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2.5. Migrasi
Proses perpindahan minyak dan gas bumi secara alami dari batuan
induk ke batuan reservoar. Perpindahan ini disebabkan adanya gaya
kompaksi, tekanan kapiler, gaya penyerapan, dilatansi dan
di t fi
diastrofisme. Setelah
S t l h minyak
i k dan
d gas bumi
b i bermigrasi
b i i sampaii ke
k
reservoar maka cairan tersebut akan terpisah karena perbedaan
densitas (berat jenis), air akan menempati bagian paling bawah,
diatasnya adalah minyak bumi dan gas berada di bagian paling atas
karena mempunyai berat jenis yang paling ringan.
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 3
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 4
Type of Migration
Primary migration
Secondary migration.
MIGRASI
1. PRIMER (SOURCE - RESERVOAR)
2. SEKUNDER (DALAM RESERVOAR)
PENYEBAB MIGRASI
1. GAYA KOMPAKSI
Disebabkan beban lapisan penutup di atasnya.
2. GAYA KAPILER
Naiknya zat alir di dalam saluran sempit yang terbuka karena adanya gaya
adhesi dan tegangan
g g permukaan.
p
3. GAYA PENYERAPAN
Daya serap batuan terhadap zat alir dapat membantu terjadinya migrasi.
4. DILATANSI
Merupakan proses perubahan volume lapisan batuan akibat adanya gaya
yang mempengaruhinya.
5. DIASTROFISME
Diastrofisme menyebabkan pelengkungan/pelipatan yang berhubungan
dengan kompaksi.
6. LAIN-LAIN
Tekanan hidrostatik
Tekanan gas
Tekanan hidrodinamik
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 7
Primary Migration
Postulate; the principle process expelling the newly
formed hydrocarbons from their source sediments is
the compaction of clay rocks.
Secondary Migration
The fundamental force involved in HC movement
from source rock to reservoir rock is that of
capillarity.
The dominant parameter is the reservoir pressure;
the migration is in the direction of decreasing
hydrostatic pressure.
The migration pathways have traditionally been
called carrier beds, and better if thought of as
carries systems because in addition to permeable
stratigraphic horizons the may be provided by
unconformities, fault or fracture systems, old
weathered zones or penetrative diapirs.
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 9
ARAH MIGRASI
1. MELINTANG (KE ATAS / BAWAH)
2. PARALEL
TEORI AKUMULASI
1. GUSSOW, 1951
2. KING HUBBERT, 1953
3. HIDROLIK (RICH, 1931)
4. GRAVITASI
5. PERPINDAHAN TEMPAT
6. ANTIKLIN
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 11
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 12
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 13
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 14
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 15
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 16
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 17
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 18
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 19
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 20
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 21
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 22
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 23
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 24
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 25
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 26
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 27
4 Arms - 8 Pads
192 Electrodes
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 29
current penetrating each small button electrode on the pads is modulated in amplitude by the
resistivity of the formation in front of each button.
Sampling Rate is 0.1 inch.
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 30
Image Processing
RAW DATA PROCESSED IMAGE
F
R
E
Q
U
E
N
C
Y
RESISTIVE CONDUCTIVE
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 31
Silty
Sand
Sand Silt Clayey
Silt
Sandy Clay
Silt
Sand Silt
Clay
Perm
Very Good Good Fair Some Low Very Low
1000 100 10 1 .1
Resistivity
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 32
EXAMPLE-
Micro Fault
TD: 62/304
Normal fault
Striking:
N25E-S25W
Down to WNW
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 35
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 36
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 37
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 38
Cross Bedding
Crossbeds indicating
a due west
paleocurrent flow
within channel
system.
3-D View
Azimuth Histogram
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 40
X-BEDDING
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 41
FORESET
BEDDING
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 42
Bioturbation
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353) VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 43
Bioturbation
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 44
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 45
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 46
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 47
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 48
Dips in a Channel
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 49
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 50
Induced Fractures
Induced Fractures
Schmidt Plot
Fractures Analysis
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353) VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 55
Open Fractures
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353)
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 56
Cemented Fractures
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (TKG-353) VII. Migration, Accumulation & FMI-Dipmeter Interpretation 57
Breakout & Drilling Induced Fractures
Sarju Winardi, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
Breakout orientation
N15W-S15E
(minimum stress
direction)
σ3
σ1