash or an artificial product.

Page 20
 Rate of development of strength is lower than of OPC

 It increases workability, lowers the heat of hydration and increases the water
tightness, and got greater resistance to sulphate actions.
 Is cheaper in cost
Application: - in our site it is used for plastering and for leane concrete.
1. Batching for Concrete
It is essential to measure the materials accurately before mixing in order to ensure the right
proportions. The concrete may be batched either by volume or by weight.
2. Concrete Mixing
Mixing thorough is essential for the production of uniform, high quality concrete. For this
reason, equipment and methods should be capable of effectively mixing concrete materials
containing the largest specified aggregate to produce uniform mixtures of the lowest slump
practical for the work.
There are two types of concrete mixing adapted These are:
 Hand mixing: is practiced for small scale/less important constructions. It consumes
more amount of cement than in machine mixing.
 Beaching mixing: is more efficient and gives better and uniform mix than hand
mixing. In the site where I were working used mixer machines to mix.
Practically the mixing time is on average about 2 minutes and it is seen experimentally the
strength of concrete with increasing mixing time, but for mixing time beyond two minutes the
important compressive strength is not significant.
The mix ratio for the preparation of concrete to be in cast in my site is 1:2:3 (for C-30). This
ratio is based on the size of the box provided for proportion the materials of concrete.
The size of the box for the different concrete grades is;
For C-5----------1:4:8------ 50*40*20 cm3
For C-20 -------1:2:4 ------ 50*40*20 cm3
For C-25--------1:2:3-------50*40*18 cm3
For C-30 -------1:2:3------ 50*40*16 cm3
Figure 23: Measured boxes (Photos)

Page 21
Figure 24: mechanical mixer (photo
3. Concrete Transportation
In case of the type of the work, the concrete is conveyed to the site where it will be casted, is
using different equipment. In the site I have been working on, they used two methods to
convey concrete: -
 Crain for high raised building and areas which is difficulty concrete transported by
people
 Badela (local name) for G+1 and below and also mortar for plastering. During
transportation care should be taken in handling the concrete to avoid segregation.
Figure 25: Crain(photo)
4. Concrete Placing/casting
Before placing the concrete, the form works should be cleaned and moistened using olio in
order to prevent the concrete from adhering to the surface; form works should be uniformly
oiled. Additionally, the materials must be moisture using water, in order to prevent the

Page 22
absorption of water from the concrete. If not, the mixing ratio will be affected and we will not
found the required class of concrete after a time.
Figure 26: Concrete Placing/casting(photo)
5. Concrete Compaction
Compaction of concrete is a process adapting for expelling the entrap air from the concrete
and for achieving the maximum dry density which leads to higher strength. In our site the
compaction was accomplished using vibrators. Stronger concrete can be produced by
reducing the water content for given cement. The same strength can be produced with less
cement.
Figure 27: Concrete Compaction (photo)

Page 23
6. Curing of Concrete
Care must be taken to properly cure concrete, to achieve best strength and hardness. This
happens after the concrete has been placed. Cement requires a moist, controlled environment
to gain strength and harden fully.
The purpose of curing can be summarized as
 To prevent rise in temperature on account of the heat of hydration developed during
hardening of cement
 To prevent drying of the concrete this might result in contraction crackers.
The most commonly used methods of curing are
 Covering the surface with a layer of sand and keep it damps of spraying water from
time to time.
 Spraying the concrete surface with water
 Covering the surface with a layer of canvas, hessian, sacking by spraying with water
from time to time.
 After moistening the surface, it is sometimes covered with water poor paper which
will prevent evaporation of moisture from the surface to be cured.
Figure: curing water(photo)

7. Removing of form works
The process of removing the forms from around the concrete is called striping the forms. The
work men must not strip the forms until the concrete has properly set. The stripping time of
form work for the different components of a structure at our site is shown below.
For vertical form work to column, shear wall &beam-----------------------16-18 hours
For props to slabs --------------------------------------------------------------------14 days
For soffit form work to beam---------------------------------------------------------21 days
For props to beams---------------------------------------------------------------------14 days
For soffit form work to slab-----------------------------------------------------------21 days
2.5.5. Challenges during work
As I prepared myself to work, some problems and challenges are occurred.
Some of these challenges that I faced in the internship period are; -
Page 24
Due to presence of many students from different universities there were some difficulties
such as working in office work, visiting of site activities.
Difference of Site languages and Engineering language example plum bomb as Tumby,
reinforcement as Ferro, stirrup as Staffa and concrete casting as armata etc.
Since concrete compaction was carried out by daily labours Segregation was occurred.
Solutions for the problem (challenges)

We discus with the site engineer to divide us in to groups. After division of the group when
one group is in site the other is in office and vice versa. in addition to that were able to visit
other sites.
I have solved the problem of Site languages that they used by asking site engineer, foreman
and other daily labours.
2.5.6. Recommendation regarding to the problem
You should have to accept the number of students according your capacity.
It is good if you thought the skilled labours about engineering language.
You should have to use experienced labour in compaction to prevent segregation

Page 25
CHAPTER THREE
3. OVER ALL BENEFIT GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP

During staying in the internship I gain
 In terms of improving practical skills
 Improving team player skills
 In terms of leadership skill
 In terms of Work Ethics
 Entrepreneurship skill
 Interpersonal communication skill
3.1. In terms of improving practical skills

During my internship program I have got experiences on my practical skill. With the
help of the engineers and formals I have been straggle in changing my theoretical
knowledge to practical.
Mostly in my staying in Zamra during internship I had practiced the following terms
 Quantity surveying
 Cost break down
 How to prepare Form work
 How to fix Form work
 How to check verticality and
horizontality of Form work
 How to placed reinforcement
 How to erected and
 Where to overlap etc.
 Method of mixing
 How to transport
 Method of compaction
 How to managed man power and
materials
I able to see practical how can I
managing construction material
Controlling construction material
Reducing wastage material.
Guiding workers.
Etc…

Page 26
3.2. Differentiating Theoretical skill and Practical skill:

Theoretical knowledge is not always unfulfilled in practical application, though sometimes it
might seem that way.
It’s important to realize that in the workplace, what matters is not the amount of practical
experience or theoretical background that an individual has. What matters is how much an
individual’s being able to effectively deal with the realities around him. Theory and practical
experience are just complementary means to that end.
Gaining knowledge from practical work is easier than from theoretical learning process.
In addition to the practical skill this program helps me to strengthen my theoretical knowledge
and gain meaningful engineering experience to complement academic studies.
3.3. Improving team player skills:

In the first few weeks making tasks in a team/group was hard for me. Because the student was
coming from different university and different places no one knows about any one. But in the
short period of time I introduce my self and make friends and enjoy a better social experience
when studying and working. Because everyone also has their own individual talents, it will allow
doing something far better than we could before.
Team playing give benefits on: -
 Distributing the work load.
 Creating participation and involvement.
 Making better decision.
 Generating a diversity of ideas.
Good team player possesses the following skill
 Shares openly and willingly
 Works as a problem-solver
 Achieve self confidence
 Shows commitment to the team
3.4. In terms of leadership skill:

Leadership is a skill of guiding, control, and monitor the people. Leadership decision is very
important in any work.
 They set good example through their own discipline, enthusiasm and hard work.
 The approach of team member in considerate friendly and humble manner.
 They encourage then in returns for good performance.
 They are strict and demanding when necessary.

Page 33
3.5. In terms of Work Ethics:

Ethics tells me about moral duties and obligations and so that and my behavior is right, truth full
and just. From terms of understanding about work ethics related issues I have observed about
two types work ethics, these are: -
A. Personal ethics;
Person adopts them on his or her own will. These may be sincerity, respect for the job regularity,
punctuality, seriousness.
B. Specific to a work situation;
 Work ethics specific to work situation are
 Keeping certain information confidentially
 Maintaining cordial relation with the client and agencies that accompany has.
 Being prepared to take up new tasks
 Each worker should interact and cooperate with each other while working. That is
because it is through such system problems could be easily solved
 Ethical problem related to work
 Irregularity and lack of punctuality
 Rude and impolite behavior
 Inadequate knowledge and skill
 Wastage of resources
 Disregard of rules and procedures
 Disrespect for the job
3.6. Entrepreneurship skill:

Entrepreneurship is the journey of opportunity exploration and risk management to create value
for profit and/or social good.
As a success entrepreneur we will have to work closely with people this is where it is critically
to be able to build great internships with our team, customers, suppliers, shareholders, investors,
and more.
From the site practice we have gained the following terns to improve entrepreneurship
 Leadership and motivation
 Communication skills
 Listening
 Ethics
Entrepreneurship is a skill that can always be developed and expanded. Here are some ideas
based on my experience that will help kids or adults acquire useful skills to become a successful
entrepreneur.

Page 34
Entrepreneur skills need that

 Initiative: - have to have the motivation to take the initiative and create on your own.
 Responsibility: - have to be responsible for your actions and understand the importance
of responsibility.
 Creativity: - should have a sense of creativity, innovation and always be one step ahead
in ideas.
 Communication: - have to be able to communicate your ideas, network and connect with
others.
 Leadership: - need to able to be the leader and be in charge of a project, or company.
 Problem solving: - have to have the ability to solve simple or more complicated
problem.
 Determination: - have to be extremely motivated and keeping going even when things
are tough.
Benefits of entrepreneurship
 Create your own destiny
 Make a difference
 Reap impressive profit
 Providing jobs and benefits to other
 Feeling of freedom and independence
 Self-actualization or personal fulfillment.
3.7. Interpersonal communication skill:

Interpersonal communication skill is a skill in which a work man ship of the site is used to
interact to each other. Since I were a beginner for site works, I hadn’t enough knowledge on how
to approach with the engineers and Forman. Having good approach with the work man ship of
the site helps you to know many things about a site. People with good interpersonal skill can
generally control the feeling that emerge in difficult situations and respond appropriately; instead
of being overwhelmed by emotion. Confidence also play important role in decision to take risk.
Being respect full and communicating smoothly lead me to improve on my theoretical and
practical skill.
I know that construction work is a team work by its nature you will face different individuals
with different professions and personality come up together and communicate

Page 35
with each other to solve different problems and run the whole work. This is how well you
communicate with someone and how well you behave or carry yourself or simply which means
interpersonal skills are how people relate to one another.
Chapter four
4. Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusion
By and large, all the construction process in the site has been done based on the design details
and specifications until I have followed in the company mainly focus on the quality of
construction that is why the client purposed to construct himself.
The schedules identify all the required to be completed on a project, determine how long each
will take and place them in logical order and are the key for the project economy and safety
because all things can go by the require way. Before construction is starting we have to consider
weather resource is available or not, then after begun the engineers or the experts should survey
all the quantity for the project and then prepare the bill of quantity unless it is impossible to start
construction process.
The form work should be removed carefully when the stripping time is reached. So as to re-use
the form works should be removed carefully and placed them in a right of a way. Because it may
be very costly using other materials for the form work of the coming works.
The material which are used to preparing the concrete should be with good property to form
good concrete i.e. the mix- ratio of the concrete, so as to fulfill the engineering property of the
concrete.
Generally, this internship program is interesting and it helps to develop practical skill, inter
personal communication skill, team work skill and work ethics. Finally, construction needs a
team work arrangements and communication between the workers.
As supervisor
 Checking area of reinforcement and the overlap
 Checking alignment of columns
 Checking eccentricity of column
 Controlling concrete mix ratio
 Checking arrangements of reinforcement and placement
 Controlling placement of concrete
As Site engineer

Page 36
 Understanding the designed plan

 Checking the plan with actual site
 Checking the design if it is correct or not
 Controlling Forman\
Recommendation
For the company
 The company has positive attitude towards the students of internship, so it should
continue such kind optimistic be have (nature)
 The concerned bodies (Engineers) of the company are interested to share their experience
and made effort to do and know for the student.
 The company has concerned on quality of material and works.
 The company has consisted of well experienced engineers and given continuous training
to the workers.
 It has put the construction materials in store properly.
 It has redesigned if the design has a problem.
 You should have to accept the number of students according your capacity.
 It is good if you thought the skilled labors about engineering language.
 You should have to use experienced labor in compaction to prevent segregation.
For the university
 It is better the students must be send to their destination and their site on time.
 It is better to take more software programs (AUTOCAD, MS,…)
 Such internship linkage is good to improve practical skill then you have to continue.
 Visiting of the adviser to site had encourage the students therefore keep it up.
References
o Company documents containing organizational structure and brief history
o Different format of internship report
o Lecture handouts on our past courses
o basic brick construction , based on workshop course
o EBCS-2 and 8 1995, Ethiopian building code of standard
o Construction material handout.
o Plan layout of the site

Page 37
Glossary
 Plumbing bob……………leveling instrument used to check a member is vertical
 Cratury……………………………. a form work used to fix column in position
 Gndela…………………………….a horizontal placement to support the formwork of
column parapet shear wall.
 Sponda………………………………. side form work used in casting concrete for beams
and slabs
 Damitow …………………………. compaction machine
 M.U.B.P. - 87…………… MU building project No 87
 Ferro………………………………reinforcement
 Staffa……………………….……stirrup
 Fondo (soffit)…………………….…bottom formwork for beam
 Sponda………………………….... side formwork of beam
 Egi wiha lik…………………….…measurement of formwork level
 Gomawihalik……………….….... measurement of leveling
 Tumbi ……………………….…plump pop
 aqqadra ……………………….….to measure right angle
 Pontee …………………………used for slab supporting
 Segato……………………………… Used for cutting the bars
 Armata……………………………. Concrete
 Asquqdra………………………….a wood that uses to placing mortar for plastering and
leveling the alignment of the plastering.
 Rigga ……………………………..a straight wood to level the 2nd coat.
 Bega:……………………………… Equipment to bend steel bars
 Berga………………………………: a single steel from factory with 12 meters length
 Bereragirfya: .......................................it is a first coat plaster

 Fasha:.................................... it is a string used to limit thickness of second coat plastering
 Mankya........................an equipment uses to take a mortar and plastering
 Eskerbelo......................a metal material it uses to chiselling columns &slab
 Modesha........................it uses to braking big size stones
 Martello..........................a types of hammer it uses to create sheep of masonry stone

Page 38
Abbreviations
 G+4…………. Ground plus four building
 DUBP……….. Dilla university building project
 G+3………….. Ground plus three building
 C-5……………Compression strength of concrete 5 Mega Pascal
 C-20…………..Compression strength of concrete 20Mega Pascal
 C-25…………..Compression strength of concrete 25 Mega Pascal
 C-30…………..Compression strength of concrete 30 Mega Pascal
 S -400…………Tensile strength of steel 400 Mega Pascal
 E.C …………...Ethiopian calendar
 EBCS………….Ethiopian Building Code of Standard
 Wt…………….. Weight
 HCB…………... Hollow Concrete Block
 Kg……………..Kilogram
 Mm…………….millimeter
 M……………….meter
 KPa……………..Kilo Pascal
 Mpa…………….Mega Pascal
 OPC……………Ordinary Portland Cement
 Plc……………..Private Limited Company
 PPC……………Portland Pozzolana Cement
 ØandDia…….... diameter
 %........................percent

Page 39

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[DU INTERNSHIP RIPORT] 2010 EC.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE HOSTING COMPANY

1.3 Overview of the company

 Play a significant role in the construction sector. To increase its organizational

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

 To creating strong linkage in industries to produce and supply industrial products

1.4 Main customers:

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

Figure; 1 product of Zamra construction.

Figure; 2 ongoing project of Zamra construction.

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

1.5 Company organizational flow chart

Figure3:Company organizational flow chart

1.6 Health and safety

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

1.7Machinery and Equipment

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

Figure machines and equipments

2. over All Internship Experience Including Specific Work

2.2 Getting the company

2.3Activity of the company work

2.4 Work flow in the site

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

Figure 1Site project organization chart

2.5. Work tasks

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

Brake down Analysis

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

Activities of the site project that I have been working in are:

 2.5.1. Office work

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

2.5.1.2. Supper structure

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

Figure 2: Take of sheet (photo)

Reinforcement take off sheet

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

Total weight= total length of the bar*unit weight of the bar, kg

Figure 3 bar schedule (photo)

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

2.5.2. Site work/ Construction processes on site

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

 40mm for foundation concrete cover:

Hard core for ground slab

Figure 4: Hard core for ground slab(photo)

A. Formwork; Shall mean temporary support construction forecast-in-place concrete,

Material for formwork

Figure 5: Stirrup (photo)

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

Figure 6: Column formwork and casting (photo)

Figure 7: Standard (photo)

Figure 8: Head drop(photo)

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

Figure 9: Accessory/universal (photo

Figure 10: Play wood (photo)

Figure 11: Decking beam (photo)

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

Figure 12: Infilling (photo)

Figure 13: Lashers (photo)

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

U shape straight circular

Figure 14: Staircases (photo)

Prepared by Hailesilassie Kassaye

Figure 15. Elevator/Lift shaft(photo)

Figure 16 Electrical Installation(photo)