Compendio de normas que regulan PH.

Recopilado por José Buriticá y

son referencias que en el momento de usar se debe tener la precaución
de determinar el código de referencia para el caso a aplicar.

Febrero 14 del 2014.

• Para tuberías de procesos en plantas ASME B31.3

• Para tuberías de transporte de gas ASME B31.G GAS TRANSMISSION
AND DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS. Apéndice N.
• Para recipientes a presión ASME Sección VIII Div.1 (UG-99 y UG-100)
• Código de inspección de recipientes a presión API 510
• Código de inspección líneas de proceso API 570.
• Código para líneas de transporte API 1104
• Normas de EXXON IP 3-18-1 Piping Fabrication Shop or Field
• Normas de SHELL DEP 31.40.40.38 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
TESTING OF NEW PIPELINES
• NBIC - NATIONAL BOARD INSPECTION CODE Sección 4.3 TESTING
METHODS

Para el caso de elementos de pruebas solo el ASME B31.G en Apéndice N

y 31-40-40-38 de las DEP´s de SHELL definen las características y
aspectos de seguridad (Ver página 17 – numeral 5 Test Equipment). An (A)
in the margin is shown when the Contractor is required to obtain the Principal's approval for a
particular action or procedure.

(A) “Flexible hose shall be of the armoured type and shall only be used if it is manufactured to
standards applicable for permanent hydraulic installations. Such hose shall only be used in
short lengths as required for the pressurising line to the test head and for instrumentation.
Hoses shall be anchored at maximum of 5 metre intervals to prevent “whip” in the event of
failure and shall be protected against external damage. The method of anchoring shall be
approved by the Principal. Hoses shall not pass through doorways. Where hoses pass over
walkways they should be protected from any passing personnel or equipment. Only one
system of hose connectors from one Supplier shall be used to ensure that the various types
are not mixed up. Prior to each re-use, all hoses and connectors shall be visually inspected for
damage. Flexible pressurising or monitoring hoses should not be allowed inside the test
cabin.

The test equipment shall be adequately protected against lightning and accumulation of
static electricity e.g. by earthing.”

Y para el caso de uniones roscadas, entonces nos remitimos a las normas

de ASME B 1.20.7 HOSE COUPLING SCREW THREADS (Ver Norma
adjunta), que a su vez remite a la norma de uniones roscadas ASME B
1.20.1 PIPE THREADS, GENERAL PURPOSE (INCH) (Adjunto norma), donde se
establecen los criterios de diseños de las roscas y sus tipos.
Revisión de normas y códigos aplicables a Pruebas hidrostáticas y
neumáticas disponibles.

ASME B31.3 Piping Process

323.2.2 Lower Temperature Limits, Listed Materials

(a) The piping shall be subjected to a hydrostatic test at no less than 11⁄2 times
the design pressure.
(b) Except for piping with a nominal wall thickness of 13 mm (1⁄2 in.) or less, the
piping system shall be safeguarded (see Appendix G) from external loads such
as maintenance loads, impact loads, and thermal shock.

345 TESTING
345.1 Required Leak Test
Prior to initial operation, and after completion of the applicable examinations
required by para. 341, each piping system shall be tested to ensure tightness.
The test shall be a hydrostatic leak test in accordance with para. 345.4 except
as provided herein.
(a) At the owner’s option, a piping system in CategoryDfluid service may be
subjected to an initial service leak test in accordance with para. 345.7, in lieu of
the hydrostatic leak test.
(b) Where the owner considers a hydrostatic leak test impracticable, either a
pneumatic test in accordance with para. 345.5 or a combined hydrostatic-
pneumatic test in accordance with para. 345.6 may be substituted, recognizing
the hazard of energy stored in compressed gas.
(c) Where the owner considers both hydrostatic and pneumatic leak testing
impracticable, the alternative specified in para. 345.9 may be used if both of the
following conditions apply:
(1) a hydrostatic test would damage linings or internal insulation, or contaminate
a process which would be hazardous, corrosive, or inoperative in the presence
of moisture, or would present the danger of brittle fracture due to low metal
temperature during the test
(2) a pneumatic test would present an undue hazard of possible release of
energy stored in the system, or would present the danger of brittle fracture due
to low metal temperature during the test.

345.2 General Requirements for Leak Tests

Requirements in para. 345.2 apply to more than one type of leak test.

345.2.1 Limitations on Pressure

(a) Stress Exceeding Yield Strength. If the test pressure would produce a
nominal pressure stress or longitudinal stress in excess of yield strength at test
temperature, the test pressure may be reduced to the maximum pressure that
will not exceed the yield strength at test temperature. [See paras. 302.3.2(e)
and (f).]
(b) Test Fluid Expansion. If a pressure test is to be maintained for a period of
time and the test fluid in the system is subject to thermal expansion, precautions
shall be taken to avoid excessive pressure.
(c) Preliminary Pneumatic Test. A preliminary test using air at no more than 170
kPa (25 psi) gage pressure may be made prior to hydrostatic testing to locate
major leaks.

345.2.2 Other Test Requirements

(a) Examination for Leaks. A leak test shall be maintained for at least 10 min,
and all joints and connections shall be examined for leaks.
(b) Heat Treatment. Leak tests shall be conducted after any heat treatment has
been completed.
(c) Low Test Temperature. The possibility of brittle fracture shall be considered
when conducting leak tests at metal temperatures near the ductile-brittle
transition temperature.

345.2.3 Special Provisions for Testing

(a) Piping Subassemblies. Piping subassemblies may be tested either
separately or as assembled piping.
(b) Flanged Joints. A flanged joint at which a blank is inserted to isolate other
equipment during a test need not be tested.
(c) Closure Welds. The final weld connecting piping systems or components
which have been successfully tested in accordance with para. 345 need not be
leak tested provided the weld is examined in-process in accordance with para.
344.7 and passes with 100% radiographic examination in accordance with para.
344.5 or 100% ultrasonic examination in accordance with para. 344.6.

345.2.4 Externally Pressured Piping. Piping subject to external pressure shall

be tested at an internal gage pressure 1.5 times the external differential
pressure, but not less than 105 kPa (15 psi).

345.2.5 Jacketed Piping

(a) The internal line shall be leak tested on the basis of the internal or external
design pressure, whichever is critical. This test must be performed before the
jacket is completed if it is necessary to provide visual access to joints of the
internal line as required by para. 345.3.1.
(b) The jacket shall be leak tested in accordance with para. 345.1 on the basis
of the jacket design pressure unless otherwise specified in the engineering
design.

345.2.6 Repairs or Additions After Leak Testing. If repairs or additions are

made following the leak test, the affected piping shall be retested, except that
for minor repairs or additions the owner may waive retest requirements when
precautionary measures are taken to assure sound construction.

345.2.7 Test Records. Records shall be made of each piping system during the
testing, including (a) date of test (b) identification of piping system tested (c) test
fluid (d) test pressure (e) certification of results by examiner These records
need not be retained after completion of the test if a certification by the
Inspector that the piping has satisfactorily passed pressure testing as required
by this Code is retained.

345.3 Preparation for Leak Test

345.3.1 Joints Exposed. All joints, welds (including structural attachmentwelds
to pressure-containing components), and bonds shall be left uninsulated and
exposed for examination during leak testing, except that joints previously tested
in accordance with this Code may be insulated or covered. All joints may be
primed and painted prior to leak testing unless a sensitive leak test (para.
345.8) is required.

345.3.2 Temporary Supports. Piping designed for vapor or gas shall be

provided with additional temporary supports, if necessary, to support the weight
of test liquid.

345.3.3 Piping With Expansion Joints

(a) An expansion joint that depends on external main anchors to restrain
pressure end load shall be tested in place in the piping system.
(b) A self-restrained expansion joint previously shoptested by the manufacturer
[see Appendix X, para. X302.2.3(a)] may be excluded from the system under
test, except that such expansion joints shall be installed in the system when a
sensitive leak test in accordance with para. 345.8 is required.
(c) A piping system containing expansion joints shall be leak tested without
temporary joint or anchor restraint at the lesser of (1) 150 % of design pressure
for a bellows-type expansion joint, or (2) the system test pressure determined in
accordance with para. 345 In no case shall a bellows-type expansion joint be
subjected to a test pressure greater than the manufacturer’s test pressure.
(d) When a system leak test at a pressure greater than the minimum test
pressure specified in (c), or greater than 150% of the design pressure within the
limitations of para. 345.2.1(a) is required, bellows-type expansion joints shall be
removed fromthe piping systemor temporary restraints shall be added to limit
main anchor loads if necessary.

345.3.4 Limits of Tested Piping. Equipment which is not to be tested shall be

either disconnected from the piping or isolated by blinds or other means during
the test. A valve may be used provided the valve (including its closure
mechanism) is suitable for the test pressure.

345.4 Hydrostatic Leak Test

345.4.1 Test Fluid. The fluid shall be water unless there is the possibility of
damage due to freezing or to adverse effects of water on the piping or the
process (see para. F345.4.1). In that case another suitable nontoxic liquid may
be used. If the liquid is flammable, its flash point shall be at least 49°C (120°F),
and consideration shall be given to the test environment.

345.4.2 Test Pressure. Except as provided in para. 345.4.3, the hydrostatic

test pressure at any point in a metallic piping system shall be as follows:
(a) not less than 11⁄2 times the design pressure;
(b) for design temperature above the test temperature, the minimum test
pressure shall be calculated by eq.
(24), except that the value of ST/S shall not exceed 6.5:
PT = 1.5 PST/S (24)
where
P= internal design gage pressure
PT = minimum test gage pressure
S = stress value at design temperature (see Table A-1)
ST = stress value at test temperature

(c) if the test pressure as defined above would produce a nominal pressure
stress or longitudinal stress in excess of the yield strength at test temperature or
a pressure more than 1.5 times the component rating at test temperature, the
test pressure may be reduced to the maximum pressure that will not exceed the
lesser of the yield strength or 1.5 times the component ratings at test
temperature. [See paras. 302.3.2(e) and (f).] For metallic bellows expansion
joints, see Appendix X, para. X302.2.3(a).

345.4.3 Hydrostatic Test of Piping With Vessels as a System 4 The

provisions of para. 345.4.3 do not affect the pressure test requirements of any
applicable vessel code.

(a) Where the test pressure of piping attached to a vessel is the same as or less
than the test pressure for the vessel, the piping may be tested with the vessel at
the piping test pressure.
(b) Where the test pressure of the piping exceeds the vessel test pressure, and
it is not considered practicable to isolate the piping from the vessel, the piping
and the vessel may be tested together at the vessel test pressure, provided the
owner approves and the vessel test pressure is not less than 77% of the piping
test pressure calculated in accordance with para. 345.4.2(b).

345.5 Pneumatic Leak Test

345.5.1 Precautions. Pneumatic testing involves the hazard of released energy
stored in compressed gas.
Particular care must therefore be taken to minimize the chance of brittle failure
during a pneumatic leak test.
Test temperature is important in this regard and must be considered when the
designer chooses the material of construction. See para. 345.2.2(c) and
Appendix F, para. F323.4.

345.5.2 Pressure Relief Device. A pressure relief device shall be provided,

having a set pressure not higher than the test pressure plus the lesser of 345
kPa (50 psi) or 10% of the test pressure.

345.5.3 Test Fluid. The gas used as test fluid, if not air, shall be nonflammable
and nontoxic.

345.5.4 Test Pressure. The test pressure shall be 110% of design pressure.

345.5.5 Procedure. The pressure shall be gradually increased until a gage

pressure which is the lesser of one-half the test pressure or 170 kPa (25 psi) is
attained, at which time a preliminary check shall be made, including
examination of joints in accordance with para. 341.4.1(a). Thereafter, the
pressure shall be gradually increased in steps until the test pressure is reached,
holding the pressure at each step long enough to equalize piping strains. The
pressure shall then be reduced to the design pressure before examining for
leakage in accordance with para. 345.2.2(a).

345.6 Hydrostatic-Pneumatic Leak Test

If a combination hydrostatic-pneumatic leak test is used, the requirements of
para. 345.5 shall be met, and the pressure in the liquid filled part of the piping
shall not exceed the limits stated in para. 345.4.2.

345.7 Initial Service Leak Test

This test is applicable only to piping in Category D Fluid Service, at the owner’s
option. See para. 345.1(a).

345.7.1 Test Fluid. The test fluid is the service fluid.

345.7.2 Procedure. During or prior to initial operation, the pressure shall be

gradually increased in steps until the operating pressure is reached, holding the
pressure at each step long enough to equalize piping strains. A preliminary
check shall be made as described in para. 345.5.5 if the service fluid is a gas or
vapor.

345.7.3 Examination for Leaks. In lieu of para. 345.2.2(a), it is permissible to

omit examination for leakage of any joints and connections previously tested in
accordance with this Code.

345.8 Sensitive Leak Test

The test shall be in accordance with the Gas and Bubble Test method specified
in the BPV Code, Section V, Article 10, or by another method demonstrated to
have equal sensitivity. Sensitivity of the test shall be not less than 10−3
atm·ml/sec under test conditions.
(a) The test pressure shall be at least the lesser of 105 kPa (15 psi) gage or
25% of the design pressure.
(b) The pressure shall be gradually increased until a gage pressure the lesser of
one-half the test pressure or 170 kPa (25 psi) is attained, at which time a
preliminary check shall be made. Then the pressure shall be gradually
increased in steps until the test pressure is reached, the pressure being held
long enough at each step to equalize piping strains.

345.9 Alternative Leak Test

The following procedures and leak test method may be used only under the
conditions stated in para. 345.1(c).

345.9.1 Examination of Welds. Welds, including those used in the

manufacture of welded pipe and fittings, which have not been subjected to
hydrostatic or pneumatic leak tests in accordance with this Code, shall be
examined as follows:
(a) Circumferential, longitudinal, and spiral groove welds shall be 100%
radiographed in accordance with para. 344.5 or 100% ultrasonically examined
in accordance with para. 344.6.
(b) All welds, including structural attachment welds, not covered in (a) above,
shall be examined using the liquid penetrant method (para. 344.4) or, for
magnetic materials, the magnetic particle method (para. 344.3).

345.9.2 Flexibility Analysis. A flexibility analysis of the piping system shall

have been made in accordance with the requirements of para. 319.4.2 (b), if
applicable, or (c) and (d).

345.9.3 Test Method. The system shall be subjected to a sensitive leak test in
accordance with para. 345.8.

ASME SECCION VIII DIVISION I

UG-99 STANDARD HYDROSTATIC TEST

(a) A hydrostatic test shall be conducted on all vessels after:

(1) all fabrication has been completed, except for operations which could not be
performed prior to the test such as weld end preparation [see U-1(e)(1)(a)],
cosmetic grinding on the base material which does not affect the required
thickness; and (2) all examinations have been performed, except those required
after the test.

The completed vessels, except those tested in accordance with the

requirements of UG-100 and UG-101, shall have satisfactorily passed the
hydrostatic test prescribed in this paragraph.

(b) Except as otherwise permitted in (a) above and 27- 4, vessels designed for
internal pressure shall be subjected to a hydrostatic test pressure which at
every point in the vessel is at least equal to 1.3 times the maximum allowable
working pressure34 to be marked on the vessel multiplied by the lowest ratio
(for the materials of which the vessel is constructed) of the stress value S for
the test temperature on the vessel to the stress value S for the design
temperature (see UG-21). All loadings that may exist during this test
shall be given consideration.

(c) A hydrostatic test based on a calculated pressure may be used by

agreement between the user and the Manufacturer.

The hydrostatic test pressure at the top of the vessel shall be the minimum of
the test pressures calculated by multiplying the basis for calculated test
pressure as defined in 3-2 for each pressure element by 1.3 and reducing this
value by the hydrostatic head on that element.
When this pressure is used, the Inspector shall reserve the right to require the
Manufacturer or the designer to furnish the calculations used for determining
the hydrostatic test pressure for any part of the vessel.

(d) The requirements of (b) above represent the minimum standard hydrostatic
test pressure required by this Division. The requirements of (c) above represent
a special test based on calculations. Any intermediate value of pressure may be
used. This Division does not specify an upper limit for hydrostatic test pressure.
However, if the hydrostatic test pressure is allowed to exceed, either
intentionally or accidentally, the value determined as prescribed in (c) above to
the degree that the vessel is subjected to visible permanent distortion, the
Inspector shall reserve the right to reject the vessel.

(e) Combination units [see UG-19(a) and UG-21] shall be tested by one of the
following methods.

(1) Pressure chambers of combination units that have been designed to operate
independently shall be hydrostatically tested as separate vessels, that is, each
chamber shall be tested without pressure in the adjacent chamber. If the
common elements of a combination unit are designed for a larger differential
pressure than the higher maximum allowable working pressure to be marked on
the adjacent chambers, the hydrostatic test shall subject the common elements
to at least their design differential pressure, corrected for temperature as in (b)
above, as well as meet the requirements of (b) or (c) above for each
independent chamber.

(2) When pressure chambers of combination units have their common elements
designed for the maximum differential pressure that can possibly occur during
startup, operation, and shutdown, and the differential pressure is less than the
higher pressure in the adjacent chambers, the common elements shall be
subjected to a hydrostatic test pressure of at least 1.3 times the differential
pressure to be marked on the unit, corrected for temperature as in UG-99(b).

Following the test of the common elements and their inspection as required by
(g) below, the adjacent chambers shall be hydrostatically tested simultaneously
[see (b) or (c) above]. Care must be taken to limit the differential pressure
between the chambers to the pressure used when testing the common
elements.
The vessel stamping and the vessel Data Report must describe the common
elements and their limiting differential pressure. See UG-116(j) and UG-120(b).

(f) Single-wall vessels designed for a vacuum or partial vacuum only, and
chambers of multichamber vessels designed for a vacuum or partial vacuum
only, shall be subjected to an internal hydrostatic test or when a hydrostatic test
is not practicable, to a pneumatic test in accordance with the provisions of UG-
100. Either type of test shall be made at a pressure not less than 1.3 times the
difference between normal atmospheric pressure and the minimum design
internal absolute pressure.
(g) Following the application of the hydrostatic test pressure, an inspection shall
be made of all joints and connections. This inspection shall be made at a
pressure not less than the test pressure divided by 1.3. Except for leakage that
might occur at temporary test closures for those openings intended for welded
connections, leakage is not allowed at the time of the required visual inspection.

Leakage from temporary seals shall be directed away so as to avoid masking

leaks from other joints.
The visual inspection of joints and connections for leaks at the test pressure
divided by 1.3 may be waived provided:

(1) a suitable gas leak test is applied;

(2) substitution of the gas leak test is by agreement reached between
Manufacturer and Inspector;
(3) all welded seams which will be hidden by assembly be given a visual
examination for workmanship prior to assembly;
(4) the vessel will not contain a “lethal” substance.

(h) Any nonhazardous liquid at any temperature may be used for the hydrostatic
test if below its boiling point.

Combustible liquids having a flash point less than 110°F (43°C), such as
petroleum distillates, may be used only for near atmospheric temperature tests.
It is recommended that the metal temperature during hydrostatic test be
maintained at least 30°F (17°C) above the minimum design metal temperature,
but need not exceed 120°F (48°C), to minimize the risk of brittle fracture. [See
UG-20 and General Note (6) to Fig. UCS-66.2.] The test pressure shall not be
applied until the vessel and its contents are at about the same temperature. If
the test temperature exceeds 120°F (48°C), it is recommended that inspection
of the vessel required by (g) above be delayed until the temperature is reduced
to 120°F (48°C) or less.
CAUTION: A small liquid relief valve set to 11⁄3 times the test pressure is
recommended for the pressure test system, in case a vessel, while under test,
is likely to be warmed up materially with personnel absent.

(i) Vents shall be provided at all high points of the vessel in the position in which
it is to be tested to purge possible air pockets while the vessel is filling.
(j) Before applying pressure, the test equipment shall be examined to see that it
is tight and that all low-pressure filling lines and other appurtenances that
should not be subjected to the test pressure have been disconnected.

(k) Vessels, except for those in lethal service, may be painted or otherwise
coated either internally or externally, and may be lined internally, prior to the
pressure test.
However, the user is cautioned that such painting / coating /lining may mask
leaks that would otherwise have been detected during the pressure test.

UG-100 PNEUMATIC TEST35 (SEE UW-50)

(a) Subject to the provisions of UG-99(a)(1) and (a)(2), a pneumatic test
prescribed in this paragraph may be used in lieu of the standard hydrostatic test
prescribed in UG-99 for vessels:

(1) that are so designed and/or supported that they cannot safely be filled with
water;
(2) not readily dried, that are to be used in services where traces of the testing
liquid cannot be tolerated and the parts of which have, where possible, been
previously tested by hydrostatic pressure to the pressure required in UG-99.

(b) Except for enameled vessels, for which the pneumatic test pressure shall be
at least equal to, but need not exceed, the maximum allowable working
pressure to be marked on the vessel, the pneumatic test pressure shall be at
least equal to 1.1 times the maximum allowable working pressure to be
stamped on the vessel multiplied by the lowest ratio (for the materials of which
the vessel is constructed) of the stress value S for the test temperature of the
vessel to the stress value S for the design temperature (see UG-21). In no case
shall the pneumatic test pressure exceed 1.1 times the basis for calculated test
pressure as defined in 3-2.

35 In some cases it is desirable to test vessels when partly filled with liquids. For such vessels a combined
hydrostatic and pneumatic test may be used as an alternative to the pneumatic test of this paragraph,
provided the liquid level is set so that the maximum stress including the stress produced by pneumatic
pressure at any point in the vessel (usually near the bottom) or in the support attachments, does not
exceed 1.3 times the allowable stress value of the material multiplied by the applicable joint efficiency.
After setting the liquid level to meet this condition, the test is conducted as prescribed in (b) and (c) above.
Air or gas is hazardous when used as a testing medium. It is therefore recommended that special
precautions be taken when air or gas is used for test purposes.

(c) The metal temperature during pneumatic test shall be maintained at least
30°F (17°C) above the minimum design metal temperature to minimize the risk
of brittle fracture. [See UG-20 and General Note (6) to Fig. UCS- 66.2.]

(d) The pressure in the vessel shall be gradually increased to not more than
one-half of the test pressure.

Thereafter, the test pressure shall be increased in steps of approximately one-

tenth of the test pressure until the required test pressure has been reached.
Then the pressure shall be reduced to a value equal to the test pressure divided
by 1.1 and held for a sufficient time to permit inspection of the vessel. Except for
leakage that might occur at temporary test closures for those openings intended
for welded connections, leakage is not allowed at the time of the required visual
inspection. Leakage from temporary seals shall be directed away so as to avoid
masking leaks from other joints.

The visual inspection of the vessel at the required test pressure divided by 1.1
may be waived provided:
(1) a suitable gas leak test is applied; (2) substitution of the gas leak test is by
agreement reached between Manufacturer and Inspector; (3) all welded seams
which will be hidden by assembly be given a visual examination for
workmanship prior to assembly; (4) the vessel will not contain a “lethal”
substance.
(e) Vessels, except for those in lethal service, may be painted or otherwise
coated either internally or externally, and may be lined internally, prior to the
pressure test.

However, the user is cautioned that such painting / coating /lining may mask
leaks that would otherwise have been detected during the pressure test.

API 510

5.8 Pressure Testing

5.8.1 When to Perform a Pressure Test
5.8.1.1 Pressure tests are not normally conducted as part of routine inspection.
A pressure test is normally required after an alteration. After repairs are
completed, a pressure test shall be applied if the inspector believes that one is
necessary. Alternatives to pressure tests are outlined in 5.8.7.

5.8.1.2 Pressure tests are typically performed on an entire vessel. However,

where practical, pressure tests of vessel components/ sections can be
performed in lieu of entire vessels (e.g. a new nozzle). An engineer should be
consulted when a pressure test of vessel components/sections is to be
performed to ensure it is suitable for the intended purpose.

5.8.2 Test Pressure

5.8.2.1 When a code hydrostatic pressure test is required, the minimum test
pressure should be in accordance with the rules of the rating code (construction
code used to determine the MAWP). For this purpose, the minimum test
pressure for vessels that have been rerated using the design allowable stress
published in the 1999 addendum or later of ASME Section VIII: Division I, Code
Case 2290, or Code Case 2278, is 130% of MAWP and corrected for
temperature. The minimum test pressure for vessels
rerated using the design allowable stress of ASME Section VIII: Division I,
published prior to the 1999 addendum, is 150% of MAWP and corrected for
temperature. The minimum test pressure for vessels designed using ASME
Section VIII: Division I, is as follows:
Test Pressure in psi (MPa) = 1.5 MAWP × (Stest temp/Sdesign temp), prior to
1999 addendum
Test Pressure in psi (MPa) = 1.3 MAWP × (Stest temp/Sdesign temp), 1999
addendum and later
where
Stest temp = allowable stress at test temperature in ksi (MPa)
Sdesign temp = allowable stress at design temperature in ksi (MPa)

5.8.2.2 When a non-code related pressure test is performed after repairs, the
test pressure may be conducted at pressures determined by the owner/user.

5.8.3 Pressure Test Preparation

5.8.3.1 Before applying a pressure test, appropriate precautions and
procedures should be taken to assure the safety of personnel involved with the
pressure test. A close visual inspection of pressure vessel components should
not be performed until the vessel pressure is at or below the MAWP. This
review is especially important for in-service pressure vessels.

5.8.3.2 When a pressure test is to be conducted in which the test pressure will
exceed the set pressure of the pressure-relieving device(s), the pressure-
relieving device(s) should be removed. An alternative to removing the pressure-
relieving device (s) is to use test clamps to hold down the valve disks. Applying
an additional load to the valve spring by turning the compression screw is
prohibited. Other appurtenances, such as gauge glasses, pressure gauges, and
rupture disks, that may be incapable of withstanding the test pressure should be
removed or blanked off. When the pressure test has been completed, pressure-
relieving devices and appurtenances removed or made inoperable during the
pressure test shall be reinstalled or reactivated.

5.8.4 Hydrostatic Pressure Tests

5.8.4.1 Before applying a hydrostatic test, the supporting structures and

foundation design should be reviewed to assure they are suitable for the
hydrostatic load.

5.8.4.2 Hydrostatic pressure tests of equipment having components of Type

300 series stainless steel should be conducted with potable water or steam
condensate having a chloride concentration of less than 50 ppm. After the test,
the vessel should be completely drained and dried. The inspector should verify
the specified water quality is used and that the vessel has been drained and
dried.

5.8.5 Pneumatic Pressure Tests

Pneumatic testing (including combined hydro-pneumatic) may be used when
hydrostatic testing is impracticable because of limited supporting structure or
foundation, refractory linings, or process reasons. When used, the potential
personnel and property risks of pneumatic testing shall be considered by an
inspector or engineer before conducting the test. As a minimum, the inspection
precautions contained in the ASME Code shall be applied when performing any
pneumatic test.

5.8.6 Test Temperature and Brittle Fracture Considerations

5.8.6.1 At ambient temperatures, carbon, low-alloy, and other ferritic steels may
be susceptible to brittle failure. A number of failures have been attributed to
brittle fracture of steels that were exposed to temperatures below their transition
temperature and to pressures greater than 20% of the required hydrostatic test
pressure. Most brittle fractures, however, have occurred on the first application
of a high stress level (the first hydrostatic or overload). The potential for a brittle
failure shall be evaluated prior to
hydrostatic or especially prior to pneumatic testing because or the higher
potential energy involved. Special attention should be given when testing low-
alloy steels, especially 2-1/4 Cr-1Mo, because they may be prone to temper
embrittlement.

5.8.6.2 To minimize the risk of brittle fracture during a pressure test, the metal
temperature should be maintained at least 30ºF (17ºC) above the MDMT for
vessels that are more than 2 in. (5 cm) thick, and 10ºF (6ºC) above the MDMT
for vessels that have a thickness of 2 in. (5 cm) or less. The test temperature
need not exceed 120ºF (50ºC) unless there is information on the brittle
characteristics of the vessel material indicating a higher test temperature is
needed.

API 570 PIPING INSPECTION CODE—INSPECTION, REPAIR, ALTERATION,

AND RERATING OF IN-SERVICE PIPING SYSTEMS

5.7 PRESSURE TESTING OF PIPING SYSTEMS

Pressure tests are not normally conducted as part of a routine inspection. (See
8.2.6 for pressure testing requirements for repairs, alterations, and rerating.)
Exceptions to this include requirements of the United States Coast Guard for
overwater piping and requirements of local jurisdictions, after welded alterations
or when specified by the inspector or piping engineer. When they are
conducted, pressure tests shall be
performed in accordance with the requirements of ASME B31.3. Additional
considerations are provided in API RP 574 and API RP 579. Lower pressure
tests, which are used only for tightness of piping systems, may be conducted at
pressures designated by the owner/user.

The test fluid should be water unless there is the possibility of damage due to
freezing or other adverse effects of water on the piping system or the process or
unless the test water will become contaminated and its disposal will present
environmental problems. In either case, another suitable nontoxic liquid
may be used. If the liquid is flammable, its flash point shall be at least 120°F
(49°C) or greater, and consideration shall be given to the effect of the test
environment on the test fluid.

Piping fabricated of or having components of 300 series stainless steel should

be hydrotested with a solution made up of potable water (see note) or steam
condensate. After testing is completed, the piping should be thoroughly drained
(all high-point vents should be open during draining), air blown, or otherwise
dried. If potable water is not available or if immediate draining and drying is not
possible, water having a very low chloride level, higher pH (>10), and inhibitor
addition may be considered to reduce the risk of pitting and microbiologically
induced corrosion.

Note: Potable water in this context follows U.S. practice, with 250 parts per
million maximum chloride, sanitized with chlorine or ozone.
For sensitized austenitic stainless steel piping subject to polythionic stress
corrosion cracking, consideration should be given to using an alkaline-water
solution for pressure testing (see NACE RP0170).

If a pressure test is to be maintained for a period of time and the test fluid in the
system is subject to thermal expansion, precautions shall be taken to avoid
excessive pressure.

When a pressure test is required, it shall be conducted after any heat treatment.

Before applying a hydrostatic test to piping systems, consideration should be

given to the supporting structure design.

A pneumatic pressure test may be used when it is impracticable to

hydrostatically test due to temperature, structural, or process limitations.
However, the potential risks to personnel and property of pneumatic testing
shall be considered when carrying out such a test. As a minimum, the
inspection precautions
contained in ASME B31.3 shall be applied in any pneumatic testing.

During a pressure test, where the test pressure will exceed the set pressure of
the safety valve on a piping system, the safety relief valve or valves should be
removed or blanked for the duration of the test. As an alternative, each valve
disk must be held down by a suitably designed test clamp. The application of an
additional load to the valve spring by turning the adjusting screw is not
recommended. Other appurtenances that are incapable of withstanding the test
pressure, such as gage glasses, pressure gages, expansion joints, and rupture
disks, should be removed or blanked. Lines containing expansion joints that
cannot be removed or isolated may be tested at a reduced pressure in
accordance with the principles
of ASME B31.3. If block valves are used to isolate a piping system for a
pressure test, caution should be used to not exceed the permissible seat
pressure as described in ASME B16.34 or applicable valve manufacturer data.

Upon completion of the pressure test, pressure relief devices of the proper
settings and other appurtenances removed or made inoperable during the
pressure test shall be reinstalled or reactivated.

8.2.6 Pressure Testing

After welding is completed, a pressure test in accordance with 5.7 shall be

performed if practical and deemed necessary by the inspector. Pressure tests
are normally required after alterations and major repairs. When a pressure test
is not necessary or practical, NDE shall be utilized in lieu of a pressure
test. Substituting appropriate NDE procedures for a pressure test after an
alteration, rerating, or repair may be done only after consultation with the
inspector and the piping engineer.

For existing insultated lines that are being pressure tested after repairs,
rerating, or alteration, it is not necessary to strip insulation on all existing welds.
Pressure test with longer hold times and observations of pressure gauges can
be substituted for insulation stripping when the risks associted with leaks
under the insulation are acceptable.

When it is not practical to perform a pressure test of a final closure weld that
joins a new or replacement section of piping to an existing system, all of the
following requirements shall be satisfied:

a. The new or replacement piping is pressure tested and examined in

accordance with the applicable code governing the design of the piping system,
or if not practical, welds are examined with appropriate NDE, as specified by the
authorized piping inspector.

b. The closure weld is a full-penetration butt-weld between any pipe or standard

piping component or straight sections of pipe of equal diameter and thickness,
axially aligned (not miter cut), and of equivalent materials. Acceptable
alternatives are: (1) slip-on flanges for design cases up to Class 150 and 500°F,
(260°C) and (2) socket welded flanges or socket welded unions for sizes NPS 2
or less and design cases up to Class 150 and 500°F (260°C). A spacer
designed for socket welding or some other means shall be used to establish a
minimum 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) gap. Socket welds shall be per ASME B31.3 and
shall be a minimum of two passes.

c. Any final closure butt-weld shall be of 100-percent radiographic quality; or

angle-beam ultrasonic flaw detection may be used, provided the appropriate
acceptance criteria have been established.

d. MT or PT shall be performed on the root pass and the completed weld for
butt-welds and on the completed weld for fillet-welds.

The owner/user shall specify industry-qualified UT shear wave examiners for

closure welds that have not been pressure tested and for weld repairs identified
by the piping engineer or authorized piping inspector. The requirement for use
of industry-qualified UT shear wave examiners becomes effective two years
after publication in this code or addendum.

API 1104 Welding of Pipelines and

Related Facilities

9 Acceptance Standards for Nondestructive Testing

9.1 GENERAL
The acceptance standards presented in this section apply to imperfections
located by radiographic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and ultrasonic test
methods. They may also be applied to visual inspection. Nondestructive testing
shall not be used to select welds that are subjected to destructive testing in
accordance with 6.5.
EXXON
IP 3-18-1 Piping Fabrication Shop or Field

SHOP PRESSURE TESTING

C V 15.26 Hydrostatic testing of individual sections of shop fabricated
piping systems is not required, except as may be specified. If specified, the
test shall be per ASME B31.3.
R V 15.27 Piping that is to be internally coated shall be hydrostatically
tested prior to installation of the coating, unless otherwise approved by the
Owner's Engineer.

DEP SHELL
Ver document 31.40.40.38

NBIC - NATIONAL BOARD INSPECTION CODE

4.3 TESTING METHODS

All testing methods should be performed by experienced personnel using written
procedures acceptable to the Inspector.

4.3.1 PRESSURE TESTING

a) During an inspection of a pressure-retaining item, there may be certain instances

where inservice conditions have adversely affected the tightness of the component or
the inspection discloses unusual, hard to evaluate forms of deterioration that may affect
the safety of the vessel. In these specific instances, a pressure test using air, water, or
other suitable test medium may be required at the discretion of the Inspector to assess
leak tightness of the pressure-retaining item.

b) The Inspector is cautioned that a pressure test will not provide any indication of the
amount of remaining service life or the future reliability of a pressure-retaining
item. The pressure test in this instance only serves to determine if the pressure-
retaining item contains defects that will not allow the item to retain pressure. In certain
instances, pressure tests of inservice components may reduce the remaining service
life of the component due to causing permanent deformation of the item.

c) If an inservice pressure test is required, the following precautions shall be met:

1) The test pressure should not exceed 90% of the set pressure of the lowest setting
pressure relief device on the component to avoid damage to pressure relief devices.
2) Test pressure should be selected or adjusted in agreement between the Inspector
and the owner-user. When the original test pressure includes consideration of
corrosion allowance, the test pressure may be further adjusted based upon the
remaining corrosion allowance.
3) The metal temperature during a pressure test should not be less than 60°F (16°C)
unless the owner-user provides information on the toughness characteristics of the
vessel material to indicate the acceptability of a lower test temperature.
4) The metal temperature shall not be more than 120°F (49°C) unless the owner-user
specifies the requirement for a higher test temperature. If the owner-user specifies a
test temperature higher than 120°F (49°C), then precautions shall be taken to afford
the Inspector close examination without risk of injury.
5) When contamination of the vessel contents by any medium is prohibited or when a
pressure test is not practical, other testing methods described below may be used
provided the precautionary requirements of the applicable Section of the original
construction code or other standards are followed.
In such cases, there shall be agreement as to the testing procedure between the
owner-user and the Inspector.

4.3.2 LEAK TESTING

Leak testing for the purpose of detecting any leakage may be performed when a
pressure test cannot be performed. Some methods or techniques for leak testing may
include bubble test (direct pressure or vacuum), helium mass spectrometer, pressure
change, or flow measurement.

Use of leak test procedures shall be in agreement between the owner-user and the
Inspector. Use of written procedures and experienced personnel is required when
performing leak tests. The Inspector shall review the written procedure to become
familiar with limitations, adequacy, methods, and acceptance standards identified.