Page 1

Reviewer for the 2015 EnP Board Exam

Prepared by Cid Jacobo (encoded as is from personal handwritten notes)

+ REMINDER: This reviewer is neither comprehensive nor complete +

Recommended Must Reads

Readings by Sir Ernesto M. Serote (EnP Pack/Manuals/Local Planning Manuals)

Rationalized Local Planning System

DILG’s CDP Preparation Guide

Property, Patrimony and Territory – Foundations of Land Use Planning in the Philippines

HLURB CLUP Guide Books (EnP Pack/Manuals/CLUP Guides)

2013 eCLUP Guidebook Vol. 1, 2, 3

Important Laws (EnP Pack/Laws)

1987 Constitution
RA 7160 “Local Government Code “

RA 7586 “National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992” and IRR
RA 10587 “Environmental Planning Act of 2013”

Plans and Frameworks (EnP Pack/Laws/National Plans and Frameworks)

National Framework for Physical Planning 2001-2030

Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2011-20

Kevin Lynch (EnP Pack/References and Readings/Classic Readings/Kevin Lynch)

The Image of the City (Chapter III)

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Page 2

 Planning Definitions
Systematic process determining means
Making an orderly sequence of actions to achieve of establishing and procedures to
stated goals ends and achieve that end

environme known as settlements planning, refers to

 Environmental Planning nt” urban and the multi-disciplinary art and
Definition regional science of analysing, specifying,
RA 10587 Planning, clarifying, harmonizing,
PD 1308 Section 2 (a) Section 4 city managing, and regulating the
(a) Planning, use and development of land
“…refers to activities connected town and and water resources, in relation
with the management and “Environm country to their environs, for the
development of land, as well as ental planning, sustainable development of
the preservation, conservation Planning, and/or sustainable communities and
and management of the human also human ecosystems”
Service y Steward of the people, er / As
 Planning Past and Planni s Environment not for Visiona
Present ng as a Plan ry
functio Regula Planning and the 3 Key has to
- Product-oriented n of tor and Actors be (Private
Process-oriented the Facilita State socially consulta
Agency-led State tor of (Government/Polity) accepta nt,
Community-based creates/p
the Planning is conflictive, ble
romotes
To Market therefore political
own
Top-down Bottom- safegu Roles
plan)
up ard the Arbiter Power is necessary to of a
-
public between carry out plans Planne
Compartmental- interest Conten r
ding As
Administrative What is feasible
Social Mediat
Integrated- Trans- To politically instead of As
Groups or/ As
border promot technically efficient or Regulat
Facilitat
e the effective or / As
Social or
Attributes of Planning general Policy
Engine
Process welfare Market Advise
er (Reconci
Science and Art (Business/Economy) r les
(direct
(quantifiable, 4 Basic
human conflicti
subjective) Roles of
behavio Without Planning, land (Imple ng
the would be apportioned
ur) ments interests
State
Multi-disciplinary between competing gov’t and
(Dear &
Comprehensive Clark * Land uses by price rules groups)
Dynamic 1981) Admin mechanism and As
istrator standar Advoca
Continuous/Iterative/C Suppli of Civil Society (Citizen ds) te / As
yclic er of Nation groups/Culture) Educato
Participatory Goods al As r
Time-bound and Territor Participation; plan with Design
(Advances the civic agenda of general public)
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Page 3

 Scope and Practice of EnP (PD 1308)  General Welfare Goals (RA 7160 Sec. 16)

“…professional services in the form of - Preservation and enrichment of culture

technical consultation, plan preparation, - Promote health and safety

and /or implementation involving:” - Enhance right to a balanced ecology

(a) Community, town, city, or region - Development of appropriate and self-

development reliant scientific /technological

(b)Development of a site for a particular capabilities

need (housing, institutions, etc.) - Improve public morals

including creating spatial - Enhance economic prosperity and

arrangements of buildings, utilities social justice

(c) Land Use /zoning plans for - Promote full employment

management, development, - Maintain Peace and Order

preservation of environment - Preserve comfort and Convenience

(d) Pre-Investment, feasibility studies

Important Definitions
manufacturing, Barangays with at
Philippine Definition of Urban recreational\ least 1,000
inhabitants,
NSO definition operational, not conceptual. Old At least three (3) of meetings /
definition: the following: conditions,
occupations are
Cities and municipalities in their entirety with Town hall, church predominantly
population density of 1,000 persons/square or chapel (at least 1 non-fishing
kilometre service/month)
Urban Varies per
Poblaciones or city/municipality central districts Public plaza, park country No
have a population density of or cemetery commonly-agreed
international
persons/square kilometre Market / trading definition.
place (at least 1
Poblaciones or central districts regardless of activity/month) (New - NSCB
population size with: Board Reso No. 9,
Public building s 2003)
Street pattern – parallel or right angles (school, hospital,
etc.) If a barangay has a
At least six (6) establishments – commercial,
population size of 5,000 or more, then a the barangay hall, classified as urban
barangay is considered urban, or then a barangay is and all highly
considered urban. urbanized cities
If a barangay has at least one establishment would be subjected
with a minimum of 100 employees, a barangay Furthermore, all to the urban-rural
is considered urban, or barangays in the criteria in order to
National Capital determine its
If a barangay has 5 or more establishments with Region are urban-rural
a minimum of 10 employees, and 5 or more automatically classification.
facilities within the two-kilometer radius from
paper or print
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Page 4
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Page 5

Planning Approaches
Long process, Planning
Master Plan / allows for
Blueprint participation Communicativ
‘Top-down’; dominant e Planning
vision of authority Mixed
Physical planning and Scanning – Frankfurt
design-oriented Amitai Etzioni School of
“Successive Social Critical
Systems Planning limited Theory
“Cybernetics” – comparisons”
Norbert Wiener Jürgen
- Habermas –
Planning like a ‘transactive’
computer that utilizes Strategic (To and fro)
information / feedback selection of
in an iterative, goals, loose Group interest
framework determined
cyclical fashion through
Advocacy or dialogue
Brian McLoughlin – Activist
Cyclical Process Planning Participatory
George Chadwick – Planning
Systems Approach
Applying
Allan Wilson – Linear Actual
explicit
Planning
principles of involvement of
social justice citizenry in
Rational –
planning
Comprehensive /
Planners
Synoptic
should Not mere
Patrick Geddes (Survey
advocate for consultation;
– Analysis – Plan)
disenfranchise plan with
All sectors, aspects –
d people, not for
overwhelming data
people
Pluralism in
n guiding overall theory
Incremental Decisio mutual or general principle –
Planning / n- adjustm actions become un-
“Disjointed making ent” - integrated
Incrementali is a Negotia
sm” successi tion and Deals with realities of
“the science on of political delays, scarce
of muddling approxi compro resources, insufficient
through” – mations mise information
Charles ;
Lindblom “partisa No [See: EnP Pack/References
and (58,000 Town, environment; road,
Readings/Classic
pax) Country
Readings/Planni
ng Approaches]
surroun , Town- Country: vice-versa
ded by Country - In concentric
Urban rings, towns grow by
Planning - “Three greenbe “cellular addition”
Models Magnet lts/farm
s”; land. [See: EnP Pack/References
and Readings/Classic
 Garden Linked
Readings]
City Garden by rail,
Cities
(Ebenezer * If you must print,
(30,000 - City: please use scratch paper
Howard)
pax) jobs but or print back to back.
-
separate poor
Central City
d by
Page 6

Urban Planning Models

City Beautiful Movement

Emphasis on aesthetics in urban design and planning: monumentality (drama), exuberance,

cohesiveness, grandeur, symmetry

Public works designed with classical facades – beauty stood supreme

Criticized for little concern for economic growth, zoning, housing, etc.
destructive
 Radiant City (Le Corbusier) Brasilia, Brazil
(1957) (Radiant City Combining
influenced) activities key to
Decongest by increasing density at core success
Authoritarian,
Uniform 60-storey apartment-towers with large inflexible, Design good for
open spaces in between meant for 3 million simplistic temporary living,
people not permanent
Standardization residence
Influenced CBD Designs inhuman, socially-
- Bounded d by City Functional Movement
by arterial homes,
streets bordered
 by - City Beautiful/Garden City =
New Towns Movement interconne - Internal urban design
cted street  Linear City
- Open system
- Skyscraper City = over - Focus on function over form,
green discourag
congestion, design
spaces es
- “Neighbourhood Unit”- low- (Don Arturo Soria y Mata)
10% of
rise, total area automobil
aesthetics
e roads.
Garden City = “better - Linear utility lines as basis of
Rough
communities” - Shops layout
Philippine
pedestrian-oriented residential around
through-
quarter. circumfere - Land Use Zoning over master
traffic
nce and planning
- Superblocks (Henry Wright) / - May run parallel to a river;
equivalent
6,000 pax - city
:
“Superblo subdivisio
Neighbourhood Clusters - Zoning as part of State police
ck” – n
(Clarence power: US
island of
- Schools, institutions around would grow longer, not wider
greens,
centre junctions
Supreme Court (1926) Village of
Perry) around green spaces  Euclid
surrounde
which are - 5 parallel sectors: railways,
 residential agricultur
vs. Amber Reality /institutio al zone * If you must print, please use
production zone, greenbelt, nal zone, scratch paper or print back to
back.
- Excessive zoning = sterility
homogeneity,
Page 7

Urban Planning Models (cont)

City Efficient Movement

Rationalize urban planning in relation to decentralized economic production; transport planning

“Ekistics” – science of human settlements integrates economics, physical design

New Urbanism / Neo-Traditionalism

- Reviving “lost art of place-making”  Urban Renewal (US Federal Program)

- Opposes suburbs; rebuilding inner - Redevelop outworn, physically

city neighbourhoods around deteriorated areas

traditions, core values- Tax increment financing – urban renewal

- Fostering informal human interaction bonds paid by future tax revenues

revitalizes community; - Gentrification – up-scaling blighted areas

pedestrianization, mixed-use to attract business, elite occupants.

Tends to ‘yuppification’, social

 Environmental Planning exclusion

- Ecology and environmental constraints

- Eco – Anarchism: Anti-big city return Slum demolitions gave rise to advocacy
to micro identities as spatial strategy planning

- Exurb (extra-urban); Suburbanization

Great Thinkers
planner
Hippodamus of Miletus (407 B.C.) Henry Wright
(1878-1936) Father of Regional
“Father of Town Planning” in Europe. Lawyer- Planning
architect; emphasized geometric designs Introduced
“superblock” “Survey – Analysis
Charles – Edouard Jeanneret concept in US “New – Plan”. Coined
Town” terms “city-region”,
(1887- 1965) “Le Corbusier” “Conurbation”.
Sir Patrick Geddes “Folk Work Place”
Swiss-French Architect-planner, focused on (1854-1932) framework
architectural style.
Scottish biologist, Thomas Adams
Criticized for “planning paradox” sociologist, city Father of Urban
Planning in Canada Daniel Hudson
Burnham (1846- Frank Lloyd
Formed Town Planning Institute of Canada 1912) Wright (1867-1975)
(1919)
Father of American “Broadacre City”
Jane Jacobs (1916-2006) City Planning; urban
Prophet of City decentralization;
Diversity in geographic concentration spurs Beautiful low-density, car-
urban growth; mixed-use neighbourhoods Movement. Chicago oriented, 1 acre per
make vibrant urban communities Plan (1909) family

paper or print
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Clarence S. Stein (1882-1975) Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie

Co-founded Regional Planning Association (1879-1957) Abercrombie Plan: London re-

of America (1923) with H. Wright and L. planning through dispersal of 1.25M people to
Mumford new towns, rural areas

Lewis Mumford (1895-1990) Ian L. McHarg (1920-2001)

Father of Historical Sociological Approach First modern environmental planner;

to Planning pioneered environmental impact
statements, GIS use
Planning as multi-disciplinary; should
emphasize organic relationship between “form…must also respect the natural
people and living spaces environment…”

Ecological planning through map overlay

Philadelphia: park, - French Architect, engineer, city
rectangular  planner
Pierre Charles
Notable Names L’Enfant (1784- neighbourhood park per quadrant -
1825) Washington D.C. Plan (1791),
 William Penn / forerunner of City Beautiful
Thomas Holme grid system, central
- Designed Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann
long wide forester, conservationist, Athens
(1809-1891) boulevards, regional planner Designed
French pocket Islamabad Robert
Architect- parks “Father of the Appalachian (1959) Moses
theorist, Trail” (1924-1968)
redesigned Benton Became
Paris with MacKaye Dr. Konstantinos A. Dioxiadis Town Park
circular (1879-1975) Planning Commission
plazas, (1913-1975) “Ekistics”, Chief of er, head of
American “Ecumenopolis”. Greater New York
City Works) Vaux on URP Planning”
Planning
Commissio Frederick Tony Garnier (1869-1948) Quantitativ Obama’s
n. Law e, statistical idol during
th
Responsible Olmstead Forerunner of Avant garde 20 tools to his
for building Sr. (1822- century French architects study social community
virtually 1903) phenomeno developme
every “Conservati Proposed “Une Cite n nt days
parkway, on and Industrielle” – linear industrial
expressway, Parks City Paul Public
public Davidof
Movement” interest is
housing in Dr. Francis Stuart Chapin Jr. (1965) political,
NY Region Designed (1888-1974) not
($27 Billion Central Park Father of scientific
in Public with Calvert First to write comprehensive book “Advocacy
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must paper or print back to back.
1. Invasion: activity / social group enters area
2. Succession: former use/social group replaced
3. Segregation: sorting out of population groups according to conscious preference, bias,
prejudice
4. Assimilation / Accommodation: diverse groups find peaceful co-existence
Page 9

Rachel Louise Carson

American biologist, “eco-feminist” who sparked environmental movement in US thru ‘Silent

Spring’ (1962)

Advocacies led to US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Impact Assessment

(EIA) system
[See: EnP Pack/References and Readings/Classic Readings]

Theories of Urban Growth

 Human Ecology (Chicago School of Urban Sociology) – Robert Park

5. Concentration: distribution of activities, population and manner which they have focused on
city centre

6. Decentralization: locating away from central city

7. Filtering: Neighbourhood declines

8. Survival of the fittest: powerful groups acquire best locations who can maximize, pay cost
Lure of “bright of agri
Forces shaping a City lights” inputs/outputs
Centripetal (Pull forces of a city)
Clustering of certain functions Centrifugal
Push Forces (Rural (Push forces
Maximum accessibility to city) from city)
Wars and civil strife Increasing bid
Proximity to range of entertainment rent
Prestige of central address Natural calamities Congestion

Huge Urban-Rural wage differentials Labor surplus due Restrictions on

Better quality urban services/facilities to farm city centre
mechanization developments
Possibility of subsidized goods/services
Price manipulation Lack of Space
4. natural serves as node to others
Stages of Urban Growth (Stage Regional resource, 2.
of…) Metropolis tourism Export complex
1. 5.
Export Specialization - - National / International
Metropolis Virtuosity National local service sector puberty
3. eminence
- Economic in Import substitution
broadens to other facets of focus maturation specializ
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Page 10

Theories of Urban Growth / Land Use

 Concentric Ring Theory (1925)

Ernest W. Burgess (American Sociologist)
- Hypothetical land use pattern
-Human Ecology

Accessibility, rent and densities decrease with distance from city centre; commercial agents that can
afford high land values will concentrate at centre

Outward pressure as those with higher income pursue better environment

Downtown / CBD

Industries / Transition Area

III. Working Class Area

IV. Residential Area

V. Suburban Area

Concentric Zones

Zone I – CBD. Only scattered residences remain

Zone II – Zone in Transition. Early suburban fringe being taken over by industry, hence run-
down, declining residential

Zone III – Independent Working Men’s Homes. Respectable working class with families that escaped
Zone II but need cheap housing close to work places. Zone focused on factories

Zone IV – Better Residences. Middle-class private housing / good apartments

Zone V- Commuter Belt. Suburban dormitory, single-family dwellings

Possible additional zones – Agricultural district, Hinterland
Expansion driven by economic ‘trade-off’, creates land-use pattern (accessibility and cost)

Critics: overemphasized residential patters; neglected factors like physical features, industrial

use, effects of radial routes.

Inverse Concentric Model

Observed mostly in Less Developed Countries

Opposite of Burgess’ model; poor moving away from city centre, rich retains control

Social status declines with increasing distance from the centre

Pattern exists in primarily administrative cities

Lack of adequate, dependable transport system restricts elite close to work at city centre

City functions (administrative, religious, cultural) controlled by elite, concentrated at city centre

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Page 11

Theories of Urban Growth / Land Use (cont.)


Sector or Radial Model (1939)
Homer Hoyt
-
High-rent districts shape city land use.

Expands according to four (4) factors:

Established trade routes to high-rent nucleus

Towards high ground / along waterfronts

Route of fastest transportation

Towards open space

Residential grow in wedge-shape

Low – income housing near industry, railroads

Criticisms

Few zones are socio-economically homogenous

Transport routes today surrounded by low-rent

 Multiple Nuclei Model (1945) Chancey Harris / Harry Ullman

Related from US gridiron road patterns

Nuclei acts as growth centres for particular land uses (industry, retail, etc.) that expand and
merge to form single urban area

Geographic Principles:

Certain activities need highly specialized facilities (transportation; accessibility)

Certain activities cluster for profit from mutual association (agglomeration)

Certain activities repel each other

Certain activities don’t profit from high-rent of most desirable locations

Criticisms: Economic bias; doesn’t account for cultural influences

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Page 12

Other Theories of Urban Growth / Land Use

functions de-
Hybrid Model (Walter Isard concentrated
1955) away from
historical central
Combines strengths of cities
Concentric, Sector, Zonal
models Fuentes on
Historical
Urban land use is overlay of Evolution of LA
different transportation cities
effects; some oriented along
transportation effects; some Establishment of
border open
oriented along transport axis,
opportunities of
some in nuclei to reach scale CBD – (original
commerce,
and agglomeration economies colonial city);
services
Spine – CBD
Concentric Zone extension down
Surge of
Modification major blvd.
maquiladoras
(Peter Mann 1965)
(industry) Zone of Maturity
Typical British town model
reorganize – Gradually
urban structure, improved self-
Main feature: commuter
competes with built housing
village separated
commerce/servi
ces Zone of Accretion
Considers prevailing wind – Transition zone,
from west; best residential modest housing
Transition from
area upwind from industrial
mono-centric to
Zone of
polycentric city
Galactic City (Peirce F. Lewis) Peripheral
result of leapfrog Squatter
 Latin settlements
development
American
Edge cities form in suburbs
Model Commercial
‘Doughnut shape’, low- spine
density centre, activity along surrounded by
ring roads resemble galaxy elite residential
sector
‘Edge Cities’ (Joel Garreau
1991) Inner-city zone
of maturity –
Fringe cities on alternate area of upward
CBDs centered on suburban mobility
malls, office/techno parks
Zone of
‘more jobs than bedrooms’; peripheral
squatter settlements vegetation for housing
fuel, materials
Most recent migrants ‘Favela’ =
‘Periferia’= recent, poor
Fringe contrasts with affluent older, more quality informal
North American suburbs permanent in housing
informal
Refugee camp-like; bare of
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Page 13

Urban Form Stereotypes (Kevin Lynch)

image of city network
 Dispersed Sheet continuous
Developments grid; no road
spread evenly hierarchy,
over wide major nodal
tract; low points or
densities, terminals
substantial
open land in Public service
reserve provision is
- No Vivid or memorable expensive
Transport
zero Major centre provides
 Galaxy of densit speciali specialized services,
Settlements - y ze nodes act as external
Developments - linkage, captive market,
clustered into Cluster Related support
relatively s equal :
in Centric Radial and
import and Circumferential
small units, ance Nodal
separated by a but Form Nodes connected by
zone of low or can radial/circumferential
roads
con h s discomfort due to i th
 Core City tin den noise m e
uo sity a w
us acti Housing limited g ho
bod vitieto high-rise or e le
Concentrates y s; compact dwelling f to
development incr o w
into one Hig ease Strong visual
r n
( earip R g no single
 Urban Li r/ development) i dominant
Star n st  The n –center
n hy centers
t distributed
c salong main
o eradials.
r cVery strong L
e ovisual
nimage
w d
Domina i a
t r
(Rational
ized
Local
Planning
System/
Chapter
5/ Table
5.1)

If you
must
print,
please
use
scratch
paper or
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back to
back.
Page 14

Theories of Spatial Planning

 Spatial Equilibrium
Transportation
European market economy just before / after Uniform cost proportional
Industrial Revolution; cities structured in a topography, to distance,
spatially balanced hierarchical system climate, crop invariant to
prices and yields direction
Goods, services distributed evenly in
systematic pattern dominated by central Markets Farmers and
places relatively businessmen are
isolated from profit-
City is centralization, convergence of central other
maximizers;
places
perfect free
‘Friction of market
Problematic assumptions; can’t be applied Distance’ –
universally
competition
diminishe centre significantly of
 Agricultural Land Rent s with from model; productivity,
Theory (1842, 1896) distance - Johann not concentric, considers
from Heinrich follows other values
market Von natural
Land nearest to market in centre Thünen features No sole
greatest demand due to low (1783-1850) isolated
transport cost – highest rent, Concentric Farmers are centre, there
value rings Most actual ‘satisficers’ – are
around agri land content with secondary
Production intensity, land use market use deviates a certain level markets
higher gradien es city is commerci (ex. away
transp ts, rent mono- al space traffic from
ort with centric; (retail, congesti city
Urban Bid Rent Theory and highest only offices)
on) centres;
(1964) operat gradien applies to ex.
t would cities Disecono Urban
ing Suburba
Land value is maximum costs prevail with mies of land
nization,
at city centre; more urbanizatvalue at
strong growth
accessible to centre has Differe ion core
urban of
higher value, declining nt land moves decrease
core / multiple
farther away from uses Willia manufact s as
CBD (e.g. nodes
transport, employment would m uring
Zurich) populati
have Alonso from on
Rent diminishes to differe Applies to urban moves
offset lower revenue, nt rent Assum centres
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Page 15

Theories of Spatial Planning (cont)

 Central Place Theory - Walter Christaller (1893 – 1969)

purchased
Village/town/city providing common location Consumers
for l exchange of goods and services Useful but expected to
imperfect model patronize nearest
‘Hinterland’ = market area served by central for importance of centres
place recognizing local
city’s role in Resource-base as
Hierarchy of Settlements as population regional economy central place, not
increases; market range increases, higher order consumer market
of services Theory assumes
isotropic plain, Real World
Systematic pattern of central places evenly spread, ignores variable deviations:
surrounded by hexagonally shaped market areas topography Historical
circumstance;
High ranked central place offers all goods and Assumes uniform Government
services of next lower ranked place + one or two transportation interference; Social
more costs, population stratification,
distribution, per- income differences
Low-order goods are expensive, frequently
capita demand
populatio competitio at market price
n to n from
High-order goods costly, support other Rank-Size Rule (1941) George
infrequently purchased; larger supply central Zipf (1902-1950)
population required to support places)
(e.g. hospital, mall) Market Pn = P1
Range: Range of Ex. If Population of largest town =
distance Goods andX,
willing to Services:
travel to average
obtain maximum then population of 2nd largest town
Range and Threshold of Goods
goods/ser distance = X/2
and Services (1958) – BJL Berry
vices willing to
and Garrison
(Upper travel to
Threshold: minimum effective
level – purchase
demand, market needed,
q y s when there is Urban Conside not
n q= approx Primacy rs only natural
expone imates service resource
Pn = population of nth nt unity In most countries largest (comme s
settlement P1 = population which city larger than rule rce, localizat
of largest settlement n = usuall Applie trade), ion
settlement rank
* If must print, please use back back.
you scratch paper or print to
- Urban Region – cities/towns and socio-economically linked/dependent commuter villages or
communities. Erroneously treated as homogenous; actually physical, socio-cultural mosaic,
heterogeneous “ecosystem
Page 16

 Region - sub-national territory with known scale (size) and extent (scope)

- Refers to a city or central place plus its - Based on natural/physical, economic/political

functionally integrated outlying territories. relationships between urban and rural.
Economic Linkages Infrastructure Linkages
- Extent of urban influence on non-urban - Transport nodes, utility trunks

areas; dependence on resources, (water, power supply)

production/consumption. - Areas performing sink-functions (e.g. landfills)

Functional Region - Geographical area with a certain functional coherence, interdependence of

parts, defined by criteria:

- Economic Region – bound by - Natural Region – interdependence and

economic linkages, interflows of connectedness of:

factors, materials, in/outputs. - Bio-region: life flows and species

Interlinked industrial clusters, - Eco-region: ecosystems and

districts, zones, ports communities

Formal Region Geographical area uniform and homogenous in terms of related criteria;

variability absent

- Political-Administrative Region - common political authority, administrative boundaries

(national, local), electoral constituency

Historical Region – common historical past

Virtual Region – network of functionally – related areas with high level of connectivity (ICT)
and economic inter-flows though not spatially proximate or contiguous.

(Ex. Network Economy – ICT enables firms to create dispersed economic networks)

History of Regional Planning Movement

Early influences from Garden City (UK) and New Towns (US) movements
US cities with ‘municipal planning commissions’ from 100 to 500 between 1920 – 1930

Regional Planning Association of America founded 1923-1925

“Survey” – published manifesto containing region concept; inter-disciplinary planning approach

Town and Country Planning Act of 1947 (UK)

Benton Mackaye published “The New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional Planning”, 1928

Thomas Adams and Lewis Mumford debated multi-volume Regional Plan of New York, 1928-1932

Los Angeles County (1922), Appalachian Trail (1928), Tennessee Valley Authority (1933), Grand
Coulee Dam (1935), Colorado River-Hoover Dam (1936), St. Lawrence Seaway (1959), Delaware River
(1961), Miami (Ohio) Valley (1970); counties, river basins, dams, valleys
Regional Planning dovetailed with Transport Planning

(Penn-Jersey, 1954; Chicago-Detroit, 1954)

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Page 17

Regional Planning

Cross-cutting, more encompassing concept, treats cities in relation to environs

Regional divergence – inherently unequal due to geography, natural resources, history, socio-
economics

Aspects of Regional Planning

regions vs.
Physical: area’s physical structures; land use, Focus of Regional economic
utilities, etc. Origin in control of town Planning polarization
development
Decentralization Inter-regional
Economic: economic structure of area, level of policies allocation /
prosperity, reduction of regional disparities Population redistribution of
distribution resources (regional
Social: Migration, equity, redistribution convergence)
Reduction of
Cultural: Ethnic identity, common identity economic Institutional
disparities among capacitation
Environmental: ecosystems, sustainability
Regional Planning Theories
induces linkages, center of ed, and Polarizati
Growth Pole Theory (Francis growth innovative a region; continuou on, spread
Perroux) in others , large s effects.
when it ‘growth
Spatial agglomeration of grows or Growth pole’ in Growth Has
related industries with a innovates Center a induceme growth
growing number of . (Jacques specific nt rate of
propulsive firms which R. place mechanis populatio
Characte
n or
induce growth in ristics: Boudeville that is ms;
employme
surrounding hinterland fast ) heteroge changes
nt greater
growth, neous, spread
over than
Propulsive firm/industry: strong Propulsive not
region: region
dominant economic unit that urban specializ
induce of activit Growt “econo , while Growth
- Both are set a of develo econo y; h pole mic Center is a
industries which pment mic is an space” “geographic space”
solv regio regio cent publ nt, areas are gr ine
Agglomeration e ns nal ers, ic concentrated in o str
economies make prob structpres expe specific growth wt ate
efficient way to lems Usef ures, cribe ndit points h gy
generate of ul to desig solut ures of
development depr unde nate ions of Transport Ph “co
esse rstan regio inve routes as ili nce
Spread effects help d pp ntr
d nal Less stme channels of
ated alter urba cente serv coun magnets
decentralization”; nate n rs e as ter
* If must , e scra paper or print
you print pleas use tch back to back.
Page 18

 Urban Development Theory (Albert Hirschmann) Center – Periphery Model

Growth “Chain of
Development starts in relative few dynamic necessarily an disequilibrium”
sectors / geographic location, then expected to unbalanced created by one firm
spread process to another

Down on in early s, inevitable from

Scarce resources can’t be effect stage of developme developed
invested everywhere; certain economic nt of areas
sectors selected for growth Cumulati growth, backward
potential, ability to induce ve then; areas
forward/backward linkage Causation because of
effects Theory “Trickle pulls in Gunnar
(1957) Down input Myrdal
Inevitable, gradual, uniform Effect”: demand (Nobel
development through Trickle- Polarizati spontaneou Laureate)
inequa alone ed expand ic activity, increasing
Market forces create lities if demand ing demand and incomes,
economic disequilibrium, left Increas from econom
increase regional
deve pmen r, rich syste ng fel ect
spurring second lop t; beco ms t s
cycle men “Poo mes not “Backwash”: po
t/ r richer self- attention returns siti
Forces work in und beco ” equilito core region ve
circular, cumulative erde mes brati eff
process to reinforce velo pooreSocial “Spread effects”:
sh ital ded Reduced w te labor force in
circ attra gro investment, jobs o toperiphery decre
cted wth in periphery r c ased attraction
uit
to in smaller local k e
s: cent peri market, e n
er pherpurchasing r te
Cap L y power,
ital ack s r * If you must
Serv decline in local
/ m print, please use
of ices/ services
Ba inve inve i a scratch paper or
Infr
ck stm stme g gi print back to
astr Migration/Empl
ent: nt, r n back.
wa uctu oyment: Young
Cap retar re: a g
Page 19

Linkages (Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 3/Local Economy/(c))

Backward linkage (suppliers) Firm Forward linkage (downstream, customers) Example:

Sugar Farm Sugar mill soft drinks manufacturer
Vertical: Firms produce components of a final output (ex. Parts of a car)

Horizontal: Firms produce components of product that are complementary in use (furniture)

Diagonal: Service cuts across different types of firms (security, insurance)

Residentiary: services for employees, staff provided by firms/households (housing, catering)

Theories of Industrial Location

declining average
Least Cost Approach (Alfred Weber 1909) Optimum location is cost of firms
function of aggregate resulting from
Focus on reducing cost of production through economic geographic
transportation; best location = lowest transport concentration:
cost Profit Developing industry-
Maximization specific labor pool
Transport cost = assembling raw materials + Approach
(Isard & Green Hut) Infrastructure
distribution
(transportation,
Best location = least housing)
Least Cost Variant by Edgar Hoover (1948)
Clustering of
cost + revenue
sub/contractors
Considers competition, multiple markets, location
High-order services
institutional factors like local taxes
attracts low-order
Thus focuses computation on input side Considers locational
ones
interdependence
Behavioral Theory of Industrial Location between firms, Theory of
assuming Competitive Firm
(Ruth Gasson & Allan Richard Pred) behavioral factors (Michael Porter)
neglected Strategy is about
Locational decisions deviate from ideal; based structure and
on intuition of managers, operative values Theory of rivalry
Manufacturing
‘Psychic income’: self-satisfaction, industrial Production (David Smith)
Not size of market
peace, cooperation with community Revision of Least
but quality of
Cost Approach
demand
Behavioral considerations of space, time, human
behavioral variables Manufacturing firms
High importance of
benefit from
innovation playing
Market Area Analysis (August Losch 1940) Localization of
a critical role
Economies –
demand – where there is high  of Scale through
profits Economies achieved - Assumes uniform population
densities interdepend
- ence * If you must print, please use
Specialized Machinery - Output scratch paper or print back to
with constant tastes, no Spread of back.
locational Fixed Costs
- Fixed Division of Labor, over Greater
Page 20

RA 7160 “Local Government Code of 1991” (Article X. 1987 Constitution)

Some Important Provisions related to Local Planning Structure and Processes

Section 2. Declaration of Policy: “subdivisions of the State shall enjoy genuine and meaningful
local autonomy… fullest development as self-reliant communities… effective partners in the
attainment of national goals.”

Section 6. Authority to Create Local Government Units

Either by law enacted by Congress (province, city, municipality, other political subdivision), or
ordinance by Sangguniang Panlalawigan/Panglungsod (barangays)

Section 15. Political and Corporate Nature of Local Government Units

Section 16. General Welfare

Section 18. Power to Generate and Apply Resources: taxes, fees for development

Section 19. Eminent Domain: through an ordinance, for public use/welfare, upon payment of
just compensation, after a valid offer has been rejected

Section 20. Reclassification of Lands

A city/municipality through an ordinance can authorize reclassification of Agriculture lands if:

Land ceases to be economically feasible and sound for agri purposes

Land shall have substantially greater economic value for residential, commercial, or industrial
purposes – limited to the following percentages:

15% | Highly Urbanized and Independent Component Cities

st rd
10% | Component cities, 1 -3 class municipalities
5% | 4th – 6th class municipalities

Agri lands under CARP/CARL (RA 6657) not affected

LGU shall prepare Comprehensive Land Use plans enacted through zoning ordinance.

Section 25. National Supervision over LGUs: by the President - directly over Provinces, HUCs,
and Independent Component Cities; through Province for municipalities and component cities;
through Cities and municipalities for Barangays.

Section 26. Duty of National Government Agencies in the Maintenance of Ecological Balance:
to coordinate with LGUs regarding envi impact of projects/programs
Section 27. Prior Consultations Required: No project/programs implemented unless
consultations are complied with and approved by the Sanggunian

Section 48. Local Legislative Power / Section 49. Presiding Officer

- Sanggunian Panlalawigan – Vice Governor - Sangguniang Bayan – Municipal Mayor

- Sangguniang Panlungsod – City Vice Mayor - Sangguniang Barangay
Barangay – Punong
approved 107. Functions of Local
Section 106. Local Development by the Composit Development Councils
Councils: Each LGU shall have aSanggunia ion /
comprehensive multi-sectoral n Section * If you must print, please use
development plan initiated by 108. scratch paper or print back to back.
its development council, Section
Page 21

Section 111. Executive Committee / Section. 112 Sectoral or Functional Committee Section 113.
Secretariat (see chart in next pages)

Section 114. Relation of LDC to the Sanggunian and the Regional Development Council:

Policies, programs, projects submitted to the Sanggunian. Approved plans may be integrated
with development plans of next higher LDC.

(b) Approved plans of Provinces, HUCs, and ICCs shall be submitted to the Regional DC,
integrated into Regional Development Plan for submission to NEDA

Section 118. Jurisdictional Responsibility for Settlement of Boundary Dispute

(a-c) LGUs in same city/municipality/province referred to Sanggunian of the ‘mother’ LGU

(d) Component city/Municipality/HUCs vs. HUCs referred jointly to respective Sanggunians

Section 119. Appeal. May elevate to Regional Trial Court with jurisdiction over area

Section 120. Local Initiative Defined: “legal process whereby the registered voters of an LGU
may directly propose, enact, or amend any ordinance.”

Section 126. Local Referendum Defined: “legal process whereby the registered voters of the
LGUs may approve, amend, or reject any ordinance enacted by the Sanggunian.”

Section 129. Power to Create Sources of Revenue: to levy taxes, fees, and charges

Section 132. Local Taxing Authority: exercised by the Sanggunian through an ordinance

Section 201. Appraisal of Real Property: at the current and fair market value

Section 215. Classes of Real Property for Assessment Purposes:

Residential, Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, Mineral, Timberland, Special

Section 216. Special Classes of Real Property: hospitals, cultural, scientific purposes; owned by
local water districts and GOCCs rendering supply/distribution of water/electricity

Section 232. Power to Levy Real Property Tax: A Province / City / Municipality within
Metropolitan Manila area may levy an annual ad valorem tax on real property

Section 233. Rates of Levy: (a) not exceeding 1% assessed value for provinces;

(d) not exceeding 2% of assessed value for city / municipality within Metro Manila Area

Section 235. Additional Levy on Real Property for the Special Education Fund:

- Additional 1% on assessed value to exclusively accrue to the SEF

Section 236. Additional Ad Valorem Tax on Idle Lands: not exceeding 5% over basic tax

Section 237. Idle Lands, Coverage:

Agricultural lands, more than 1 hectare, ½ of which remain uncultivated / unimproved by

owner. Permanent or perennial crops with at least 50 trees/ha, grazing land not idle

Other lands in city/municipality more than 1,000 sqm, ½ of which remain unutilized/ unimproved.
Applies to residential lots in subdivisions regardless of area

If you must print, please use scratch paper or print back to back.

40% of collections from third fiscal year

Each based on:
a) Population (50%) b) Land Area (25%)
c) Equal Sharing (25%)

Page 22

Section 271. Distribution of Proceeds: Basic real property tax, not including SEF/Idle lands

a)
Province
35% Province
40% Municipality
25% Barangay

where property is located

where property is located
b)
Cities
70% City
15% All Barangays
15% Barangay

Distributed equally
where property is located

c)
Municipality
35% Metro
30% Municipality
- 15% All Barangays

in Metro
Manila
where property is located
- 15% Barangay

Manila
Authority

where property is located

Section 284. Allotment of Internal Revenue Taxes: preceding current year

Section 285. Allocation to Local Government Units

- 23% Provinces

- 23% Cities

- 34% Municipalities
20% Barangays

“share of each Barangay with a population of not less than 100 inhabitants shall not be less than

P80,000 per annum chargeable against the 20% share of the Barangay from the IRA, and the
balance to be allocated according to following formula: Population (60%), Equal sharing (40%)

Section 287. Local Development Projects: LGU shall appropriate NO LESS than 20% of IRA

Section 290. Amount of share of Local Government Units: LGUs shall have 40% share of gross
collection derived by the national government from the preceding fiscal year from mining taxes,
royalties, forestry and fishery charges, and other income from its share in any co-production,
joint venture, or production sharing agreement in utilization and development of national wealth
in its area.

Section 450. Requisites for Creation (City) [As amended by RA 9009]

Municipality / Cluster of barangay to component city if at least:

Average annual income = P100,000,000 for last 2 consecutive years

Contiguous Territory = 100 sq. km |Inhabitants = 150,000

Section 451. Cities, Classified: Component or Highly Urbanized. Independent Component

Cities’ charters prohibit their voters for voting for provincial officials

Section 452. Highly Urbanized Cities: classified as if:

a) 200,000 Minimum Population b) P50,000,000 latest annual income b) Voters of HUCs don’t
vote for provincial officials

Section 453. Duty to declare Highly Urbanized Status: By the President within 30 days of
meeting minimum requirements

Read also Sections on LGU officials and their functions, responsibilities.

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Page 23

 Components of the Local Planning Structure

(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 1 Local Planning Structure)

 Local Planning and Development Model

(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 2/2.1 General Planning and Development Model)
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Page 24

 Local Planning Structure (Province, City/Municipality)

(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 1 Local Planning Structure)

(RA 7160 Local Government Code/Sec. 106-114)

Composition of Provincial, City, and Municipal LDC, Execom, Secretariat

Local Chief Executive (Gov / Mayor)

LCEs of component LGUs (ex. mayors if province)

Sanggunian Appropriations Committee Chair

Congressman’s Representative
NGO representative (1/4 of council)

Local Chief Executive

Mayor’s Representative (province only)
Sanggunian Appropriations Committee Chair

President of the LGU liga ng mga barangay

NGO representative

Local Planning and Development Coordinator

(Any NGO, educational/research institution)
Page 25

 Barangay Development Council (BDC) Functions:

Punong Barangay
Members of Sangguniang Barangay
Congressman’s representative

NGO representatives (1/4 of council)

BDC ExeCom
Punong Barangay, Sangguniang Barangay representative, NGO representative

Secretariat: Barangay Secretary, assisted by LPDC

(RA 7160 Local Government Code/Sec. 107) (Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 1 Local Planning Structure)

Sector Concerns and Subsectors

 Social Development Sector

(General welfare goals 1, 2, 8)
-
Social Characteristics
- Social Justice: “a just distribution justly arrived at”
-
Quality of Life
- Access to social service

Sub-sectors (3

Population (size, growth, distribution)

Social services and status of well-being:

Health; Education, culture, recreation; Welfare; Housing; Protective Services - Gender Equity
Concerns

 Economic Development Sector

(General welfare goals 4, 6, 7)
- Full employment promotion
- Food self-sufficiency or security

Sub-sectors (4)
Primary Sector – Agricultural crops; Livestock; Fisheries (in-land, brackish, marine); Forestry

Secondary – Mining and Quarrying; Manufacturing; Construction; Electricity, water, gas, utilities

Tertiary – Wholesale & retail trade; Transport and Communications; Finance; Insurance and
related activities; Real Estate; Personal and Community services; Tourism
Informal Sector

 Environment and Natural Resources (General welfare goal 3)

- Conserve & co-manage natural resources - Review of EIAs; enforce conditionalities of ECCs
Mineral lands – surface); marine
Sub-sectors (7) metallic; non-
metallic Air Quality
Lands – Public Domain; Private, A&D; Ancestral
Domain Waste
management –
Forest lands – Protection; Production Water resources Solid; Liquid
– Freshwater waste; Toxic &
Parks, wildlife & other reservations (ground, hazardous

* If you scratch back.

must print, paper or
please use print back to

Page 26

Infrastructure Development Sector
(General welfare goal 2, 6, 9)
-
Preferred spatial strategy / urban form
- Upgrading quality of services, facilities
- Food self-sufficiency & production targets
and desired standards
-
Eliminating backlogs on social service
- Reducing vulnerability to envi risks and

provision
disasters

- Maintaining integrity of environment

Sub-sectors (3)

Economic Support – Irrigation systems; Power Generation; Roads; Bridges, Ports; Flood Control
and drainage; Telecommunications

Social Support – Hospitals; Schools; Waterworks and Sewerage; Public Socialized Housing;
Facilities for aged, infirm, disadvantaged

Public Administrative Support – Government buildings; Jails; Freedom Parks; Public Assembly areas
 Institutional Development Sector

- Structure and Functions of planning bodies

- Public participation in planning and
- Local Fiscal Management
governance
Sub-sectors (4)

-
Organization and Management
- LGU-NGO-People’s Organization
-
Fiscal Management
linkages

Legislative Output

(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 1 Box 1//Chapter 6 /6.2 the Sectors and their Concerns)

Vision to Goals

Vision – LGU’s desired end state/scenario, described as if already attained

Goal – same but stated in infinitive form: “To do / be something”

(Workshops, technical/admin responsibility of LPDO)

Serves as: An End where all actions are directed

Criteria for evaluating strategies, approaches, and policies

A Standard against which success is measured

Components – Desired role of LGU: contribution to nation/region. “Outward-looking”

Desired state of LGU: as a desired human habitat. “Inward-looking”

“Vision Elements” - Using 5 Development sectors (Envi/Infra can be combined – “Built envi”)

Descriptors: Adjectives to describe vision elements (usually 3; ex. Empowered, healthy)

Success Indicators: “Ideal” condition per descriptor. Expressed in superlative/ max values

Vision Reality Gap Analysis: Success Indicator – assigned rating/current level of attainment
- Sample Matrix
Descriptor
Success Indicator
Current rating
Interpretation

- Healthy
0% Malnutrition rate
40%
Needs more effort

0 Maternal mortality
5
50% reduction

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Page 27

Vision to Goals: using Problem – Solution Finding Analysis

Restate policy options in goal form:

“To + verb”

Simple Current Reality Scale

0 – Absolutely nothing
1-4 – Low attainment
6-9 – Short of full attainment
N – No Data
5 – Half achieved
10 – Goal attained

(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 3 // Chapter 4 Goal Formulation Process)

Profiling and Analysis

 Socio-Economic Profile
 Ecological Profile (LPDO/C responsibility)
- Basic reference about aspects of locality
- source of data/information on LGU
- simple snapshot of area at a given point in time
- periodic capture of same data sets
- distribution of data attributes not consistent
- Data disaggregated to lowest level
- Cursory treatment of physical / envi sectors
- due recognition for bio-physical/ecological

- Contains 5 Dev’t Sectors, subsectors

Helps LGU determine:

Services needed by constituents

Resources available

Environmental Factors

Local Development Indicator System (LDIS) Transforming Data into Useful Information

Step 1: Indicators: Intermediate (input, output); Final (outcome, impact)

Index – combination of Indicators designed to measure overall condition of object

Indicators – standardized measures that ensure comparability across time /space

Statistics – Organized data, usually in the form of tables, require analysis/interpretation
Data – new information

Step 2: Construct Statistical Compendium (3-Dimensional Database)

Sectoral/Sub-sectoral: maintain 5 development sectors

Geographical / Spatial: reflect at least 3 levels of spatial scale

Temporal: show time-series data

Step 3: Problem – Solution Finding Analysis

Observed Conditions – Explanations (Causes) – Implications when unresolved – Policy Options

(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 3 Building and Maintaining an Information Base for Local Planning)

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Page 28

Comprehensive Development Plan

 Simplified Sectoral Planning Process

Process for Preparing CDP

Sectoral goals, objectives & targets: a.) Vision-reality gap analysis; b) Attainment level rating

Policies, programs, projects & services: a) Regulatory measures; b) Programs, projects; c) services

Inter-sectoral Integration: (projects could be combined into a program for a multi-sector issue)

CLUP – CDP Integration

Executive – Legislative Agenda

General Sectoral Development Planning Process

Sectoral development issues and concerns: (Eco Profile, Problem-solution finding analysis used)

Detailed / further investigations: if information is inadequate

Sectoral development objectives and targets: (can use vision-reality gap analysis)

Sectoral strategies and policies

Sectoral programs and projects

Project ideas or project briefs (inputs for LDIP)

New local legislation

(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 6) (EnP Pack/Manuals/Local Planning Manuals/ CDP Guide)

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Page 29

Local Development Investment Program

Development Fund

20% IRA + non-office (capital outlay + MOOE

Maintenance & Other Operating Expenses (MOOE)

 Local Finance Committee (LFC)

– sets level of annual expenditures based on approved development plans

LPDC, Budget Officer, Treasurer (+ Appropriations committee chair, Assessor, LGU Accountant, Private
sector representative, CSO representative)

(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 8) (Manuals/Local Planning Manuals/ CDP Guide/Chapter III)

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Page 30

Local Development Investment Program (LDIP) Process

Preparing Ranked List of Projects

Initiate LDIP (by LCE at start of term)

Solicit, compile project ideas (by LDPO from a) CDP; b) Sectoral Committee, c) others

Initial Screening (LDPO consolidates repetitive/redundant proposals, screens out

impractical, undesirable, more appropriately implemented by other agencies, orgs)

OUTPUT: Initial List

Screening for complementarity, compatibility, conflict (can be done simultaneously with Initial
Screening)

OUTPUT: Preliminary list screened on basis of technical, socio-political criteria (“Pre-LDIP”)

Project Ranking (using Goal-Achievement Matrix / Urgent, Essential, Necessary, Desirable,

Acceptable, Deferrable)

Estimating Project Costs

FINAL OUTPUT: Ranked list with Cost Estimates

2.
Determining Investible Funds
(by Local Finance Committee)
-
Collect revenue data, determine historical trends: Recurring (a-e), non-recurring (f)

a)
Real Property Taxes
c)
Other Taxes
e) Internal Revenue Allotment

b)
Business Fees and
d) Services and Operations
f) All others

Licenses
Income

-
Collect operating expenditure data, existing debt service, determine historical trends

A)
General Public Services

C)
Economic Services

B)
Social Services

D)
All others

Establish structural relationships of revenue, expenditure, to population & economic

development

Project future recurring LGU revenue and operating expenditure levels

Compute Financial Surplus (Projected revenues – OE – Debt Service = amount available)

Matching and Iteration

(LPDO prepares LDIP, submitted to LCE, endorsed to Sanggunian, LDIP gets adopted)

First Round Matching (projects that cannot be funded from recurring sources sent to LFC)

LDC approves ranked list of projects (through vote or resolution)

LDC deliberates decides on financing approach (Conservative, Developmental, Pragmatic)

(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 8 Local Development Investment Programming)

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Page 31

CLUP Relationship with National Plans and Programs

 Simplified Hierarchy and Linkage of Plans

N PFP

MTPDP

National (N)

MT DIP

Regional (R)
R DIP

R PFP

R DP

Provincial (P)/
P CDP/

P DIP/

P DPFP

City (C)

C CDP

C DIP

City (C)/
C /M

L DIP

C/M

Municipal (M)

CLUP

CDP
PFP = Physical Framework Plan

MTPDP = Medium Term Philippine Development

DPFP = Development and Physical Framework

Plan
Plan

DP = Development Plan

DIP = Development Investment Program

 Philippine Agenda 21: Policy framework for the country’s sustainable development strategy

The 5 Goal Elements

- Poverty Reduction (employment,

-
Peace and Solidarity
security)
- Social Equity (distribution of resources)
- Empowerment and Good Governance
-
Ecological Integrity

National Framework for Physical Framework Principles (NFPP 2001 – 2030)

-
Food Security
-
Market Orientation
-
Regional Urban Development
-
Environmental Stability and
- Equitable Access to physical and

Ecological Integrity

natural resources
-
Spatial Integration (linking
- Private – Public Sector Partnership

consumption / production areas)

- Recognition of the rights of
-
People Empowerment

Indigenous People

National Strategic Framework for Climate Change (NSFCC 2010-2022) - Integrated Ecosystem –
based Management

National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP)

RA 9729 Section 14: Mandates LGUs to formulate Local Climate Change Action Plans (LCCAP)

(EnP Pack/Manuals/CLUP Guides/eCLUP Vol.1) (EnP Pack/National Plans and Frameworks)

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Page 32

General Land Use Policy Areas

 Protected Areas – Life-support systems; food source, clean air/water, waste receptor -
NIPAS; - Non-NIPAS; - Protected Agricultural

Environmentally Constrained: forestland (slope > 18%), escarpments and fault zones (40m buffer
zones) waterfalls, volcanoes, geohazard areas.

Permanent Forest (virgin or old growth, primary broadleaf, areas with > 1000m elevation)
National Parks; - Forest; - Critical river Watersheds; - Forestland buffer zone
Integrated Social Forestry;

Watershed/water catchment reserve: forestland section with area 100m-radius around rivers,
springs which serve as catchment for water sources

Settlement Areas – “for living”

- Urban (town center/s); - Rural (upland, coastal, lowland); - Indigenous People’s Settlements
High/Low Density Residential (Building, structural, sanitary codes; clean air/water acts)

Socialized Housing (BP 220); (Public) open spaces (local ordinances); temporary residences

Infrastructure Areas – connecting Settlements and Production Areas

Transport Network, Social Infrastructure, Economic Infrastructure, Administrative Support

Production Areas – “for making a living”

Agricultural: Croplands, fishery, livestock, forestry, estates, SAFDZ (AFMA, CARL), Network of
Protected Areas for Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Development

Industrial: Estates, Special Economic Zone (PEZA)

Commercial; Business District (local ordinance)

- Tourism; - Mining Areas (mining laws);

(Rationalized Local Planning System/Chapter 2/ Chapter 5) (EnP Pack/Manuals/CLUP Guides/eCLUP Vol.1)

2013 eCLUP 12 Step Process Diagram

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Page 33

CLUP 12 Step Process (2006 CLUP Guide Vol. 1)

Getting Organized (LPDC prepares resources needed for planning activities)

Discuss need to prepare / update CLUP (with local officials; activities, rationale, framework)
Assess available resources (funds, personnel, equipment, supplies, materials)
Prepare proposal with work program, budget, teams
Present proposal to local officials (to LCE and Sanggunian for approval resolution)

Organize Planning Team (Executive Order designates members of Core team, TWG)
Brief Planning Team (on roles, responsibilities, and activities)
Disseminate information to general public (through barangay assemblies, IEC, etc.)

Identify Stakeholders

Workshops to identify stakeholders (by planning team, LDC, other committees)

Develop, implement IEC plan to inform, solicit support/commitment of stakeholders

Setting the Vision

Preparatory activities (Identifying participants, prepare workshop design)

Conduct Visioning Workshop

Disseminate Vision Statement (to Sanggunian, general public for feedback)
Validate, refine Vision Statement

Present to LDC to endorse to Sanggunian for adoption

IV. Analysing the Situation

Conduct sectoral studies (demography; social, economic, and infra sectors) (See Volume 2,
Guide/Manual to Sectoral Studies in CLUP Preparation)

Assessment of natural/physical/environmental features (including maps, land uses)

Process, analyse data gathered

Discuss existing situation of LGU (domains, natural/physical characteristics, envi)

Establish historical land use trends
Prepare map reflecting conservation, preservation, physical constraint areas

Quantify, tabulate conservation/preservation/protection areas

Determine available land supply for future development / expansion

Estimate total land area required for urban development, special planning areas

Cross – sectoral analysis and integration (to derive problems and issues) SWOT
Discuss LGU’s potentials and comparative advantages

Rank priority issues and problems (by urgency, seriousness, magnitude, etc.)

Determine possible interventions and parties concerned

V. Setting the Goals and Objectives

Review Vision Statement, result of situation analysis

Formulate goals LGU wishes to attain (broad statements, long-term)

Formulate objectives for each goal (SMART, short-range)

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Page 34

VI. Establishing Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

Generate ideas/options on appropriate development thrusts (using results of III, IV, V)

Develop 3 development strategies / scenario for each thrust
Evaluate alternative strategies (GAM, SCBA, PBS), select preferred / most suitable

Reflect Spatial strategy for preferred thrust on a map

Prepare Structure Plan (map providing overall framework for CLUP)

VII. Preparing the Land Use Plan (detailing preferred development strategy)

Review quantified land requirements (identified from IV, VI)

Match lands available with requirements
Design basic land use scheme (mapping)

3.1 Quantify, tabulate proposed land uses (including water bodies)

Plot / delineate proposed uses to create LGU Land Use Maps

Formulate land use policies

Delineate transportation network, circulation pattern

Identify programs and projects to support plan implementation

VIII. Drafting the Zoning Ordinance

Define title and purpose ( Art. I Title; Art. II Authority and Purpose)
Designate / classify specific zones (Art. IV Zone Classifications / Boundary Descriptions)

Identify zone use and regulations (Art. V Zone / Art. IV General District Regulations)

Determine innovative techniques, miscellaneous provisions and mitigating device (Art. VII, VIII,
IX titled similarly)

Identify / define provisions to administer, enforce ZO (zoning officer, LZBAA, LZRC) (Art. X
Administration and Enforcement)

List, define terms used in ZO (Art. III Definition of Terms)

IX. Public Hearing for the Draft CLUP and ZO

Prepare required documents for Public Exhibition and Information dissemination

Internal briefing prior to public hearing (to orient LCE, LDC, Sanggunian, departments)

Prepare information dissemination plan to general public

Constitute Public Hearing Board (LCE, LPDC; HLURB, Sanggunian, Sectoral reps)
Implement 3-stage process (Public exhibition, Public Hearing, Sanggu Committee hearings)

Consolidate, evaluate comments, suggestions and positions

Refine draft CLUP and ZO

Brief LDC, submit to Sanggunian for First / Second readings (prior to reviews)

X. Reviewing, Adopting, and Approving the CLUP and ZO

Sanggunian endorses / transmits final draft of CLUP/ZO to reviewing body

Review, approval, and ratification by the following: (EO 72)

Provincial Land Use Committee (PLUC) for Component Cities and Municipalities

HLURB, after Regional Land Use Committee (RLUC) for HUCs and ICCs, and MMDA for Metro
Manila LGUs

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LGU revises plan consistent with recommendations

Sanggunian conducts 3rd and final reading to adopt CLUP, enact ZO, then;
Submits to PLUC/HLURB for approval/ratification

Publish CLUP and ZO consistent with Section 59 of RA 7160

 PLUC Composition (PPDC Chair)

 RLUC Composition – NEDA (Chair)
- Provincial Planning and Development
- HLURB
- DA
- DAR
Coordinator;
- NGOs
- HUDCC
- DOT
- Provincial Agriculturist;
- DILG
- DENR
- DPWH
- HLURB
- DOTC
- DOST

- NGO Representatives in Provincial DC

- DENR
- DPWH
- DAR
- HLURB Field Operations Support Group
- DTI
- DILG
- DOT
(FOSG)

- MMDA Office of the Asst. Manager for

Planning (OAGMP)

XI. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance

Strengthen existing institutional structure and mechanisms (offices, staff, committees)
Prioritize / access list of programs, projects from VII. Preparing Land Use Plan

Prepare IEC plan (to promote transparency, accountability

Review/revise budgetary requirements based on above steps to support implementation

XII. Monitoring, Reviewing, and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO

Organize monitoring, review and evaluation (MRE) teams

Develop monitoring systems and procedures (establish indicators)
Conduct actual monitoring

Evaluate results of monitoring (on-going / Periodic, Post)

Submit MRE Reports, findings and recommendations (to local officials for action)

LGU Authority Levers for CLUP Implementation

Regulation: Zoning (locational clearance)

Subdivision control (deeds of restrictions; paving requirements, provision of curbs, water lines)

Building regulation (building permit, building code oversight)

Environmental Law Enforcement Ordinances (for trees, signs, grading, air quality)

Taxation: Basic Taxes, Idle Lands, Impact fees, Special Benefit Levy, SEF

Acquisition: Fee Simple purchase, dedications, Eminent Domain, Exactions, Conservation easements

Public Investments: Expenditure, LDIP / AIP

Private Investment Incentives: Fiscal policies, Joint Ventures, BOT Schemes

Co-management

(EnP Pack/Manuals/CLUP Guides/ (2006) CLUP Guide Vol.1 Process_HLURB)

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 General Zoning Map Color Codes

Municipal Waters

(EnP Pack/Manuals/CLUP Guides/ (1996) CLUP Zoning Ordinance Model 1996_HLURB)

Color
Base Zones
Regulations / Uses
Codes
Forest (protection/production)
PD 705, NIPAS, specific proclamations

Agri (protection/production)
AFMA (NPAAAD, SAFDZ)

Residential – 1 (R-1)
Low-rise, 20 dwellings/ha; 3 storeys

R-2
Medium-density, multi-family; 3-5 storeys

R-3
Medium-high density, 3-12 storeys

R-4 / R-5
Low-rise townhouses/ high-rise; 3-18 floors

Commercial – 1 (C-1)
Neighbourhood-scale businesses; 3 storeys
C-2
Complementing/supplementing CBD; 6 storeys

C-3
High-density, might be CBD, 60 storeys

Industrial – 1 (I-1)
Non-pollutive / (non)-hazardous

I-2
Pollutive / (non)-hazardous

I-3
(highly) pollutive / (extremely) hazardous

General Institutional (GI)

Government offices. Hospitals, academics

Special Institutional (SI)

Social welfare homes, military bases

Parks /Cemetery
Recreation, internment of the dead

Utilities, Transportation
Transport terminals, power/water lines, telecoms

Overlay Zones
Ancestral Domain, Hazards, Ecotourism, etc.

(EnP Pack/Manuals/CLUP Guides/ (2006) CLUP Guide Vol.3 Model Zoning Ordinance_HLURB)

CLUP Legal Mandates and Enabling Policy Environment

1987 Constitution

Article XIII, Section 1: “…the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use and disposition of
property and its increments (to equitably diffuse wealth and power)

Article XII, Section 6: “…duty of the State to promote distributive justice and to intervene when the
common good so demands.”

EO 72 – For the preparation and implementation of CLUPs (Pres. Ramos, 1993)

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Section 1: (a) Cities and municipalities, (b) Metro Manila LGUs shall prepare, update their
CLUPs in conformity with planning standards and guidelines of HLURB

Section 2: (d) power of HLURB to approve/review CLUPs of component cities and municipalities
devolved to province;

Pursuant to LOI 729 S. of 1987, EO 648, RA 7279, CLUPs of Provinces, HUCs, and ICCs reviewed
and ratified by HLURB;

By EO 362 S. of 1990, CLUPs of Metro Manila LGUs shall be reviewed by HLURB

EO 648 – Reorganizing the HSRC (mandating HLURB) (a) To promulgate zoning and other land use
control standards and guidelines that shall govern CLUPs / ZO

RA 7169: Section 16 General Welfare Goal

Section 20 (c): Prepare CLUPs/ZO

Section 447 (Municipality)/ Section 458 (City): CLUPs in coordination with PLUP, ZO, prescribe
limits, restraints on property

Section 444 (Municipality)/455 (City): Adopt measures to safeguard/conserve natural resources

Section 468 (Province): Review CLUPs of component LGUs, adopt PLUP

RA 7279 Section 39 Role of Local Government Units – to prepare LUPs

 RA 9729 – Formulate CCA plans - RA 10121 – Mainstream DRR in Planning

(EnP Pack/Manuals/CLUP Guides/eCLUP Vol.1)

Perspectives (Definitions) on Land

Common sense: solid portion of the Earth’s surface

Legal sense: ground, soil or earth that is subject of ownership and everything annexed to it
Economic sense: as a natural resource

As consumption good – enjoyed with no further production or processing (e.g. ecotourism areas)

As Factor of Production – physical base for production (factory or office location | as

“site”) or direct input resource extraction (farming, grazing, mining | as “soil”)

Ecological Sense: natural environment, surface of the Earth and all its attributes

Broad Concepts on Land

As a Natural Resource: provides intrinsic environmental value. Loses that but gains economic
value if developed
As Property: Ownership rights, limited by overall interests of society as administered by the
State

As Territory: absolute rights of the State over sovereign territory. The claim of a group of people
to have space to live and work in a manner consistent with their shared values and accepted
norms

Land Use Conversion – Reversible (soil to soil or site to site) or Irreversible (soil to site)

Land Use Capacity: practical limits to which land can be put to productive use

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Economic use Capacity: ability to produce net return above production costs of its use

Highest and Best Use: Use of land provides optimum return to operator or society
Carrying Capacity: Intensity of use that land can be put without causing significant damage

Sustainable Development: Highest and best use without exceeding carrying capacity

Land Use Planning: Proper management of land resources to promote the public interest

(E.M Serote/Property, Patrimony and Territory/Chapter 1 Essential Concepts Related to Land Use Planning )

Physical Determinants of Land Use

Topography – affects cost of development and production

Slope: gradient or inclination of a surface; ratio of vertical rise to horizontal run 0 - 3% - Flat /
level (3% minimum for natural drainage flow)

3 – 8% - Very gently to moderately sloping (undulating) (7% road construction limit) 8 – 18% -
Moderately sloping to strongly rolling

18 – 30% - Strongly rolling to hilly (18% above FMB recommended permanent forest) 30 – 50% -
Hilly to mountainous (30% limit for urban/agri, set by KSAs)

50% - above – Very Steep

Relief: differences in altitudes and slopes. Levelling or grading may be necessary

- Position: Location, elevation,
-
Cover: vegetation or rock outcrops
accessibility
-
Size and Shape: of a lot or parcel

Geology – rock and mineral structure of the Earth’s crust

Geomorphology: landforms (mountains, plains, coastal areas, swampland) Mountains - height no less
than 300m / 1,000ft, affects microclimate Coastal areas - 1 km landward from high tide to 200m
seaward isobaths

Soils: mixture of rock fragments and organic matter. Soil characteristics: Fertility - amount of
organic matter, presence of organisms

Structure - Form and shape of particles (granular to platy). Affects root, water penetration

Texture - Size of fragments. Determines water holding capacity

Less than 0.002mm – Clay 0.06 – 2.0mm - Sand
0.002 – 0.06mm – Silt > 2.0mm - Gravel

Soil Erosion: Searing away of land surface by running water, wind, ice, etc. Erosivity - potential
ability of rain to cause erosion (intensity, force of rainfall) Erodibility - vulnerability of soil to erosion
(physical characteristics, land cover)
Tolerable soil loss – max rate of annual erosion that permits sustained crop productivity

Hydrogeology: subsurface water or aquifer. Meters below ground surface (mbgs). Determines
potential groundwater and drainage capabilities

Transmissivity: rate of lateral flow Permeability: vertical flow, recharge

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Climate – Macro / Microclimate affected by ventilation, elevation, solar radiation, vegetation

Land Capability Classes

Class A: 0-3% slope. Very good agri land – deep soil, well-drained, fertile
Class B: 3-8% slope. Safely cultivated with conservation practices

Class C: 8-18% slope. Moderately good lands – cultivation with extensive conservation
Class D: 18-30% slope. Fairly good lands, requires complex conservation, best for tree crops
Class L: 0-3% slope. Too stony/wet for cultivation. Limited to pasture or forest use

Class M: 30-50% slope. Severely eroded, too shallow

Class N: >50% slope. Too shallow/rough/dry. Best for forest use
Class X: Mangrove swamps, marshes, wetlands. Best for fishponds, recreational or conserved

Class Y: Very hilly, mountainous, barren, rugged. Badlands and sand dunes. Reforested if able

Suitability Classes: Crop Specific (S1-3, N)

Pedo-Ecological Zones

Warm Pedo-Ecological Zone: > 100masl, 0-18% slope, > 25oC daytime (low-lying areas) Warm-
Cool (Upland) Zone: < 500masl, 0-18% slope; If > 18% slope, “Hilly and mountain” PEZ Cool
Pedo-Ecological Zone: >500masl, < 15oC daytime, varying topography

Economic Determinants of Land Use

Land Use Benefits

– Value of crops/minerals; increase in land value; non-monetary value (amenity)

Land Development Costs – direct outlays, recurrent costs, social costs

Ripening cost: cost of holding in present state when it is ripe for higher use

Land Value – in terms of appraisal, the present worth of future benefits from property

- Utility: capacity to satisfy needs, desires

-
Scarcity: demand greater than supply
- Effective demand: need/desire backed
-
Transferability: ease of transfer of
by financial means

ownership

 Some Economic Principles of Valuation of Property

Highest and best use - Balance: Max homogenous
market value if:
Change: market value estimate valid only on day Substitution: max cost
made Land, labor, capital in set at value of equal
equilibrium substitute
Progression/Regression: value affected by Complementary land
association uses in equilibrium

Consistent Use: must be valued with single use Conformity: max value
if economically/socially
Laws of Increasing and Decreasing returns
accessibility, competition, Patrimony and Territory/Chapter 2
Contribution: value of any etc. the same often Determinants of Land Use Decisions)
component of property is what it destroys
adds to the value of the whole Competition: profit. * If you must print, please use
excess profits scratch paper or print back to
back.
Supply and Demand: affected by attract (E.M
demographics change, function, Serote/Property,

Page 40
 Urban Land Value (Eugene F. Brigham) – function of:

- Accessibility value
-
Historical Factors: Succession of past
- Amenity value: subjectively perceived as

land uses of site. Indicates

“pleasantness” of the environment

appropriateness of current use

- Utilization: Existing and desired use of
-
Topography
area, as per land use and zoning maps

Social Determinants of Land Use

Social Values, Customs, Traditions – dietary habits, family ties, “hiya”, religion
Patterns of Land Ownership – size of land holdings, communal ownership, ancestral domains
Government and Political Influence: - to protect rights, regulate its exercise

Surface right: to enjoy current use of land (within limits of CLUP)

Productivity right: to make profit from land (controlled through taxation)
Development right: to improve land (limited by land use planning/zoning)

Pecuniary right: to benefit from development value (subject to special assessments)

Restrictive right: to not develop land (subject to idle lands tax)
Disposal right: to sell or will to others (donor’s tax, capital gains tax)

Article XII. National Economy and Patrimony, 1987 Constitution

Section 2: All lands of the public domain, waters, mineral, coal, petroleum, and other mineral
oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other
natural resources are owned by the State. With exception of agri lands, all other natural resources
shall not be alienated. The exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources shall be
under the full control and supervision of the State.

Section 3: Lands of the public domain are classified into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral
lands, and national parks. Alienable land of the public domain is limited to agri lands

Section 4: The Congress shall determine by law the specific limits of forest lands and national parks.
Thereafter, these shall be conserved and may not be increased or diminished except by law.

(E.M Serote/Property, Patrimony and Territory/Chapter 2 Determinants of Land Use Decisions)

National Urban Planning Commission (NUPC) 1946

First physical planning body in the country. Created by EO 98 by Pres. Sergio Osmeña

Primary function to prepare plans for reconstruction of urban areas destroyed by WWII

LGUs could reject its plans

RA 333 – Quezon City established as seat of National Government (July 17, 1948).

Created Capital City Planning Commission (CCPC). Functions like NUPC but area-specific.

National Planning Commission (NPC) – Created by Pres. Elpidio Quirino to consolidate duplication
of functions of planning bodies. Abolished 1972, declaration of Martial Law

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Task Force on Human Settlements (TFHS) created by EO 419 on Sept. 19, 1973

Evolved into Human Settlements Commission (HSC) through PD 933 on May 13, 1976.
National planning body created to institutionalize Human Settlements movement

Ministry of Human Settlements (MHS) created by PD 1396 after Habitat I (June 11, 1978) as

“Mother agency” to consolidate efforts of HSC and 30 gov’t entities. HSC gained “Regulatory”
(HSRC)

Human Settlements Regulatory Commission (HSRC) given quasi-judicial powers on Feb 8, 1981
through EO 648, giving 3 programs; Town Planning and Zoning, Real Estate Management,
Urban Land Reform

Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) replaced MHS which was
abolished 1986 after Marcos Regime

Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) is HRC renamed by EO 90 (1986)

(E.M Serote/Property, Patrimony and Territory/Chapter 4 Institutional Framework for Land Use Planning)

Executive – Legislative Agenda

An integrated plan containing the major development thrusts and priorities of both branches

Proposed ordinances, legislative measures to support priority projects

RA 7160 mandates LCES to: “present the program of government and propose

-
Sec 444(municipality),
Policies for the consideration of the
-
445 (city), 465 (province)
Sanggunian… initiate and propose legislative

measures to the Sanggunian”

12– Step ELA Planning Process

I. Planning to Plan – preparation of work plan, budget, team orientation, securing EO

ELA Team (Executive) LCE, LPDC, Dept. Heads; (Legislative) Vice LCE, Sanggunian

Secretary, Appropriations Committee Chair

Prioritizing Issues – “shortlisting” issue to be addressed during elected officials’ terms
Consulting with Stakeholders

IV. Defining / Revisiting LGU Vision and Mission

Formulating Goals and Objectives

VI. Prioritizing Programs, Projects, and Capacity Development Needs

- Plan for development of Competencies, Structure, Systems and Procedures, Logistics VII.
Determining Legislative Requirements – identifying policy gaps, priority Legislation &

when needed

VIII. Budgeting Commitment – Pledges, naming ELA to create sense of ownership

IX. Securing Endorsement and Approval – LDC endorses ELA and AIP to Sanggunian; adopts
former through resolution, latter through Appropriations Ordinance

X. Moving ELA to Action – Annual Operation/Work & Financial Plan, resource mobilization XI.
Popularizing the ELA – for support, transparency, accountability, through IEC, for a

XII. Managing and Sustaining ELA Implementation

[See: EnP Pack/Manuals/Local Planning Manuals/ELA Manual_DILG]

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Page 42

 Population

Projection:

t
Geometric Method: Pt = P0 (1+r) r = ln (Pt /P0)
t

Pt = projected pop. for a certain year r = rate of growth

P0= base year t = time interval between the base and projected years

rt
Exponential Method: Pt = P0 e r = [log (Pt /P0)]
t log e
e = constant (the e of 1 is 2.71828)

-
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = ____no. of births_______
x 1000

Midyear total population

-
Crude Death Rate (CDR) = ____no. of deaths_____
x 1000

Midyear total population

-
Infant Mortality Rate = ____no. of deaths_____
x 1000

no. of live births

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) = Crude Birth Rate (CBR) –(CDR) Crude Death Rate

As percent / per 100 population = RNI

10
-
Doubling Time =

69.3______
- Sex Ratio = _M_ x 100

% Growth Rate
F

Three profiles of Population Pyramid

if “Ratio”, x 100
-
Expansive | Constrictive | Stationary
if “Rate”, x 1000

 Dependency Ratios

Po-14 + 65+

P15-64

0 – 14 Young Dependent

15 – 64 Productive Working
65 + Old Dependent

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Page 43

Sectoral Standards

 Education

A. Pre-school (Kindergarten)

- Min 500 sqm lot = 4 classes - Classroom size = 1.5 sqm/child

Space for playground (140sqm) or open space within 200m walking distance

B. Elementary

Barrio school 0.5 ha = 2 classes (no Grade above Grade 4)

-
Central School

1 ha = 6 classes
3 ha = 10-12 classes

2 ha = 7 – 9 classes
4 ha = > 12 classes

-
Non-Central school
1 ha = 3-4 classes

-
Special Cases

Rural

Central
Barrio
0.5 ha

6 classes
3 – 4 classes

1.5 ha

7-10 classes

2 ha

> 10 classes

Urban
0.5 ha

6 classes
7 – 10 classes

0.75 ha

11-20 classes
> 21 classes

-
Classroom = 1.4sqm /pupil
- Medical /Guidance office = 28sqm gross

C. Secondary Schools - School buildings / structures = < 40% of school site (60% open space)
Trades Ec = 7sqm / place
Classroom = 1.4sqm / place Science lab = 2.1sqm / (wood/metal),
place Medical/Dental = 28sqm gross Admin = Practical Arts Homemaking = 4sqm /
5sqm/ place = 5sqm / place place Library
Tech/Home 2.4sqm/place
beds) = new Government Hospitals
College / Universities - Site area = 1.5 ha City/Main
0.5 ha / 500 students (ex. 2,000 health center = 35 km from existing
pupils = 2 ha) Regiona municipal level Government Hospital
l (200- - Any
School Age Population 300 RHU Personnel: Referral facility for 3 RHU /
beds) = main health center
Sprague multiplier = NSO age 2.5 ha - 1 per
groupings vs. school age brackets 50,000
Interpolation Technique Medical population If you must print, please use
Center 1 per scratch paper or print back to
Hospitals 20,000 back.
(>300
beds) = population
Standard Areas - Municipal 3.5 ha
(6 – 24 beds) / Provincial (100-199 Criteria for
Page 44

Permanent catchment population 75,000 / 25,000 for remote areas, 3 hours away

Municipal Hospital = 30 km service zone

Protective Services

A. Ideal police ratio = 1 per 500 population | Minimum ratio = 1per 1,000 population

Police Station
Area
Population (Component City)
(Municipal)
“A”
2,500 sqm
> 100,000
> 75,000
“B”
600 sqm
75,000 - 100,000
30,000 – 75,000
“C”
400 sqm
0 – 75,000
0 – 30,000

B. Fireman = 1: 2,000 population | Fire truck = 1:28,000 pop | Fire truck = 1:14 Firemen

C. Ideal - jail guard 1 : 5 inmates | Minimum - jail guard 1: 7 inmates

 Sports and Recreation

Minimum 500sqm / 1,000 population – city / municipal park Minimum 0.05 ha / 1,000 population –
playfield / athletic field

 Industrial

Scale
Capitalization
Employment

Classification
Micro-industry
< Php150,000
- -

Cottage Industry
Php150,000 – 1,500,000
< 10 workers

Small Scale
Php1,500,000 – 15,000,000
10 – 99 workers

Medium Scale
Php15,000,000 – 60,000,000
100 – 199 workers

Large Scale
> Php60,000,000
> 200 workers

Light Industry (I1) – non-pollutive / non-hazardous | non-pollutive / Hazardous Medium Industry

(I2) – Pollutive / non-hazardous | Pollutive / Hazardous

Heavy Industry (I3) – Highly Pollutive/ Non-hazardous; Hazardous; extremely hazardous -

Pollutive; non-pollutive / Extremely hazardous

Commercial = 1.5% - 3% of total built-up area Health Facilities = 0.4 ha / 1,000 population
Industrial = 2.5 ha /1,000 population Gov’t/Admin = 0.5 ha / 1,000 population

Schools = 0.8 ha / 1,000 population

Burial Grounds – minimum = 1m x 2.44m | 20m away from dwellings, 50m from rivers

Sanitary Landfill requirements: Total area x 1.5 to allow for roads, cover, etc.

Area = Waste generated (kg/year) x Residence time (year) 330 kg / m3 (DENR standard) 10m landfill
depth

Target service life of landfill 5 years | 75m away from faults, 50m away from waters

(EnP Pack/Manuals/CLUP Guides/ Guide on Sectoral Standards_HLURB)

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Page 45

National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) – through PD 107

1987 Constitution Article XII, Section 9 (Independent Economic Planning Agency)
EO 230 1987 Reorganizes - NEDA

NEDA Project Development Cycle

Pre – Investment Phase - Project Identification

- Project Preparation (pre and feasibility studies)

- Project Appraisal and Financing

Investment Phase - Detailed Engineering and Design

- Project Implementation

Post – Investment Phase - Project Operation

- Ex-post Evaluation

 Project Decision Analysis

Discounting: conversion of future values to present using discount factors Discount Rates /
Factors

Net Present Value (NPV) – compares cost and benefit streams discounted to present

if NPV is positive / greater than 1, project viable and can be accepted

Budget constraint: choose project which maximizes NPV

Mutually Exclusive Projects: no budget constraint, chosen from mutually exclusive projects,
choose highest NPV

Different Project Lives: mutually exclusive, adjust lives, highest positive NPV

Internal Rate of Return (IRR) – present value of benefits equals cost / NPV = 0
If IRR > cost of funds, implement, choose highest

Favors budgets with short lives

Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) – ratio of present value (benefits to costs)

If BCR > 1, accept, select highest

Payback Period – years before discounted cumulative benefits repays cost

Bias towards quick-returning projects

Economic Evaluation

Social Discount Rate (SDR) – discount stream of economic cost and benefits to present values,
rate of social value declines over time (at 15%)

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1987 Constitution

Article I. National Territory – archipelago; terrestrial, fluvial, aerial domains

II. Declaration of Principles and State Policies – democratic, renounces war, separate from
Church; (5) promotion of general welfare, (10) social justice, (14) role of women, (16) balanced
ecology, (21) rural development / agrarian reform, (22) IP rights, (25) autonomy of LGUs.

III. Bill of Rights – (9) Private property cannot be taken without just compensation; rights
related to criminal prosecution.

IV. Citizenship - qualifications

V.. Sufrage – right to vote

Legislative Department – composition, government appropriations, passing of laws

VII.. Executive Department – the Presidency, powers and responsibilities
Judicial Department – composition, powers and mechanisms

Constitutional Commissions – Civil Service, Elections, Audit; responsibilities

Local Government – (2) local autonomy, (3) LGC, (5) creating revenue sources, (6) share in IRA and

(7) development of national wealth, (12) HUC, ICC Independence, (14) Regional Development councils

Accountability of Public Officers – (1) public trust; impeachment, powers of Ombudsman

XII. National Economy and Patrimony – (1) General Welfare 6/7, and (2) 4, natural resources belong to
the State, allow small-scale use, (3) public domain classification, can only be leased, (4) conservation of
forestlands, natural parks, (6) right to private property, (9) NEDA, 60% Filipino ownership

XIII. Social Justice and Human Rights – (1) regulation of property, (4) agrarian reform, (7) fisherfolk
rights, (9) urban land reform, (10) resettlement, (14) women’s working rights

XIV. Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports – (5) right to select a course

XV. Family – foundation of the nation

PD 1151 “Philippine Environmental Policy”

Section 1. Policy – continuing policy of the State to create conditions where man and nature can
live in harmony, fulfill requirements of present and future generations.

Section 2. Goal – recognize responsibility of each generation as guardians of the environment,

preserving cultural / historic heritage, national resource use while preserving environment

Section 3. Right to a Healthy Environment – and everyone’s duty and responsibility to

contribute

Section 4. Environmental Impact Statements – basis for EIA system, directed to NEPC

(EnP Pack/Laws/National Laws (Misc.)) (EnP Pack/Laws/Environmental Protection)

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DENR Administrative Order (DAO) 37 S. of 1996

Revising DAO 21 S. of 1992; Strengthening EIS System

Section 2. Objectives – ensure maximum public participation in EIA process for social acceptability
validation

Section 3. Definition of Terms

Environmentally Critical Area (ECA) – environmentally sensitive and listed in Presidential

Proclamation 2146 S. of 1981 / PD 1586 (Sec. 4)

Environmentally Critical Project (ECP) – high potential for negative impact listed in Pres. Proc.
2146 S. of 1981 / PD 1586

(e) Environmental Management and Protect Areas Sector (EMPAS) of DENR

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) – process of predicting likely consequences of

implementing projects / undertakings and designing preventive/mitigating measures

EIA Review Committee (EIARC) – EMD / RED organized to review EIS

EIS – studies on direct/indirect consequences on human welfare, ecological integrity

(o) Environmental Management Plan – section in EIS detailing impacts and mitigating measures

Environmental Risk Assessment – use of scientific methods/information to define

probability/magnitude of adverse effects which result from exposure to hazard
materials/situations.

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) – document required from proponents describing

impacts/mitigations in undertakings in ECA

(aa) Scoping – stage in EIS where info/assessment requirements established for scope of work

II. Scope of EIS

1. Coverage of EIS System (See Presidential Proclamation 2146 S. of 1981) - No ECP in ECA
without ECC
2. Non-Coverage – ECPs in ECAs before 1982 (except if expanded)

c. Country-side business and barangay entities (CBBEs) created RA 6810 - Magna Carta for
CBBEs (Kalakalan 20)

3. If project an ECP = do EIS; If project within an ECA, submit IEE (and/or EIS)

III. Procedural Flow of EIS

ECPs

Scoping – DENR, proponent, stakeholders link, agree on what issues, constraints, if EIA
required, issues of social acceptability. Identify EIARC

9.
Contents of EIS

-
Project Description
-
Envi Risk Assessment
-
Accountability Statements
-
Scoping Report
-
Envi Management Plan
-
Supporting docs
-
Baseline Envi
-
Proposals for Envi

(participation, econ data)

Conditions

monitoring/Guarantee
- Chapters on IP, women,
-
Impact Assessments

Funds

socio-econ impacts
10. Initial Review – by EMB

13. EIARC report on evaluation to EMB

Substantive Review – by EIARC

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Page 48

14. EMB director’s recommendation to 15. DENR Secretary grants/denies ECC

DENR OSEC

Projects within ECAs

17. Submission of IEE – to EMPAS, PENRO, CENRO, LCEs

19. Contents of IEE

- Description of envi setting,

- Description of impacts
- Relationship of population/
impact areas
(envi/socio eco)
development/envi
- Description of project/
- Matrix of mitigation/
- Accountability Statements
undertaking
enhancement measures
(preparer/proponent)

- Consultation process undertaken

20-21. Review by EMPAS

EMPAS Report – to Regional Executive Director recommend issuance or not of ECC or prepare EIS
Regional Executive Director decides if ECC or EIS

26. Convene Regional EIARC for review / EMB support

IV. 10 Compliance Monitoring – multi-partite monitoring team (MMT) after ECC

VII. 4. Roles and Responsibilities of EMB

PD 1586 “Establishing an EIS System”

Section 2. EIS System pursuant to Sec 4 of PD 1151

Section 3. Ministry of Human Settlements (MHS) as lead agency

Section 4. Presidential Proclamation of ECA/ECP

Presidential Proclamation 2146 “Proclaiming Environmentally Critical Projects”

ECP – Heavy Industries, Resource Extractive Industries, Fishery Projects (dikes, fishponds), Major
Infras (dams, power plants, reclamation, roads/bridges), Golf courses

ECA - national parks, preserves, tourist spots, habitats, archaeological/scientific interest,

ancestral domain, frequently disastered, critical slopes

Prime agri lands, aquifer recharge, water bodies (domestic use, protected, fisheries)

Mangroves, coral reefs

(EnP Pack/Laws/Environmental Protection/Environmental Impact Statement)

RA 7586 “National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (NIPAS) of 1992”

Section 2. Declaration of Policy – to secure the existence of all native plants and animals
through protected areas within the ‘National Park’ classification, encompassing outstanding
remarkable areas and biologically important lands, habitats and ecosystems

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RA 7586 “National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (NIPAS) of 1992”

Section 3. Categories (and definitions provided in Section 4)

Strict Nature Reserve – an area with an outstanding ecosystem, scientifically important species,
maintained undisturbed for study, environmental monitoring, and genetic resources

Natural Park – relatively large area, maintained to protect inter- and nationally significant areas of
outstanding nature, scenery, for scientific, educational, recreational use

Natural Monument – relatively small area, to preserve nationally significant natural features with
special interest or unique characteristics

Wildlife Sanctuary – area which assures natural conditions to protect species, biotic communities
or physical features. May require human manipulation

Protect land/seascapes – harmonious interaction of man/land, opportunities for public enjoyment,

recreation and tourism within areas’ normal lifestyle and economic activity

Resource Reserve – extensive, isolated and uninhabited area, with natural resources protected
pending development based on knowledge and planning

Natural Biotic Area – set aside for societies in harmony with nature to modernize at their own pace
Other categories established by law, conventions or international agreements

Section 8. Bufer Zones – established for each protected area, outside boundaries but immediately
adjacent. Needs special development control to minimize harm to protected area.

Section 10. – NIPAS administered by DENR, creates Protected Areas and Wildlife Division under
Regional Technical Directors per region. (PAWB headed by Director)

Section 11. Protected Area Management Board - for each site a PAMB, composed of: DENR
Regional Executive Director, Province PDO, LGUs representatives, NGO, IP reps

Section 20. Prohibited Acts – hunting, destroying, possession of species without permit;
dumping or leaving exposed refuse; damaging objects of natural beauty or cultural interest;
occupying land or building structures without permits

DAO 25 S. of 1992 (NIPAS IRR)

Section 10. Protected Area Management Zoning

Strict Protection Zone – high biodiversity, only for scientific study, ceremonies

Sustainable Use Zone – allowed natural resource use through traditional, sustainable methods;
research and park visitation. Conserved for biodiversity

Restoration Zone – degraded habitats for rehabilitation, later stricter zoning

Habitat Management Zone – habitats required by rare, threatened, endangered species

Multiple – Use Zone – settlement, agriculture, forestry, or livelihood activities allowed by

management plan. Land tenure may be granted to IPs or migrants

Buffer Zone – effectively multiple-use zones that act as ‘social fences’

Cultural Zone – areas with significant cultural values, and/or where practices occur

Recreational Zone – allowed sustainable eco-tourism, recreational, educational activities

Special Use Zone – existing installations: telecoms, irrigation, power lines

(EnP Pack/Laws/Environmental Protection/NIPAS)

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RA 7916 “Special Economic Zone Act of 1995” (PEZA LAW)

Section 2 Accelerate industrial/economic/social development to provide jobs to then improve

level / quality of living

Section 3 Purposes, Intents and Objectives

Legal framework, mechanisms for planning, monitoring SEZs, IE/parks, EPZ, EZs

Transform areas into highly developed industrial, commercial, etc. centers

Promote foreign/local investors, establish linkages
Stimulate repatriation of Filipino capital

Cooperation between PH and industrialized countries, modernize industrial sector

SEZs as separate customs territory within Constitutional framework, territory of PH

Section 4 Definition of Terms

Special Economic Zone (SEZ) – “ECOZONES”. Potential/highly developed areas with agro
industrial, industrial, tourist/recreational, commercial, banking, investment, finance centers. May
have any/all of the following: IEs, EPZs, FTZs, Tourist centers

Industrial Estate (IE) – land subdivided/developed according to comprehensive plan, under

management, basic infra and utilities for community of industries

Export Processing Zone – specialized IE, physically or administratively outside customs territory, oriented to
export production. Capital equipment imports and raw materials free from taxes / restrictions

Free Trade Zone – Isolated policed area adjacent to port of entry where goods are manipulated
without import duties. Firms within zone have preferential tax treatment, lenient immigration
laws.

Section 5 Establishment of ECOZONES - (a-kk) designated areas of provinces/cities

(mm) any private IE which applies voluntarily, developed through Private, LGU, or National
Government initiative

- Borders delineated, proclaimed by President with PEZA, Sanggu, HLURB, RLUC, NLUC
Section 6 Criteria for Establishment - Can through LGU/PPP thru BOT law without National
Government help, secured against smuggling

Section 7 – ECOZONES to be decentralized community – self-reliant, self-sustaining, administer

itself (Sec. 15 ECOZONE Executive Committee – PEZA appointed admin)
Section 8 ECOZONE operated/managed as separate customs territory – by PEZA

Section 11 PEZA Board - attached to DTI (chair). Director General (Usec) appointed by President
Section 12 Functions and Powers of PEZA Board

Section 23 Fiscal Incentives – PD 66, Book IV EO 226 (Omnibus Investment Code), Export
Development act of 1994

Section 24 Exemption from National/Local Taxes – No taxes (except for RPT) for businesses | 5%
of gross income of firms within goes to: 3% to National Government, 2% to LGU

Section 25 Applicable Taxes – all taxes for persons, service firms under Internal Revenue Code, LGC

Section 30 Leases of Lands/Buildings – to foreign investors for 50 years, renewable for 25 Section
40 Percentage of Foreign Nationals in supervisory roles not > 5% of workforce

(EnP Pack/Laws/Environmental Protection/Economic)

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RA 9184 “Government Procurement Reform Act”

Section 3 Governing Principles on Government Reform

(a) Transparency (c) Streamlined Procurement (e) Public Monitoring

(b) Competitiveness (d) System of Accountability

Section 5 Definition of Terms

(e). Competitive Bidding – Advertisement, Pre-Bid Conference, Eligibility Screening of

Prospective Bidders, Receipt and Opening of Bids, Evaluation of Bid, Post Qualification, Award of
Contract

(g) Goods – Equipment; Trucking, Hauling (non-personal); Materials, Supplies, Furniture;

Janitorial, Security (contractual services)

Head of Procuring Entity (HOPE)

National Government Agency: Head/authorized official
GOCC: Governing Board/ authorized official
LGU: Local Chief Executive

Section 7 Procurement Planning and Budget Linkage

- All procurement within Approved Budget; no procurement without Annual Procurement Plan

Section 10 Competitive Bidding – for all procurement

Section 11 BAC Composition

rd
5-7 Members chaired by at least 3 ranking permanent official (other than head)
Fixed 1 year term, renewable by HOPE (legal/admin rep, finance rep (both 5th ranking))

Section 12 Functions - (See Sec. 5), recommend Alternative Methods

Section 13 Observers – 1 COA rep, 1 private sector rep, and 1 NGO rep duly SEC registered

Section 24 Shortlisting for Consulting Services – for bidders

Section 25 Submission and Receipts of Bids

technical/financial envelopes submitted simultaneously

Section 26 Modification and Withdrawal of Bids – modify before deadline, if withdrawn no

longer allowed to submit for same contract

Section 27 Bid Security – guarantee that bidder will enter into contract after Notice of Award
Section 30 Preliminary Examination of Bids – “Pass/fail” criteria. Financial component only
opened after technical passes

Section 32 Bid for Procurement of Goods and Infra Projects – preliminary exam passers will be
ranked financially, lowest referred to as “Lowest Calculated Bid”

Section 33 Bid Evaluation of Shortlisted bidders for Consulting Services

Numerical ranks for criteria such as experience, performance, etc. = “Highest Rated Bid”

HRB negotiation/clarification on financial proposal, terms of reference, etc.

If negotiation fails, next ranking bidder. Ceiling is amount in financial envelope/ABC

(EnP Pack/Laws/Government Procurement)

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Page 52

Section 34 Post-Qualification

verification/validation if requirements/conditions met in Bidding docs

If passed, Lowest Calculated Bid = “Lowest Calculated Responsive Bid”;

Highest Rated Bid = “Highest Rated Responsive Bid”

If failed, becomes “post-disqualified”. Then next LCB/HBR becomes LCRB/HRRB

Section 35 Failure of Bidding – if:

(a) No bids received (c) when bidder with Lowest/Highest Rated refuses to accept

None qualifies for Lowest/Highest Responsive Bid

nd
Rebidding same process. If 2 Failed bidding, may resort to Negotiated Procurement (sec. 53)

Section 36 Single Calculated/Rated and Responsive Bid Submission – considered if

Only one bidder submits Letter of Intent, applies for eligibility check, passes, then bids
More than one bidder but only one passes eligibility

If more pass eligibility, but only one bids

Section 37 Notice and Execution of Award

15 days after Lowest/Highest Responsive bid, issue Notice of Award

10 days after Notice of Award, bidder enters contract – 20 days for approval (30 for GOCCs)
7 days after approval of contract, Notice to Proceed

Section 38 Procurement Process shall not exceed 3 months

Section 39 Performance Security – before signing of contract

Section 40 Disqualified if unable to enter contract or post Performance Security. Post-

qualification for next ranked bidder

Section 46 Lease Contracts – for equipment, subject to same bidding process Section 48
Alternative Methods – by approval of HOPE /rep, if justified

Limited Source Bidding/Selective Bidding – direct invitation to pre-selected suppliers/consultants

Direct Contracting/Single Source Procurement – supplier asked to submit price quotation or pro-
forma invoice with conditions of sale – may be accepted or negotiated with

Repeat Order – direct procurement of goods from previous winning bidder of competitive
bidding
Shopping – request for submission of price quotations for off-the-shelf goods or ordinary/regular
equipment from suppliers of known qualification

Negotiated Procurement – extraordinary circumstances (sec. 53) or Failed Bidding – negotiates

contract with supplier, contractor or consultant

Section 49 Limited Source/Selective Bidding – only if:

Highly specialized goods/consulting obtainable from limited sources

Major plant components to maintain uniform quality

Section 50 Direct Contracting – only if:

Proprietary goods/source – copyright, patent, trade secrets

Critical components from specific supplier

Exclusive dealer/manufacturer

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Section 51 Repeat Order – if in Annual Procurement Plan

(a) Same/lower price; (b) no splitting of requisitions/purchase orders;

Valid only 6 months after Notice to Proceed from last order

Not >25% quantity of original contract

Section 52 Shopping
Unforeseen contingency <Php50,000

Ordinary office supplies/equipment not available from Procurement Service, <Php250,000, not
Split contracts, 3 price quotations/suppliers

Section 53 Negotiated Procurement – (a) After 2 Failed Biddings (sec. 35)

(b). necessary immediate action (emergencies, calamities)

Take-over of contracts if for necessary immediate action (emergencies, calamities)

Contract contiguous/adjacent to on-going infra project resulting from competitive bidding.

Covers consultancy contracts

Purchases of Goods from other Government Agencies (like DBM Procurement Service)

Section 55 Protests on BAC Decisions – letter, protest fee (1% of ABC)

Section 63 Government Procurement Policy Board (GPPB)

Section 64 Membership
DBM Sec (Chair); NEDA Director-General (Alt Chair)

Private Sector Rep (Presidential Appointment)

DPWH, DOF, DTI, DOH, DND, DepEd, DILG, DOST, DOTC, DOE Secretaries/reps

(EnP Pack/Laws/Environmental Protection/Economic/BOT Law)

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