A Project Report on

PROBABILITY OF ERROR

BY

NAME OF STUDENT: ROLL NUMBER:

Ayoshee Beriwal 101615028(ENC 2)

Bhavya Chopra 101615033(ENC 2)

Submitted To
Dr. Dinesh Bhardwaj

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 INDEX

Sr. No Contents Page No.

1. Introduction 3-6
2. Algorithm 7
3. Code 7-8
4. Output 8-9
5. Observation 9
6. Result and Discussions 10
7. Bibliograpghy 11

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 INTRODUCTION

AIM- Probability of error analysis of PSK,FSK and QPSK digital modulation techniques

SOFTWARE USED- MATLAB 2019a

THEORY-

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is the digital modulation technique in which the frequency of the
carrier signal varies according to the digital signal changes. FSK is a scheme of frequency
modulation.

The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary High input and is low in
frequency for a binary Low input. The binary 1s and 0s are called Mark and Space frequencies.

The following image is the diagrammatic representation of FSK modulated waveform along with its
input.

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier
signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time. PSK technique is widely
used for wireless LANs, bio-metric, contactless operations, along with RFID and Bluetooth
communications.

PSK is of two types, depending upon the phases the signal gets shifted. They are −

Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In this technique, the sine wave carrier
takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180°.

BPSK is basically a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) modulation scheme, for
message being the digital information.

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Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals
such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.

BPSK is able to transmit one bit per symbol, while QPSK transmits two bits per symbol.

Advantages of QPSK system:

Very good noise immunity.

For the same bit error rate, the bandwidth required by QPSK is reduced to half as
compared to BPSK. Because of reduced bandwidth, the information transmission rate of
QPSK is higher.

Low error probability.

Due to these advantages the QPSK is used for very high bit rate data transmission.

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PROBABILITY OF ERROR-

The probability of error in a digital communication system due to additive Gaussian noise and is
calculated in a closed form using the error function.

The transmitted waveform gets corrupted by noise , typically referred to as Additive White
Gaussian Noise (AWGN).
Additive: As the noise gets ‘added’ (and not multiplied) to the received signal
White: The spectrum of the noise if flat for all frequencies.
Gaussian : The values of the noisefollows the Gaussian probability distribution function,

with and .

Error Function Complementary is Given By:

Probability of Error of FSK=0.5erfc(√Eb/2No)

Probability of Error of PSK =0.5erfc(√Eb/No)

Probability of Error of QPSK =erfc(√Eb/No)

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The code performs the following:

(a) Generation of random BPSK modulated symbols +1′s and -1′s

(b) Passing them through Additive White Gaussian Noise channel

(c) Demodulation of the received symbol based on the location in the

constellation
(d) Counting the number of errors

(e) Repeating the same for multiple Eb/No value.

CODE-
clear
N = 10^6;

a= imread('sajan.jpg');
b=rgb2gray(a);
c=im2bw(b);
ip = c(:);
x = randn(numel(c),1);

s = 2*ip-1;
n = 1/sqrt(2)*(x + 1i*x); Eb_N0_dB = (-3:10);

for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
y = s + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n; % additive white gaussian noise
ipcap = real(y)>0;

Err(ii) = length(find([ip- ipcap]));

end
proberr = Err/N; % simulated probability of error
theoryproberr = 0.5*erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))); % theoretical probability of error
theoryproberrfsk = 0.5*erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/20))); % theoretical probability of error for fsk

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theoryproberrqpsk =erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10)));% theoretical probability of error for qpsk
close all
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryproberr,'b.-');
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,proberr,'mx-');
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryproberrfsk,'g--');
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryproberrqpsk,'y*-');

axis([-3 10 10^-5 0.5])

grid on
legend('theorypsk', 'simulation','theoryfsk','theoryqpsk');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB');
ylabel('Probility of Error');
title('Probility of Error curve for modulation');

OUTPUT-

CONVERSION FROM RGB TO BLACK-WHITE IMAGE

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 COMPARISON OF NOISE PERFORMANCES OF PSK,QPSK AND FSK

OBSERVATIONS:

The image taken was first converted from truecolor image RGB to the grayscale intensity
image and then to black-white image. This was done to achieve binary form of the image
data.

The graph shows parabolic curves for the probability of error. The value of the probability
of error in each case decreases with increase in Eb/No.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

From the curves we infer that the Probability of Error of –

FSK>QPSK>PSK

In PSK system the distance between the two message points is equal to 2√Eb ,whereas in
FSK system that corresponding distance is √2Eb .This shows that , in an AWGN channel,
the detection performance of equal energy binary signals depend only on the distance
between the two pertinent message points in the signal space. In particular, the larger we
make this distance, the smaller will the average probability of error be.

In coherent binary FSK system we have to double the bit-energy-to-noise density ratio,
Eb/No, in order to maintain the same average error rate in a coherent binary PSK system.

The symbol duration T, of a QPSK wave is twice as long as bit duration Tb, of input
binary wave, that is for a given bit rate, a QPSK wave requires half the transmission
bandwidth of the corresponding binary PSK wave. This implies a QPSK wave carries
twice as many bits of information as the corresponding binary PSK wave.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Simon Haykin- Digital Comunication

https://www.gaussianwaves.com/2015/06/how-to-generate-awgn-noise-in-
matlaboctave-without-using-in-built-awgn-function/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_of_error

https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_prog/html

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