Iso-Quant Curve: Definitions, Assumptions and Properties!

The term Iso-quant or Iso-product is composed of two words, Iso = equal, quant = quantity or product =
output.

Thus it means equal quantity or equal product. Different factors are needed to produce a good. These
factors may be substituted for one another.

A given quantity of output may be produced with different combinations of factors. Iso-quant curves are
also known as Equal-product or Iso-product or Production Indifference curves. Since it is an extension of
Indifference curve analysis from the theory of consumption to the theory of production.

Thus, an Iso-product or Iso-quant curve is that curve which shows the different combinations of two
factors yielding the same total product. Like, indifference curves, Iso- quant curves also slope downward
from left to right. The slope of an Iso-quant curve expresses the marginal rate of technical substitution
(MRTS).

Definitions:
“The Iso-product curves show the different combinations of two resources with which a firm can produce
equal amount of product.” Bilas

“Iso-product curve shows the different input combinations that will produce a given output.” Samuelson

“An Iso-quant curve may be defined as a curve showing the possible combinations of two variable factors
that can be used to produce the same total product.” Peterson

“An Iso-quant is a curve showing all possible combinations of inputs physically capable of producing a
given level of output.” Ferguson

Assumptions:
The main assumptions of Iso-quant curves are as follows:
1. Two Factors of Production:
Only two factors are used to produce a commodity.

2. Divisible Factor:
Factors of production can be divided into small parts.

3. Constant Technique:
Technique of production is constant or is known before hand.
4. Possibility of Technical Substitution:
The substitution between the two factors is technically possible. That is, production function is of ‘variable
proportion’ type rather than fixed proportion.

5. Efficient Combinations:
Under the given technique, factors of production can be used with maximum efficiency.

Iso-Product Schedule:
Let us suppose that there are two factor inputs—labour and capital. An Iso-product schedule shows the
different combination of these two inputs that yield the same level of output as shown in table 1.

The table 1 shows that the five combinations of labour units and units of capital yield the same level of
output, i.e., 200 metres of cloth. Thus, 200 metre cloth can be produced by combining.

(a) 1 units of labour and 15 units of capital

(b) 2 units of labour and 11 units of capital

(c) 3 units of labour and 8 units of capital

(d) 4 units of labour and 6 units of capital

(e) 5 units of labour and 5 units of capital

Iso-Product Curve:
From the above schedule iso-product curve can be drawn with the help of a diagram. An. equal product
curve represents all those combinations of two inputs which are capable of producing the same level of
output. The Fig. 1 shows the various combinations of labour and capital which give the same amount of
output. A, B, C, D and E.

Iso-Product Map or Equal Product Map:

An Iso-product map shows a set of iso-product curves. They are just like contour lines which show the
different levels of output. A higher iso-product curve represents a higher level of output. In Fig. 2 we have
family iso-product curves, each representing a particular level of output.

The iso-product map looks like the indifference of consumer behaviour analysis. Each indifference curve
represents particular level of satisfaction which cannot be quantified. A higher indifference curve
represents a higher level of satisfaction but we cannot say by how much the satisfaction is more or less.
Satisfaction or utility cannot be measured.
An iso-product curve, on the other hand, represents a particular level of output. The level of output being
a physical magnitude is measurable. We can therefore know the distance between two equal product
curves. While indifference curves are labeled as IC1, IC2, IC3, etc., the iso-product curves are labelled by the
units of output they represent -100 metres, 200 metres, 300 metres of cloth and so on.
Properties of Iso-Product Curves:
The properties of Iso-product curves are summarized below:
1. Iso-Product Curves Slope Downward from Left to Right:
They slope downward because MTRS of labour for capital diminishes. When we increase labour, we have
to decrease capital to produce a given level of output.

The downward sloping iso-product curve can be explained with the help of the following
figure:

The Fig. 3 shows that when the amount of labour is increased from OL to OL 1, the amount of capital has to
be decreased from OK to OK1, The iso-product curve (IQ) is falling as shown in the figure.
The possibilities of horizontal, vertical, upward sloping curves can be ruled out with the
help of the following figure 4:

(i) The figure (A) shows that the amounts of both the factors of production are increased- labour from L to
Li and capital from K to K1. When the amounts of both factors increase, the output must increase. Hence
the IQ curve cannot slope upward from left to right.
(ii) The figure (B) shows that the amount of labour is kept constant while the amount of capital is
increased. The amount of capital is increased from K to K1. Then the output must increase. So IQ curve
cannot be a vertical straight line.
(iii) The figure (C) shows a horizontal curve. If it is horizontal the quantity of labour increases, although
the quantity of capital remains constant. When the amount of capital is increased, the level of output must
increase. Thus, an IQ curve cannot be a horizontal line.

2. Isoquants are Convex to the Origin:

Like indifference curves, isoquants are convex to the origin. In order to understand this fact, we have to
understand the concept of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS), because convexity
of an isoquant implies that the MRTS diminishes along the isoquant. The marginal rate of technical
substitution between L and K is defined as the quantity of K which can be given up in exchange for an
additional unit of L. It can also be defined as the slope of an isoquant.

It can be expressed as:

MRTSLK = – ∆K/∆L = dK/ dL
Where ∆K is the change in capital and AL is the change in labour.

Equation (1) states that for an increase in the use of labour, fewer units of capital will be used. In other
words, a declining MRTS refers to the falling marginal product of labour in relation to capital. To put it
differently, as more units of labour are used, and as certain units of capital are given up, the marginal
productivity of labour in relation to capital will decline.
This fact can be explained in Fig. 5. As we move from point A to B, from B to C and from C to D along an
isoquant, the marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS) of capital for labour diminishes. Everytime
labour units are increasing by an equal amount (AL) but the corresponding decrease in the units of capital
(AK) decreases.

Thus it may be observed that due to falling MRTS, the isoquant is always convex to the
origin.
3. Two Iso-Product Curves Never Cut Each Other:
As two indifference curves cannot cut each other, two iso-product curves cannot cut each other. In Fig. 6,
two Iso-product curves intersect each other. Both curves IQ1 and IQ2 represent two levels of output. But
they intersect each other at point A. Then combination A = B and combination A= C. Therefore B must be
equal to C. This is absurd. B and C lie on two different iso-product curves. Therefore two curves which
represent two levels of output cannot intersect each other.
4. Higher Iso-Product Curves Represent Higher Level of Output:
A higher iso-product curve represents a higher level of output as shown in the figure 7
given below:

In the Fig. 7, units of labour have been taken on OX axis while on OY, units of capital. IQ1 represents an
output level of 100 units whereas IQ2 represents 200 units of output.
5. Isoquants Need Not be Parallel to Each Other:
It so happens because the rate of substitution in different isoquant schedules need not be necessarily
equal. Usually they are found different and, therefore, isoquants may not be parallel as shown in Fig. 8.
We may note that the isoquants Iq1 and Iq2 are parallel but the isoquants Iq3 and Iq4 are not parallel to
each other.

6. No Isoquant can Touch Either Axis:

If an isoquant touches X-axis, it would mean that the product is being produced with the help of labour
alone without using capital at all. These logical absurdities for OL units of labour alone are unable to
produce anything. Similarly, OC units of capital alone cannot produce anything without the use of labour.
Therefore as seen in figure 9, IQ and IQ1 cannot be isoquants.
7. Each Isoquant is Oval-Shaped.
It means that at some point it begins to recede from each axis. This shape is a consequence of the fact that
if a producer uses more of capital or more of labour or more of both than is necessary, the total product
will eventually decline. The firm will produce only in those segments of the isoquants which are convex to
the origin and lie between the ridge lines. This is the economic region of production. In Figure 10, oval
shaped isoquants are shown.

Curves OA and OB are the ridge lines and in between them only feasible units of capital and labour can be
employed to produce 100, 200, 300 and 400 units of the product. For example, OT units of labour and ST
units of the capital can produce 100 units of the product, but the same output can be obtained by using
the same quantity of labour T and less quantity of capital VT.

Thus only an unwise entrepreneur will produce in the dotted region of the iso-quant 100. The dotted
segments of an isoquant are the waste- bearing segments. They form the uneconomic regions of
production. In the up dotted portion, more capital and in the lower dotted portion more labour than
necessary is employed. Hence GH, JK, LM, and NP segments of the elliptical curves are the isoquants.

Difference between Indifference Curve and Iso-Quant Curve:

The main points of difference between indifference curve and Iso-quant curve are
explained below:
1. Iso-quant curve expresses the quantity of output. Each curve refers to given quantity of output while an
indifference curve to the quantity of satisfaction. It simply tells that the combinations on a given
indifference curve yield more satisfaction than the combination on a lower indifference curve of
production.

2. Iso-quant curve represents the combinations of the factors whereas indifference curve represents the
combinations of the goods.

3. Iso-quant curve gives information regarding the economic and uneconomic region of production.
Indifference curve provides no information regarding the economic and uneconomic region of
consumption.

4. Slope of an iso-quant curve is influenced by the technical possibility of substitution between factors of
production. It depends on marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS) whereas slope of an indifference
curve depends on marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between two commodities consumed by the
consumer.

Principle of Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution [June-2005]:

The principle of marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS or MRS) is based on the production
function where two factors can be substituted in variable proportions in such a way as to produce a
constant level of output. The marginal rate of technical substitution between two factors C (capital) and L
(labour), MRTSLC is the rate at which L can be substituted for C in the production of good X without
changing the quantity of output.
As we move along an isoquant downward to the right each point on it represents the substitution of labour
for capital. MRTS is the loss of certain units of capital which will just be compensated for by additional
units of labour at that point. In other words, the marginal rate of technical substitution of labour for
capital is the slope or gradient of the isoquant at a point. Accordingly, slope = MRTS LC = AC/AL. This can
be understood with the aid of the isoquant schedule, in Table 2.
The above table 2 shows that in the second combination to keep output constant at 100 units, the
reduction of 3 units of capital requires the addition of 5 units of labour, MRTS LC = 3 : 5. In the third
combination, the loss of 2 units of capital is compensated for by 5 more units of labour, and so on.

In Fig. 11 at point B, the marginal rate of technical substitution is AS/SB, t point G, it is BT/TG and at H, it
is GR/RH. The isoquant AH reveals that as the units of labour are successively increased into the factor-
combination to produce 100 units of good X, the reduction in the units of capital becomes smaller and
smaller.

It means that the marginal rate of technical substitution is diminishing. This concept of the diminishing
marginal rate of technical substitution (DMRTS) is parallel to the principle of diminishing marginal rate
of substitution in the indifference curve technique. This tendency of diminishing marginal substitutability
of factors is apparent from Table 2 and Figure 11.

The MRTSLc continues to decline from 3: 5 to 1: 5 whereas in the Figure 11 the vertical lines below the
triangles on the isoquant become smaller and smaller as we move downward so that GR < BT < AS. Thus,
the marginal rate of technical substitution diminishes as labour is substituted for capital. It means that
the isoquant must be convex to the origin at every point.
Iso-Cost Line:
The iso-cost line is similar to the price or budget line of the indifference curve analysis. It is the line which
shows the various combinations of factors that will result in the same level of total cost. It refers to those
different combinations of two factors that a firm can obtain at the same cost. Just as there are various
isoquant curves, so there are various iso-cost lines, corresponding to different levels of total output.
Definition:
Iso-cost line may be defined as the line which shows different possible combinations of two factors that
the producer can afford to buy given his total expenditure to be incurred on these factors and price of the
factors.

Explanation:
The concept of iso-cost line can be explained with the help of the following table 3 and Fig. 12. Suppose
the producer’s budget for the purchase of labour and capital is fixed at Rs. 100. Further suppose that a
unit of labour cost the producer Rs. 10 while a unit of capital Rs. 20.

From the table cited above, the producer can adopt the following options:
(i) Spending all the money on the purchase of labour, he can hire 10 units of labour (100/10 = 10)

(ii) Spending all the money on the capital he may buy 5 units of capital.

(iii) Spending the money on both labour and capital, he can choose between various possible
combinations of labour and capital such as (4, 3) (2, 4) etc.

Diagram Representation:
In Fig. 12, labour is given on OX-axis and capital on OY-axis. The points A, B, C and D convey the
different combinations of two factors, capital and labour which can be purchased by spending Rs. 100.
Point A indicates 5 units of capital and no unit of labour, while point D represents 10 units of labour and
no unit of capital. Point B indicates 4 units of capital and 2 units of labour. Likewise, point C represents 4
units of labour and 3 units of capital.

Iso-Cost Curves:
After knowing the nature of isoquants which represent the output possibilities of a firm from a given
combination of two inputs. We further extend it to the prices of the inputs as represented on the isoquant
map by the iso-cost curves.

These curves are also known as outlay lines, price lines, input-price lines, factor-cost lines, constant-
outlay lines, etc. Each iso-cost curve represents the different combinations of two inputs that a firm can
buy for a given sum of money at the given price of each input.

Figure 13 (A) shows three iso-cost curves each represents a total outlay of 50, 75 and 100 respectively. The
firm can hire OC of capital or OD of labour with Rs. 75. OC is 2/3 of OD which means that the price of a
unit of labour is 1/2 times less than that of a unit of capital.

The line CD represents the price ratio of capital and labour. Prices of factors remaining the same, if the
total outlay is raised, the iso-cost curve will shift upward to the right as EF parallel to CD, and if the total
outlay is reduced it will shift downwards to the left as AB.

The iso-costs are straight lines because factor prices remain the same whatever the outlay of the firm on
the two factors.

The iso-cost curves represent the locus of all combinations of the two input factors which result in the
same total cost. If the unit cost of labour (L) is w and the unit cost of capital (C) is r, then the total cost: TC
= wL + rC. The slope of the iso-cost line is the ratio of prices of labour and capital i.e., w/r.
The point where the iso-cost line is tangent to an isoquant shows the least cost combination of the two
factors for producing a given output. If all points of tangency like LMN are joined by a line, it is known as
an output-factor curve or least-outlay curve or the expansion path of a firm.

It shows how the proportions of the two factors used might be changed as the firm expands. For example,
in Figure 13 (A) the proportions of capital and labour used to produce 200 (IQ1) units of the product are
different from the proportions of these factors used to produce 300 (IQ 2) units or 100 units at the lowest
cost.
Like the price-income line in the indifference curve analysis, a relative cheapening of one of the factors to
that of another will extend the iso-cost line to the right. If one of the factors becomes relatively dearer, the
iso-cost line will contract inward to the left.

Given the price of capital, if the price of labour falls, the isocost line EF in Panel (B) of figure 13 will
extend to the right as EG and if the price of labour rises, the iso-cost line EF will contract inward to the
left as EH, if the equilibrium points L, M, and N are joined by a line. It will be called the price-factor
curve.

Ridge Lines:
One knows from the iso-quant curves the extent to which production should be carried out. Lines which
represent the limits of the economic region of production are called ridge lines. Ridge lines join those
points on different iso-quant curves which determine the economic limits of production. The importance
of ridge lines is explained with the help of Figure 14.
Iso-quant curves at point A and D; B and E; and C and F begin to recede from each axes. The segments
above or below these points A B C and D E F, one gets OL and OR lines. OR and OL lines are called Ridge
Lines. These ridge lines show the economical limits for the firm to produce only in those segments of the
iso-quants which lie between the ridge lines.

It can be explained with the help of an example. In fig. 14, combination of OL3 units of labour and ON3
units of land can produce 60 quintals of wheat, ON3 amount of land is the minimum required to produce
60 quintals of wheat.

While using ON3 amount of land, at point C, if more than OL3 units of labour are used, total output will be
less than 60 quintals of wheat. It means beyond OL3 units of labour, their marginal productivity will
become negative causing total output to be less than 60 quintals. In other words, after OL 3, marginal
productivity of labour will be zero.
If at point ‘C’ more than OL3 units of labour are used then to keep the total output of 60 quintals of wheat
constant, more than ON3 units of land will have to be used. It will be unwise and irrational decision. It
will unnecessarily increase the cost of production. Thus to produce outside point ‘C’ will be uneconomic.
At point ‘C’ marginal productivity of labour will be zero.
In the same way, we can find out point A and B on iso-quant curves IP) and IP2 where marginal
productivity of labour will be zero. The lines joining these points are called ridge lines. Ridge line OL,
therefore, is the locus of points where marginal productivity of labour is zero. Point F of IP3 indicates that
to produce 60 quintals of wheat, OR3 units of labour and OM3 units of land are required. OR3 units of
labour are the minimum units to produce this level of output. If keeping OR3 units of labour constant,
more than OM3 units of labour are used, the total output will be less than 60 quintals of wheat. It implies
that after point ‘F’.
Accordingly, points ‘D’ and ‘E’ on IPi and IP2 curves represent zero marginal productivity of land.
Production thus, will be done on the segment below point ‘D’, ‘E’ and ‘F’. These points have been joined by
OR ridge line.