CLEAN WATER PROVISION IN URBAN SLUM AREA

(Case Study: Pulosari Area, Bandung City)

Bayu Wirawan
Graduate Program on Regional and City Planning – Institut Teknologi Bandung
bhaiyoe@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Increasing growth on population created problematic terms regarding infrastructure provision

including water provision. Population Growth also increasing the number of slum areas in Bandung
City with low income group of people who lives on it. Regarding Pulosari areas, PDAM Tirtawening
(Tirtawening Water Company) facing dilemmatic situation which is development of water pipe system
for whole Pulosari area which was mandate from Millennium Development Goals in Bandung City
won’t generate good revenue because of the habits of Pulosari resident whom uses groundwater as
their prime water sources. On the other hand, the qualities of groundwater in Pulosari area already
deteriorating so community must have to find others source of clean water. This paper trying to find
what is the best strategy that can be choosing between these dilemmatic problems. One good
strategies that can be used for this situation is by using hybrid system with using communal tap
water methods and ground water filtering methods.

Keywords: clean water, supply management, communal tap water, slum area, Pulosari

INTRODUCTION

Water in human life has a very vital function. Human daily activity cannot be separated from the
water. Start of bathing, washing, cook until the core of human body elements which is also made up
of water. Therefore, human body necessarily needs clean water that does not contain harmful
elements harm which can disrupt the function of the human body.
As stated in Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), one of its targets is halve, by 2015, the
proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water. The indicator of this target
regarding Indonesia urban areas is 75.29% proportion of households in urban area have sustainable
access to an improve water source. For Bandung City, the target is 80% and up until 2014 PDAM
Tirtawening (Bandung City Water Company) only able to deliver around 69.3% (PDAM Tirtawening
2014), this only increase around 2% during 13 years whereas at 2002, PDAM coverage service is
around 67.3% (Bappenas - UNDP 2004). There are several things that cause this condition such as
due to lack of piping water development planning, which is characterized by the partially development
of clean water system, misdirected, not based on demand, and unsustainable (Setiadi 2011).

Provision of clean water is basically a system with high complexity where as many factors influence it.
Increasing on population growth will increase the need for clean water therefore water supply is a
very important issue in large cities with high population growth such as Bandung City. The issue of
water piping system in Bandung itself is closely related to the limited sources of raw water combined
with the high level of water loss and the high consumption of clean water (Andani 2012). Therefore,
one of the main tasks for the government of Bandung City is requires strengthening the water service

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provision toward it community, especially for low income group people in the slum areas to fulfill MDG
mandate.

Consider the problems that arise on water provision in Bandung city, this paper try to identify
patterns of effective infrastructure management in slum areas, especially for water provision
infrastructure.

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF BANDUNG CITY

In the last three decade, Indonesia facing a tremendous growth on urban areas. As political and
administrative point of view, Ministry of Public Works record show increasing number of new
autonomous city from 53 cities in 1990 then become 98 cities in 2010 or increases about 84.91%. He
later also stated that Based on urban population, there also increasing of the urban population from
22% in 1980 become 50% in 2008 (Lubis 2011). Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia/BPS (Indonesia
Statistic Bureau) also predicts that in 2025 urban population in Indonesia will reach 68%. Later on,
another research also said that at the year of 2050, about 85% (320 milion) of Indonesia population
will live in urban area whereas 71% of those urban populations will live at Metropolitan Areas
(Katadata 2014).

Officially founded in 1810 as a city, up until now Bandung experiencing fast growth of population and
activity. Over three decades, Bandung population already growth almost twice from around 1.4
million inhabitants in 1980 becoming around 2.4 million in 2010 (BPS Jawa Barat n.d.). This vast
growth of population very influenced by urbanization, this phenomenon then resulted in vast physical
development and city infrastructures throughout all Bandung City areas. The pace of this
development was also led to the development of the city as without direction (Auliannisa 2009).
Regarding this condition, Government of Bandung City at 2010 then identified there are 185 Rukun
Warga/RW (city neighborhood unit) spread in 30 kecamatans (sub district) as slum area, whereas
based on its classification, 5 kecamatans - Astana Anyar, Bojongloa Kidul, Bandung Wetan,
Kiaracondong and Sumur Bandung – classified as kecamatan with slum area which have severe
conditions.
One of the most notable slum areas in Bandung City is located at Tamansari village, especially
beneath the Pasupati Bridge along the Cikapundung river bank. Located in the heartland of Bandung
City and near 3 big universities makes Tamansari become ideal place for settlement. The rising
needs of space for settlements resulted people density in Tamansari village around 274 inhabitants /
hectare (Bappeda Kota Bandung 2011) makes Tamansari become one of the densest village in
Bandung City, moreover at several RW there are over 1000 inhabitants / hectare (Office of Tamansari
Village 2015). Based on BPS Kota Bandung (2014), resident at Tamansari occupation is mostly
student (46.75%) followed by informal sector (20.2%) and trader (19.89%).
Regarding inhabitants and number of building, RW 15, alongside with RW 12 and 13 are the most
dense areas in Tamansari Village, therefore this paper will focus about those 3 RWs in Tamansari
Village which known as Pulosari and surrounding area.

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 Figure 1 Area of Study

Source: Analysis, 2015

LITERATURE REVIEW

1) Slum Area

Regarding slum area, there are several definitions about slum area itself. Slum can be defined as
household which consist on several of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who
lack one or more of the following aspects such as durable housing that can withheld severe climate
condition, sufficient living space, good accessibility to enough and affordable clean water, good
accessibility to sanitation, and ownership security (UN HABITAT 2006). Slum area can be defined as
an area where the house and living condition of people in the area are very poor because the house
and the existing infrastructure is not in accordance with the applicable standards (Putro 2011). Slum
area also can be defined as densely inhabited neighborhoods (more than 500 inhabitants per
hectare), low socio-economic conditions, the homes are very dense with sub-standard size ,
environmental infrastructure is almost non-existent or does not meet the technical and health
requirements, built on state land or land owned by others, and beyond the applicable legislation
(Komarudin 1997).
The slum area itself usually generate by two reason, first unbalanced high growth in the cities with
sufficient income especially on low income group and second city’s government tardiness regarding
on infrastructure plan and development on new settlement area, this causing community built the
infrastructure by themselves and resulted in irregular and fragmented infrastructure development
(Sadyohutomo 2008)
Characteristic of slum area according Suparlan in Auliannisa (2009) are:

 Inadequate conditions of public facilities;

 The condition of the home and dwelling and also use of space reflects occupants
disadvantaged or poor;
 High frequency and volume density in the use of spaces that reflect their spatial chaos and
occupants economic powerlessness;
 Is a community units which living independently with the clear boundaries on culture and
social aspects;

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  Heterogeneous inhabitants

 Most of the inhabitants employ in informal sector or have additional employment in the
informal sector.

Indonesia’s Law No 1 Year 2011 about Housing and Settlements define slum area as slum settlement
and slum housing. Slum settlements are settlements which are not habitable because of the
irregularity of the building, high level of building density, and unqualified buildings and facilities
quality. While slum housing are housing which encounter decreasing quality function as residential.
2) Housing Infrastructure

Urban infrastructure have significant role in the development of physical form and quality of life on a
city, because infrastructure itself is the set of physical systems that provides public services (Griggs
2003). Although all infrastructure able to enhance human quality of life only several infrastructures
which can shape the urban physical form, this usually only specified for the infrastructure which
create or have network system.

For Indonesia case, the definition regarding housing infrastructure already explain in Law No 1 year
2011. In this law, housing infrastructure can be defines as residential environment physical basic
completeness that meets certain standards for the needs of decent, healthy, safe, and comfortable
living. For the extends, in the explanation section of this law, basic housing infrastructure then
minimum cover as road, storm water, sanitation, and clean water.

Infrastructure become one major point in housing and settlement development, especially in slum
area because infrastructure development can be stimulant to lead the creation of productive activities
in the slum areas and to create activities systems integration as well as network infrastructure with
the surrounding area (Kementerian Perumahan Rakyat 2011). Regarding this, therefore government
has a big responsibility to willingly support its people regarding the provision of main housing
infrastructure such as road to access the area, electricity network and also water network (Santosa
2013).

3) Urban Water Provision

Water provision can be explained within two approaches, supply and demand side. Supply side focus
on how water about how water from it sources can be delivered to its end user. While demand side
focus on the calculation of how much water needed by the user, in the case of urban areas, this
approach will resulted in the amounts of water needed to support the urban activities.

Figure 2 Water Supply System Diagram

Source: water.epa.gov

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Water supply system consists of interconnected series of water
source, water treatment, water transmission, water storage, Figure 3 Drinking-Water Ladder
water distribution system and other components that convey
drinking water and meeting fire protection needs for cities, homes,
schools, hospitals, businesses, industries and other facilities
(National Research Council 2006).
While for water demand system, as said by Silalahi (2002), human
needs for water are increasing from time to time, not only because
of the increasing number of people who need the water, but also
because of the increased intensity and variety of the need for water
itself. Therefore the urban water demand system usually not only
based on water use per capita for domestic use, but also for non-
domestic use such as for education facility, entertainment facility,
offices, groceries, etc. In the United States averaging domestic use
of water in major urban areas about 650 liters / capita / day
(Heaney, Wright and Sample 2000) while in Indonesia can be up to
250 liters / capita / day (Noerbambang and Morimura 1991). In
summarize priority water needs will include of domestic water
needs, industry, public services and the need for water to replace
leakage (Moegijantoro, 1995 in Ariyanto, 2007) (Ariyanto 2007)
Quality of water services can define into two major groups,
unimproved drinking water and improved drinking water, whereas
each group then defined into several categories in which WHO and
UNICEF called it drinking-water ladder. The complete categories
on drinking water ladder can be seen on figure 2.
Although piping water system become “mandatory” in Indonesia
urban areas, but its outcome still far from the expected. According
to UNICEF Indonesia (2012) the cause of under achievement in
water provision because of utilization of clean water in Indonesia
urban areas is not well regulated and generally small in scope.
Source:http://www.wssinfo.org/def
UNICEF Indonesia then explains several facts to support this initions-methods/watsan-ladder/
statement such as:
(1) Of the 402 PDAM, which serves most of the urban areas, only 31, which has more than
50,000 connections in 2009, The smaller size of the optimal causes high operating costs;

(2) In 2010, the not accounted numbers for clean water is between 38-40 per cent and only 30
PDAM able to cover full maintenance and operating cost;

(3) PDAM divert part of the revenues - estimated at 40 per cent - to the district government with
a little responsibility, and have little or no fund left for operation and maintenance. It’s no
wonder, urban water supply systems are generally poorly maintained and damaged;

(4) Some PDAM have held a Public -Private Partnership, but the complexity of the negotiations
between central, provincial and district government has led to cancellations and/or delays.

4) Best Practices of Strategy for water provision

Community-managed water points in Dhaka, Bangladesh called Dushtha Shasthya Kendra (DSK)
Model. DSK is an NGO in Dhaka established in 1998 with their main purpose to was providing health
services to the informal dwellers in Dhaka City and then in 1992 it expanded its activities to include
community-based water supply and sanitation.

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When DSK started they used a hand pump to produce water, but it facing the difficulties during the
dry season because the ground water became too low. In dealing with that problem DSK approached
DWASA (Dhaka City water services) for a piped water connection. DSK introduced a water point that
was community owned and managed and for which the residents were to pay the development,
operation and maintenance costs. The water point uses a reservoir to store water taken from the
piped water system; it is then removed from the reservoir by hand pump. Gradually extended its
operations, until 2007 DSK already established 115 community-managed water points and benefiting
around 70,000 informal dwellers (Akbar, et al. 2007).
Figure 4 DSK Process Model

Detailed planning and

Initial dialogue with the Prepare and submit the system design
community to understand proposal to the donors for (includes a base line survey of
their needs funding existing practices, site selection and
design of the water point)

Water point management Implementation stage

(includes community mobilization
and monitoring through the formation of a CBO and
(includes both the
application submissions for
community’s and the NGO’s
permission from the public water
responsibilities) provider and local government)

Source: modified from Akbar, et al. 2007

Although at the beginning it facing good result regarding clean water provision for slum area, there
are also several problem regarding its implementation that inhibit the successfulness in the recent
year, the reasons are:
 DWASA staff who frequently ask for bribes for land and water point permission; and
 Legal access to the land, there are the objection from land owner because in their perception
this project is a formalization of illegal settlements;

Communal water supply system in Ujungberung, Bandung. Communal water supply system can be
defined as water supply system that served more than single building (e.g. on housing complex) but
on a limited scale and manage directly by community (TACSDW 2004).

Based on this model, housing complex which do not received PDAM services initiated to develop their
own water supply service. Evaluation towards this model performance on 4 housing complex in
eastern Bandung City showed that communal water supply system on all those places had good
performance that measured by user perception also performance based on standard regarding
quality, quantity, continuity, tariff and complaints handling (Apriyana 2010).

Figure 5 Communal Water Supply System Model in Ujungberung, Bandung

Springs or
Reservoir Consumer
Acquifer

Source: modified from Apriyana 2010

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Although this system can accommodate the water needs for those 4 communities, Apriyana also
pointed out that there are several problems regarding this system, they are:

 There are no water treatment systems even the traditional one, therefore there is still
unknown whether the water quality already according to the health standard or not (the
taken measurement has been almost more than twenty years and never been updated);
 There are no progressive tariff therefore community pays on low number regarding them,
this condition resulted the tendency to overuse the water by the community;
 The overuse of ground water feared can be resulted in land subsidence in those area.

Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) Initiatives in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Central India. As commercial
capital of the state of Madhya Pradesh, Indore has been facing acute shortage of drinking water.
There is 152 MLD (mega liter per day) wide gaps in the demand and supply about drinking water in
the city. The ever-growing water demand made the administration think about rainwater harvesting.
With average annual rainfall about 930 mm and also one-hour peak rainfall about 35 mm Indore
accompanied with large areas of roofs and paved areas resulted in lot of runoff water especially
during rainy season. Not just goes waste as overland flow this runoff also creates flooding in low-lying
streets, in such conditions therefore rooftop water harvesting provides the desired solution. In order
to motivate the public, Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) has announced a rebate of 6 per cent on
property tax for those who have implemented the rainwater harvesting work in their
house/bungalow/building (UN HABITAT 2005).
Figure 6 Water Recharge Through Dug Well Indore Method

Source: UN-HABITAT 2005

To operate these activities three committees – technical, education and execution – were formed by
the IMC in which various experts of this field were involved. The various methods of ground water
recharge used are open wells, soak pit, recharge shaft/trench with and without injection well, lateral
recharge shaft, injection wells and in big schemes suitable combination of different methods of RWH
are employed.
There are several weaknesses regarding RWH in urban areas as pointed by Strand (2013), such as:
 rainwater is not recommended for drinking and cooking in the urban areas because of the
high polluted air;
 for the households is better to be seen as a complimentary source of water because of the
difficulties with space

Slow-Sand Filter. This model has been used since long time ago and still one of the effective system
egarding water filtering. Slow sand filters operate as the treatment step in which the medium exists
to provide a combination of biological and physical removal mechanisms, including predation, natural

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death, inactivation, adsorption and surface straining/screening (Clasen 2009). Slow sand filtration
technology proven appropriate for small communities that are required to use filtration (Ludwig
2005).

Slow sand filtration relies on both physical and biological activity in controlling plant pathogens. In a
slow sand filter, the filter bed is constructed of a medium with high surface area which can be
colonized by suppressive micro-organisms. This fine media also presents a physical barrier to the
passage of spores of plant pathogens. In slow sand filtration, plant pathogens recirculating in the
irrigation water are captured in the filter media, and at slow rates of water filtration, are acted upon
by the antagonistic micro organisms that colonized the filter bed.

The efficiency of slow sand filtration depends on the particle size distribution of the sand, the ratio of
surface area of the filter to depth and the flow rate of water through the filter. The finest grade sand
fractions and granulated rockwool have been shown to be most efficient in controlling diseases.

Disadvantage of the SSF are:

 the large amount of land required, which is a consequence of the slow rates of water
filtration that are possible - typically only 10 percent or less of the rates that are possible in
rapid filtration.
 These slow rates mandate water storage to accommodate peaks in the demand cycle.
 Great care must be exercised in the operation and maintenance, in particular in relation to
the schmutzdecke which requires some time to form. The processed water cannot be
considered safe until it has and the water that is passed through the system while the
schmutzdecke is forming must be cycled back or discarded.

Figure 7 Slow Sand Filter Model

Source: Ludwig, 1997

DISCUSSION

Based on field observation and discussion with local people, development of safe clean water in area
study facing several challenges and opportunities that needs to be taken care of, they are:
 Challenges:

o There are still numerous inhabitants in Pulosari and surrounding area which does not
have access for pipe water system;

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 o While there are many water springs and water aquifer for ground water, community need
to more careful because not just the river water but ground water suspected already
contaminated with E-coli bacteria;
o Mostly, inhabitants in Pulosari and surrounding area can be categorized as low income
group peoples; therefore their ability to pay for water service will be low. Therefore
massive development in piping system by PDAM only can alleviate the water supply
provision, but it cannot give more revenue for the PDAM.

 Opportunities
o Pulosari area actually already have pipe water system beneath them, so there is no need
for PDAM to develop brand new system, so development finance will be much more
efficient and the price charge to the community can be reduce;

o This model can be applied not just for Pulosari slum areas, but also in other slum areas in
Bandung City that already had main water connection through it;

o The enactment of Bandung City Local Law regarding ground water utilization can be
initial step to reducing the ground water usage;
Based on in depth interview to the 26 Rukun Tetangga/RT (Sub neighborhood unit) chiefs from RW
12, 13 and 15, majority of the inhabitants on those RWs use ground water or spring as source for
their domestic needs, except for drink water half of those RT chiefs claim using refill water. Only
more than quarter of RT chiefs using pipe water for their daily use. Although water pipe already
exists on those RWs, most of inhabitants still use ground water for their daily purpose. Common use
of the ground water because topographically, those 3 RWs located in the lowest part of the
Cikapundung River Valley, therefore the water table is very low so no need to dig deep to find the
ground water, and there are several water spring (local call it ‘seke’) in the area that also used by
community for their daily water source. The main concern of this activity is about the quality of
ground water that has been used by community. On one occasion during Saresehan Budaya and
Pentas Seni (Cultural Gathering and Arts Performance) at the end of 2013, Chief of Bandung City
Health Agency stated that based of sample that they had already taken, ground water quality
alongside 20 meter of Cikapundung River in Tamansari area already contaminated with E-coli bacteria
(Pikiran Rakyat 2013). Although there already warning from government official, community still he
reason community still using ground water because it’s free and/or very affordable.
In the aspect of the household financing for piping water, using standard of water usage of Indonesia
issued by Directorate General of Cipta Karya, Ministry of Public Works, which is 150 liter/capita/day
for the metropolitan area, and with each household consist of 4 people therefore each household
water demand is about 18000 liter (18 m3) per month. Using the water price table issued by PDAM
for lowest income household (PDAM Tirtawening 2014) which are IDR 1000 for first 10 m3, IDR 1600
for second 10 m3, IDR 2300 for third 10 m3, IDR 10000 for administration fee and IDR 7000 for water
meter maintenance, we can conclude that total each household expenses is about IDR 43000 per
month. From in depth interview with RT chiefs, it was found that community willingness to pay for
each RW is quite different, in RW 12 and 13, lots of RT chiefs spending for water supply is more than
IDR 66000 per month, therefore it was presumed that there were actually many inhabitants in RW 12
and RW 13 who have access to pipe water system.

There are different characters in RW 15 Pulosari area, whereas only half of the RT chiefs can afford
the expense, even at the price rate for low income group. The other main problem why not all the
people lives in in RW 15 Pulosari area using piping water system because most of them do not owned
the land and house, therefore they do not feel to pay for water piping installation to their house
because it is not their house.

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Regarding those conditions above, For RW 12, RW 13 and several part of RW 15, water provision can
be supply from the PDAM because there already good water system in there, but for RW 15 Pulosari
area, they need to develop mix system to accommodate the community water needs. As have been
explain in best practices parts, there are several methods that can be applied in the RW 15 Pulosari
area. The benefits and losses of each methods will be explain in table below.
Table 1 Benefits and Loses of Water Provision Methods

Methods Benefits Losses

Water Points  Water supply directly from PDAM;
 water quality in accordance with
established standards;
 There are already water piping
system in the area;
 Minimal water piping system
development;
Communal Water Supply  Flat rate of payments;
System  Lots of water sources;
Rain Water Harvesting  High average rainy days in
Bandung City (21.3 days per
month);
 Very cheap (free) water source.
Slow Sand Filtering  Lots of water sources;
 Very cheap (free) water source;
 No need to develop water piping
system;
Source: Analysis, 2015
 People have to pay their
consumption monthly;
 There are still problem with water
continuity;
 Limited land availability for water
storage;
 There limited safe water source from
within the area;
 Community must spend money to
build the water system;
 Relatively low of average rainfall
precipitation in Bandung (200 mm);
 Pollution effect on rainwater quality;
 Limited land availability for water
storage;
 Need development of water
purification system;
 Utilization of the system in the dry
season.
 Funding for initial installation
development;
 Needs continuity of maintenance;
 Limited land availability for for
complete development.

Strategy for mix safe fresh water provision in the RW 15 Pulosari area will use combination of water
points and ground water filtering becomes strategy that selected. This strategy have been chosen
based on several aspects, the most important is PDAM already have their pipe system in the area,
and then there are worries about ground water quality in the area study. By using water that
produce by PDAM especially for consuming (cooking and drinking), Bandung City can improve their
water supply system in the slum area with minimal funding while the community can received better
quality of water for their daily usage. On the other, to reduce community spending on water, the
using of ground water filtering system can produce water that can support community daily activities
such as bathing, washing, and other uses. The location of this water facilities in RT 9 and RT 10 will
be develop in the spring (seke) location, this based on the community habits to use the springs so
therefore there is no need to use this conditions. There are 3 propose locations for these mix water
supply treatment that can be seen at figure below. These 3 locations selected not just because there
are already water spring in there, but also these locations represent each part of Pulosari are, they
are northern part, middle part, and southern part.

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 Figure 7 Proposed Mix Water Supply Location

Source: Analysis, 2015

CONCLUSION
Water supply provision in urban study become important especially regarding the Millennium
Development Goals because Bandung City targeted to have achieved coverage of 80% of its area in
2015, whereas at 2014 Bandung only able to deliver around 69.3%. This conditions resulted many
slum areas in Bandung City although located in center of city still not accessed safe water suppy.

On the term of safe water provision, slum area in Kelurahan Tamansari also face the same problem.
Many its inhabitants still access their water source by using ground water because it easy to access
and also free. Whereas many health aspect need to considerate regarding the using of ground water
for water source, there are need right strategies to dealing with this problems.
For the water piping system, actually there is no problem in RW 12, RW 13 and several area of RW
15. But in RW 15 Pulosari Area there is not the same with the others. In this area although water
piping system already exist, but because most of the inhabitants does not owned the land and house,
most of them reluctant to expense their money to develop water piping system to their house. To
alleviate this condition, right strategies need to be implemented in RW 15 Pulosari Area.
Strategies to increase safe water provision in RW 15 Pulosari Area is implemented by using hybrid
methods, first by using water points methods which uses PDAM as their water source specially for
daily water consuming needs (drinking, cooking, etc), and the others is simultaneously by using
ground water filtering sytem to accommodate the other daily needs of water such as bathing,
washing, etc. With these two hybrid system that located in the strategic location of Pulosari Area,
hopefully this strategies can increase water provision coverage in Tamansari Slum Area.

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