DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ORDINARY DIPLOMA IN BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT

ENGINEERING

NTA LEVEL 6
PROJECT 1

PROJECT TITLE: DESIGNING OF A SMART PAROXYSM PREDICTION AND

MOVEMENT DETECTION SYSTEM AT MUHIMBILI NATIONAL
HOSPITAL.

PROJECT TYPE : PROBLEM SOLVING

STUDENTNAME: JANE MALISA

ADMISSION NO : 160321110605

SUPERVISOR : MR NASSORO,N.S

CLASS : OD 16BEE

JANUARY,2019
 DECLARATION
I JANE MALISA, declare that, what is written in this book is original copy of my work.

……………………….. ………………………….

Jane Malisa Mr.Nassoro, N.S

(Student name) ( Supervisor)

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 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to send my sincere thanks to those who contribute in one way or another before

completion of this project. My sincere gratitude should go to MR NASSORO,N.S for his proper

supervision, advice, guidance, suggestion and constructive ideas.

I also extend my sincere thanks to all members of DIT staff in Department of Electrical

Engineering, my fellow students for their good advice for this project. Moreover, I wish to

thanks in one-way or other who helped me preparation of this project.

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 Table of contents

DECLARATION……………………………………………………………………..………i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………..…......ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYM………………………………………...…...v
LIST OF FIGURE……………………………………………………………………….……vi
LIST OF TABLE…………………………………………………………….…………..…..vii
1.0 CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………..……….1
1.1 INTRODUCTION…......................................................................................................1
1.1.1GENERAL INTRODUCTION…………………………..…….……………..….............1
1.1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT…………………..………………….…….……...........…....1
1.1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE..…………………………………………….…........ …..…......1
1.1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE..………………...…………………………….….... …......…......1
1.1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE…………………………………………….….….........…......1
1.1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT……………………………………….…..............……2
1.1.5 METHODOLOGY USED……….…………………………….…….……..….........…..2
2.0 CHAPTER TWO………………………………………………………...…………….3
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………….......………..….………...3
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION………………...……………………………........……..……………3
2.1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM………………………….. ……………….……........……..……..3
2.1.2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM……......….…….……………...3
2.1.2.2 DISADVANTAGE OF EXISTING SYSTEM…………........………..……………....3
2.1.3 STUDY OF PROPOSED SYSTEM...…..…..………………………… ………..….......4
2.1.3.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM……………….………………………………..….…...............4
2.1.3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM…….……….......……………..…....4
2.1.3.2.1 TRANSMITER SECTION......................................................................... …………4
2.1.3.2.2 RECEIVER SECTION............................................................................. …………..5
2.1.3.3 ADVANTAGE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM…….……………….………………...….5
2.1.4 PROPOSED DEVICE……………………………………………………..…………….6
2.1.4.1 TRANSMITER SECTION……………………………………......………….…...…..6

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2.1.4.1.1 MEMS .............................................………………………………………...... ……6
2.1.4.1.2 MICRO-CONTROLLER...........................…………………..……………. ……….6
2.1.4.1.3 BUZZER OR SPEAKER............ ………………………………………... .. ……....6
2.1.4.1.4 ENCODER......... ….………………...…………………………………………......6
2.1.4.1.5 RF TRNSMITER.……………....……………………………….……. ……….…..6
2.1.4.1.6 POWER SUPPLY…………...….……………………………………………….…6
2.1.4.2 RECEIVER SECTION………...…………………………………...........………..…7
2.1.4.2.1 DECORDER…………….…………………………...............…...........………...…7
2.1.4.2.2 LCD DISPLAY……................………………………………….............……….…7
2.1.4.2.3 VOICE IC…………..……………………………...................................…………7
2.1.4.2 RF RECEIVER .................……………………... ……………….............………….7
3.0 CHAPTER THREE…...………………………………………………….……..….….....8
3.1 DATA COLLECTION…………………………………………………………….……..8
3.2 REFERENCE…………...………………………………………………………..………8

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 LIST OF ABREVIATION AND ACRONYM

MEMS- Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems

RF- Radio frequency

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 LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 2.1.2.1 Block diagram of existing system…………………………....………………..3

Figure 2.1.3.2.1 Block diagram of proposed system transmitter section ..................................4

Figure 2.1.3.2.2 Block diagram of proposed system receiver section….......…...……………..5

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 LIST OF TABLE

Table 3.1.1 Data collection for paralysis patient...................….……………………………8

Table 3.1.2 Data collection for Parameters of Arm Standard Measurements.......................8

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

PAROXYSM is a sudden action or movement of paralyzed patients. Paroxysm movement
detector system is the system which is used to detect any change in body movements of
paralyzed patients and helps the Physiotherapy Department at Muhimbili National Hospital for
further diagnosis of the patient recovery rate. The body movements of paralyzed patients will
be detected easily by this system which gives the information about their body movements at
the hospital using Radiofrequency (RF) communication.

1.1.2 PROBLEM STAEMENT

At Muhimbili national hospital the doctors use local method to detect the movement of the
paralyzed patients like asking them to move some parts of the body. This help them to know if
the medication is working or not. If the doctors are not around they cannot recognize any
movement hence they cannot monitor effectively the patient recovery rate.

So I came up with the idea of designing a smart paroxysm prediction and movement detector
system for paralysis patient which will continuously monitor and detect any movement of
paralyzed patient to help doctor monitor the movements effectively.

1.1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

1.1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this project is to design a system which will be used to detect the
movement of paralyzed patient.

1.1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

• To design circuit for the proposed system.

• To identify circuit components for the proposed system.

• To build a circuit of the project for implementation.

• To test a prototype of the project.

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1.1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT
• It saves time since the time routine for checkup of patients will be reduced.

• It helps the doctors to know if the medication which are given to the patients are working
or not.

• It doesn’t involves patient disturbance compared to the local method patients are asked to
move.

1.1.5 METHODOLOGY USED

The following methodology should be undertaken in order to achieve the objective of the
project.

1. Literature review.

2. Data collection.

3. Data analysis.

4. Designing a prototype.

5. Building the prototype.

6. Testing of a prototype.

7. Report writing.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes the existing system, block diagram of existing system and
disadvantage of the existing system. It also explains about proposed system.

2.1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing system is a local way used to detect the movement of the paralyzed patients which
involves asking the patients to move some parts of the body. This helps them to know if the
medication is working or not.

2.1.2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXISTING SYSTEM

HAND-
DOCTORS/NU
RSES HELD PATIENT
RULER

Figure 2.1.2.1

2.1.2.2 DISADVANTAGE OF EXISTING SYSTEM

 Here the doctor uses lot of energy.
 It takes a lot of time to identify if the medication is working or not.
 It cannot detect minor/small movements.
 If the doctors are not around they cannot recognize any movement hence they cannot
monitor effectively the patient recovery rate.
 Requires more patient attendants(Doctors and nurses) than the proposed system.

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2.1.3 STUDY OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this section describes about proposed system, block diagram of proposed system, advantages
of the proposed system and devices.

2.1.3.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM

It involves the use of a simple RF(Radio Frequency)detector to continuously monitors and

detects any movement of paralyzed patient to help doctor monitor the movements effectively.
When there occurs any change in the body movements of patient buzzer will buzz which alert
about the situation. This information is transmitted to the receiver section using RF transmitter
and it is received by the RF receiver and given to microcontroller. From controller the
information is given to voice IC which gives the voice announcement about the change in body
movements of patient.

2.1.3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

2.1.3.2.1 TRANSMITTER SECTION

POWER SUPPLY

ANTENNA

RF
TRANSMITTER

Accelerometer

HT12E Encoder

ATmega 328P

Figure 2.1.3.2.1

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2.1.3.2.2 RECEIVER SECTION

POWER SUPPLY

ANTENNA

RF RECEIVER

BUZZER

HT12D
Decoder

ATmega 328P

Figure 2.1.3.2.2

2.1.3.3 ADVANTAGE OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

 It saves time to detect any movement of paralyzed patient.

 It helps doctor to perform checks easily and make conclusion.
 Easy to operate since system is automatic.
 It can detect minor or small movements of paralyzed patient.

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2.1.4 PROPOSED DEVICES

The project consists of two sections, transmitter and receiver sections. This sections will
describe about devices that are going to used.

2.1.4.1 TRANSMITTER SECTION

2.1.4.1.1 Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)
MEMS are class of devices that build very small electrical and mechanical components on a single
chip to provide an interface that can sense, process or control the surrounding environment.
MEMS is attached to the patient. It detects any change in movement of a patient and sends the
signal to the micro controler.

2.1.4.1.2 MICRO CONTROLLER

Is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system.
Processes the signals from the MEMS and sends informational signals to the Buzzer and encoder

2.1.4.1.3 BUZZER OR SPEAKER

Buzzer or speaker is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,

or piezoelectric. Buzzer or speaker connected from the output of micro controller for purpose
of giving alert.

2.1.4.1.4 ENCODER
Is a device, circuit, transducer or algorithm that coverts information from one format to
another, for purpose of standardization, speed or compression. It is used to convert signals
from the microcontroller into a form suitable for transmission.

2.1.4.1.5 RF TRANSMITTER
It transmits the information to the receiver section.

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2.1.4.1.6 POWER SUPPLY
Power supply is a component that supplies electrical power to an electrical device.

2.1.4.2 RECEIVER SECTION

2.1.4.2.1 DECODER

It is a device that converts encoded data into its original format.

2.1.4.2.2 LCD Display

It converts electrical informational signals to visual electrical signal on a semi conduction

board.

2.1.4.2.3 VOICE IC

It is a sound recording and replay integrated circuit consisting of an analogue storage

technique whereby recorded sound is retained even after power supply is removed from the
system.

2.1.4.2.4 RF RECEIVER

It receives the information from the RF transmitter.

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is the process of collecting necessary information which will be used for
designing a proposed system after being analyzed. This information is obtained from a
particular site of a study.

Table 3.1.1
BODY PARTS TO BE MEASURES
MEASURED
Arm 5-10mm
Leg 5-15mm

Alert sound can spread room (nurse station) about 4m (to not disturb other patients)

Table 3.1.2
The Parameters of Arm Standard Measurements
Parameter Measures
Number of Axes 3
Frequency Range 0.1 to 25 Hz
Maximum Acceleration +/- 5 g
Amplitude

3.2 REFERENCE
The following are the source of information which I used to get the materials

1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/paroxysm

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 2) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nhi.gov/m/pubmed/18300959

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Analysis
4.0 Introduction
The collected data is interpreted in the manner that they give the necessary outputs of different
proposed circuits. So, determination of components values is done here so as to ensure proper
and reliable components are used in project designing.

4.1 Arduino UNO R3

Figure 01. Arduino board Uno R3

This type of arduino uses Atmega 328p Microcontroller with many additional features
compared to the other types of Arduino boards such arduino uno that uses an ATmega16U2
,Arduino nano and others.

This type of arduino board allows faster transfer rates and more memory. It is the most popular
arduino board recently.

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The Uno R3 also adds SDA and SCL pins next to the AREF. In addition, there are two new
pins placed near the RESET pin. One is the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage
provided from the board. The other is a not connected and is reserved for future purposes. The
Uno R3 works with all existing shields but can adapt to new shields which use these additional
pins.

It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it
with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too
much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip.

"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The
Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now
evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see
the Arduino index of boards.

Reference: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno

Arduino uno R3 is the best because of the following features

 Microcontroller: ATmega328
 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
Due to the above features arduino uno R3 has very low power consumption, high memory,
and many configuration pins.

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4.2 RF 433MHz Transmitter & Receiver

Figure 02. RF 433MHz Transmitter & Receiver

Nowadays the most popular and reliable RF modules used are 334MHz Transmitter and
Receiver modules. The major reason I choose these modules, it is because of their favorable
features. The RF modules are very small in dimension and have a wide operating voltage
range i.e. 3V to 12V.

The transmitter draws no power when transmitting logic zero while fully suppressing the
carrier frequency thus consume significantly low power in battery operation. When a logic
one is sent carrier is fully on to about 4.5mA with a 3volts power supply. The data is sent
serially from the transmitter which is received by the tuned receiver. The transmitter and the
receiver are duly interfaced to two microcontrollers for data transfer.

It is very easy to interface RF 433MHz modules with Arduino compared to other types of RF
modules. Using a 433mhz transmitter-receiver pair in projects can help make them mobile
and avoid the use of long wires at the same time keeping the projects simple.

For more accurate operation they should be coupled with Encoders and Decoders

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In the case of RF module Encoders and Decoders are used for protecting the data from
unambiguous usage or for avoiding tempering of data protection of data.

In this project, ICs PAINT IC) and HT12D (Decoder IC) are used for transmission of data
between a transmitter and receiving at the receiver end. These ICs transmit the address and
data bus with the encoded form which will get receive in the same pattern of address bus
defined over the transmitter end. So this is the encoded address information with data stored
at a particular address which gets decoded at the receiver end.

Figure 03 Encoder and Decoder ICs

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4.3 Accelerometer

In measuring vibrating body in this project ADXL3xx series Accelerometer will be used
since they are the most used and easily available accelerometers available in the market.
Their specifications are the best. They can easily be used together with Arduino Uno R3.

Most accelerometers will have a selectable range of forces they can measure. These ranges
can vary from ±1g up to ±250g. Typically, the smaller the range, the more sensitive the
readings will be from the accelerometer. For example, to measure small vibrations on a
tabletop, using a small-range accelerometer will provide more detailed data than using a 250g
range.

In this project ADXL377 200g accelerometers from sparkfun will be used

Figure 04. ADXL377 accelerometer

4.4 Sound Module

In this project the main aim is to detect any movement made by the patient. For a prject to be
simple a buzzer from SEOH will be used. SEOH Electric Buzzer has a range of 3-24 V and it
produces very audible sound.

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Figure 05. buzzer

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CIRCUIT DESIGNING AND SIMULATION

5.0 Introduction
The circuit is designed using proteus 8.7 version software.The circuit normally shows how the system
components and parts are connected together. Then after designing the circuit will be simulated by
compiling the program and fed it into the circuit in proteus software so as to observe the output.

The following are the main parts of the system circuit

5.1 Power Supply

This is basic step in the designing of any electrical or electronic system. Power supply required for
system should be designed in the very best way. The steps involved in the designing of the power
supply are as follows,

 Determine the total current that the system sinks from the supply.
 Determine the voltage rating required for the different components.

For the system to be designed the supply voltage required is 5V as a maximum voltage with 2A or
less supply currrent

The circuit for power supply.

Figure 06 power supply circuit diagram

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12 or 9V battery or power adapter is connected to the voltage regulator LM7805. All the
capacitors are there to filter the voltage ripple so as to get pure DC supply. Green led is used
as power indicator. R1 is used as a limiting resistor.

5.2 Transmitter Circuit.

Figure 07. Transmitter circuit

This is the second part of the system. The transmitter circuit is built up by the vibration
Sensor (Accelerometer) that will be used to detect any vibraration made by the patient and
then send the signal to the microcontroller (Atmega 328P). After the microcontroller receives
the signal from the accelerometer, the signal will be analysed per commands and then send
signal to receiver circuit.

The HT12E encoder will be used to encode the signal from the microcontroller and then the
encoded signal will be sent to the receiver circuit via RF transmitter Module.

The main purpose of HT12E encoder is to prevent data loss and interference.

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5.3 Receiver Circuit

Figure 08. Receiver Circuit

The receiver circuit is made up by RF receiver module connected with HT12D decoder.

Here the decorder is used to decode the signal received from the RF receiver and then send
them to the microcontoller, then the microcontroller.switches buzzer and led to indicate that
the patient has made some movements.

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