Crime Classification

and Offender
Classification
Systems.

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr. Anju Berwal Himanshu Sharma

Criminology B.Com Llb (10th Sem)
Roll No.- 141/14
Section- C

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 Chapter 1
Introduction

I. Definition of Criminology

Criminology is the scientific study of crime, including its causes, responses by law
enforcement, and methods of prevention. It is a sub-group of sociology, which is the
scientific study of social behavior. There are many fields of study that are used in the
field of criminology, including biology, statistics, psychology, psychiatry, economics,
and anthropology.
Just as criminology is a sub-group of sociology, criminology itself has several sub-
groups, including:
 Penology: the study of prisons and prison systems
 Biocriminology: the study of the biological basis of criminal behavior
 Feminist criminology: the study of women and crime
Criminalistics: the study of crime detection1

Certain moral sentiments develop in the history of human society, how they developed
is not our present concern certain of these moral sentiments become of such interest to
the whole group that conduct out ranging then a made a crime. There is a relation
between crime and immorality. In early societies these crimes arrows out of the
feeling that conduct that offended the diety threatened the general security. Crime is a
changing concept, dependent upon the social development of a people that is upon the
fundamental interests and values dominating their common beliefs.

“an offence against an individual or the state which is punishable by law.2

A crime is defined as any act that is contrary to legal code or laws. There are many
different types of crimes, from crimes against persons to victimless crimes and violent
crimes to white collar crimes. The study of crime and deviance is a large subfield
within sociology, with much attention paid to who commits which types of crimes and
why.

II. Types of Crimes

We can broadly classify crimes into the following:

Crimes against persons also called personal crimes, include murder, aggravated
assault, rape, and robbery. Personal crimes are unevenly distributed in the United

1
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-criminology-definition-history-theories.html
2
oxford

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States, with young, urban, poor, and racial minorities both more often affected by
these crimes and arrested for them than white, middle- and upper-class people are.

Crimes against property involve theft of property without bodily harm, such as
burglary, larceny, auto theft, and arson. Like personal crimes, young, urban, poor, and
racial minorities are arrested for these crimes more than others.

Hate crimes are crimes against persons or property that are committed while invoking
prejudices of race, gender or gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or
ethnicity. The rate of hate crimes in the India remains fairly constant from year to
year, but there have been a few events like the riots in Gujarat or the Babri masjid
incident which take shape of religious crimes.

Crimes against morality are also called victimless crimes because there is
no complainant or victim. Prostitution, illegal gambling, and illegal drug use are all
examples of victimless crimes.

White-collar crimes are crimes committed by people of high social status who
commit their crimes in the context of their occupation. This includes embezzling
(stealing money from one’s employer), insider trading, tax evasion, and other
violations of income tax laws.

White-collar crimes generally generate less concern in the public mind than other
types of crime, however, in terms of total wealth lost, white-collar crimes are even
more consequential for society. For example, the Great Recession can be understood
as in part the result of a variety of white-collar crimes committed within the home
mortgage industry. Nonetheless, these crimes are generally the least investigated and
least prosecuted because they are protected by a combination of privileges of race,
class, and gender.

Organized crime is committed by structured groups typically involving the

distribution and sale of illegal goods and services. Many people think of the Mafia
when they think of organized crime, but the term can refer to any group that exercises
control over large illegal enterprises (such as the drug trade, illegal gambling,
prostitution, weapons smuggling, or money laundering).

A key sociological concept in the study or organized crime is that these industries are
organized along the same lines as legitimate businesses and take on a corporate form.
There are typically senior partners who control profits, employees who manage and
work for the business, and clients who buy the goods and services that the
organization provides.

Sociological Viewpoint

Arrest data show a clear pattern of arrests in terms of race, gender, and class. For
instance, as mentioned above, young, urban, poor, and racial minorities are arrested
and convicted more than others for personal and property crimes. To sociologists, the

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question posed by this data is whether this reflects actual differences in committing
crimes among different groups, or whether this reflects differential treatment by the
criminal justice system3.

Studies show that the answer is “both.” Certain groups are in fact more likely to
commit crimes than others because crime often looked to as a survival strategy, is
linked to patterns of inequality in the United States. However, the process of
prosecution in the criminal justice system is also significantly related to patterns of
race, class, and gender inequality. We see this in the official arrest statistics, in
treatment by the police, in sentencing patterns, and in studies of imprisonment

3
Agence France, US Murder rate higher than nearly all other countries: FBI Data.

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 Chapter 2
Classification of Crimes in India

The Indian criminal law provides for following types of offences:

Depending on the nature and gravity of an offence's if they can be classified under any
of the following heads:
I. Bailable and non-bailable offence
II. Cognizable and non-cognizable offence.
III. Compoundable and non compundable offence

I. Bailable Offence and Non-bailable Offence

A bailable offence is one, in which, bail is a matter of right, and non bailable offence
is one, in which granting of bail is discretion of the court.

In case of bailable offence, the grant of bail is a matter of right. It may be either given
by a police officer who is having the custody of Accused or by the court.
The accused may be released on bail, on executing a bond, known as "bail bond", with
or without furnishing sureties.

The "bail bond" may contain certain terms and conditions, such as:
i. The accused will not leave the territorial jurisdiction of the state without
permission of court or police officer.
ii. The Accused shall give his presence before police officer every time, he
is required to do so.
iii. The Accused will not tamper with any evidence whatsoever, considered
by police in the investigation.

The court is empowered to refuse bail to an accused person even if the offence is
bailable, where the person granted bail fails to comply with the conditions of the bail
bond.

Examples
a) Being a member of an unlawful Assembly
b) Rioting, armed with deadly weapon
c) Public servant disobeying a direction of the law with intent to cause injury to
any person.
d) Wearing Garb or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intents.
e) Bribery in relation to elections.
f) False statement in connection with elections.
g) Refusing oath when duly required to take oath by a public servant.
h) Obstructing public Servant in discharge of his public functions.

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 i) Giving or fabricating false evidence in a judicial proceeding.
j) Selling any food or drink as food and drink, knowing the same to be noxious.
k) Causing a disturbance to an assembly engaged in religious worship.

A non-bailable offence is one in which the grant of Bail is not a matter of right. Here
the accused will have to apply to the court, and it will be the discretion of the court to
grant bail or not.
Again, the court may require the accused to execute a "Bail-Bond with some stringent
conditions.
The court may generally refuse the Bail, if:
i. "Bail Bond" has not been duly executed , or
ii. if the offence committed is one, which imposes punishment of death or
Life imprisonment, such as "Murder " or "Rape" or
iii. The accused has attempted to abscond, and his credentials are doubtful.

The application for bail shall be filed before the Magistrate, who is conducting the
trial. The application after being filed is usually listed on the next day. On such day,
the application will be heard, and the police shall also present the accused in court.
The magistrate may pass such orders, as he thinks fit.
If the bail is granted, the accused will have to execute a "Bail Bond". On execution of
bail-bond the accused is out of prison only on such terms and conditions, as contained
in the "Bail-Bond".
The amount of every bond, i.e. the security shall be reasonable, and no excessive.4
If, at any point of time, the terms and conditions of bail are not fulfilled, the "Bond"
shall be forfeited.
The application for Bail shall be made in the form, prescribed and the designation of
judge / Magistrate, should be clearly mentioned.
The application shall also contain an undertaking, that the accused, shall fulfill all the
conditions as contained in the Bail- Bond.

Procedure if bail is granted:

i. When the bail has been granted the accused shall, execute a "Bail-Bond", and
furnish sureties, and security for amount as required.
ii. When the bond has been duly executed, the accused shall be released, and if he
is in prison, then an order of Release shall be issued to the officer in charge.
iii. If the accused is charged for two separate offences, then, he shall have to
execute and satisfy Bail Bond for both of them.

A bail may be revoked, or is forfeited:

i. Where, the accused fails to fulfill or commits, breach of any terms and
conditions of the bond.

4
Indian Penal Code sec440

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 ii. Where the accused, fails to furnish the required number of sureties or fails to
deposit the security amount
iii. Where, the sureties accepted at the time of bail, or turn out afterwards to be
insufficient, fraud or has been accepted under mistake.
iv. Where any of he sureties to the bail bond, applies to the magistrate for his own
discharge
v. Where one of the original surety dies or becomes insolvent, and if accused fails
to bring another surety.

In all these cases, the magistrate or court has power to remand the accused to prison,
until fresh bond and fresh terms are executed.

II. Cognizable and Non-Cognizable Offences

Cognizable offence is an offence, where a police offer can arrest without a warrant.
In such cases, after arrest has been made, the accused will be produced before a
magistrate, and he may require the police officer to investigate the matter.
After investigation, if the case is made out, i.e. charge sheet filed goes against
accused, the magistrate can order for arrest5.
During the pendency of trial, bail application can be moved before the concerned
magistrate.
Cognizable offences are both bailable, and non-bailable.

Examples
a) Offences of waging or attempting to wage war, or abetting the waging of war
against the government of India.
b) Wearing the dress or carrying any token used by a soldier, sailor or airman with
intent that it may be believed that he is such a soldier, sailor or airman.
c) Rioting armed with deadly weapon.
d) Hiring, engaging or employing person to take part in an unlawful assembly or
taking part in self.
e) Being or expecting to be a public servant, and taking, and taking a gratification
other than legal remuneration in respect of an official act.
f) Public servant obtaining any valuable thinks, without consideration, from a
person concerned in any proceeding or business transacted by such public
servant.
g) Counterfeiting, or performing any pat of the process of counterfeiting Indian
coin.
h) Having possession of a counterfeit government stamp.
i) Making or selling false weights or measures for fraudulent use.

5
https://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/70v2a7.htm

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 j) Negligently doing any act known to be likely to spread infection of any disease
dangerous to life.
k) Causing a disturbance to an assembly engaged in religious worships.

Non-cognizable offence is an offence, where a police officer can arrest only with a
warrant.

In such offences for arrest, all the steps have to be followed like
i. Filing of complaint/F.I.R.
ii. Investigation
iii. Charge sheet,
iv. Charge sheet to be filed in court
v. Trial
vi. Final order of arrest if case has been made out.

Examples
a) Owner or occupier of land not giving information of riot etc.
b) A public servant disobeying a direction of the law with intent to cause injury to
any person.
c) A public servant unlawfully engaging in trade.
d) Bribery during elections.
e) Making any false statement in connection with an election.
f) Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceeding from a public
servant, like where summons or notice require attendance in person etc, in a
court of justice.
g) Refusing to take oath when duly required taking oath by a pubic servant.
h) Obstructing public servant in discharge of his public functions.
i) Giving or fabricating false evidence in a judicial proceeding.
j) False claim in a court of justice.
k) Fraudulent use of false instrument for weighting.
l) Selling any food or drink as food and drink knowing the same to be noxious.
m) Offering for sale or issuing from a dispensary any drug or medical preparation
known to have been adulterated.
n) Voluntarily causing hurt on grave and sudden provocation, not intending to
hurt any other than the person, who gave the provocation.
o) Buying or disposing of any person as a slave.
p) Dishonest misappropriation of movable property, or converting it to one's own
use.

III. Compoundable offences and Non-compoundable

offences

Compoundable offences are those offences where, the complainant (one who has
filed the case, i.e. the victim), enter into a compromise, and agrees to have the charges

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dropped against the accused. However such a compromise, should be a "Bonafide,"
and not for any consideration to which the complainant is not entitled to.

Application for compounding the offence shall be made before the same court before
which the trial is proceeding. Once an offence has been compounded it shall have the
same effect, as if, the accused has been acquitted of the charges.
The code of criminal procedure lays down, i.e. bifurcated, the offences, which are
compoundble, and which are non-compoundable.

Examples
a) Uttering words etc, with deliberate intent to wound the religious feelings of any
person causing hurt.
b) Criminal or house trespass
c) Criminal breach of contract of service.
d) Printing or engraving matters, knowing it to be defamatory.
e) There are some offences, which although are compoundable, but, they can be
compounded only with the permission of the court.
f) These offences should be compounded before trial begins.
g) Also where accused has already been convicted, and an appeal is pending,
permission of the court is required for compounding of such offences.
h) The reason for seeking permission of the court, is that these offences are
grievous in nature, and are bad example in society

Examples (Where Permission of Court is Required)

a) Voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means.
b) Causing grievous hurt by doing on act so rashly and negligently as to endanger
human life or the personal safety of others.
c) Wrongfully confining a person for three days or more.
d) Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage per modesty.
e) Dishonest misappropriation of property.
f) Criminal breach of trust by a cannier--- wharfinger-- etc, where the value of the
property does not exceed two hundred and fifty rupees.
g) Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property or the making,
alteration or destruction of a valuable security.
h) Fraudulent execution of deed of transfer containing false statement of
consideration.
i) Mischief by killing or maiming cattle etc of any value of fifty rupees or
upwards.
j) Counterfeiting a trade or property mark used by another.
k) Uttering words or sounds or making gestures or exhibiting any object intending
to insult the modesty of a woman or intruding upon the privacy of a woman.

Non-compoundable offences are those offences which cannot be compounded. They

can only be quashed. The reason for this is, because the nature of offence is so grave
and criminal, that the Accused cannot be allowed to go scot-free. Here, in these types
of cases generally, it is the "state", i.e. police, who has filed the case. Hence, the

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question of complainant entering into compromise does not arise.6

6
All those offences, which are not mentioned in the list under section (320) of CrPC, are non-
compoundable offences.

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 Chapter 3
Report on Indian Crimes

Crime exists in India in various forms such as murder, extortion, drug trafficking,
money laundering, fraud, human trafficking, poaching and prostitution etc. These
crimes have different statistical trends and it changes with change in time. Herein is
provided a complete picture of crime and crime control in India over past 40 years. By
using the data of National Crime Records Bureau.

I. Data and Methods

The data on crime, arrests, and prosecutions, upon which we rely, come in large part
from the Analytical Report on Crime, published by National Crime Records Bureau.
The Analytical Report on Crime is the most comprehensive compilation of statistical
data on crime, police activity, and the Crime Rates in India. Although official crime
statistics are not entirely accurate, they are the most reliable sources available and do
provide an indication of crime trends.
According to the Criminal Code, offenses are classified into seven sub-categories:
violent crimes, property crimes, forgeries, and crimes by government officials, crimes
against public morals, crimes of negligence, and others. Of these, violent and property
crimes consist of approximately four-fifths of all Criminal Code Offenses. The violent
crime category is composed of criminal homicide, robbery, arson, rape, assault,
aggravated assault, intimidation, kidnapping, and illegal confinement. Property
crimes consist of larceny theft, stolen property, fraud, embezzlement, breach of trust,
and destruction of property. Official Criminal data of National Crime Records Bureau
are used to determine the statistics of crime in India7.

II. Trends in Crimes

This section presents an overall picture of crime trends in India. Indian society has
experienced rapid industrialization and urbanization as well as a notable increase in
population over the past 40 years. As a consequence, both the total number of crimes
and the crime rate have increased.

 Crime over Time

A report published by the National Crime Records Bureau compared the crime rates
of 1953 and 2006.

The report noted that Burglary declined over a period of 53 years by 79.84% (from
147,379, a rate of 39.3/100,000 in 1953 to 91,666, a rate of 7.9/100,000 in 2006).

7
National Crime Record Bureau, Crime in India 2006 Statistics

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Murder has increased by 7.39% (from 9,803, a rate of 2.61 in 1953 to 32,481, a rate of
2.81/100,000 in 2006).
Kidnapping has increased by 47.80% (from 5,261, a rate of 1.40/100,000 in 1953 to
23,991, a rate of 2.07/100,000 in 2006).
Robbery has declined by 28.85% (from 8,407, rate of 2.24/100,000 in 1953 to 18,456,
rate of 18,456 in 2006).
Riots have declined by 10.58% (from 20,529, a rate of 5.47/100,000 in 1953 to
56,641, a rate of 4.90/100,000 in 2006).

In 2006, 5,102,460 cognizable crimes were committed including 1,878,293 Indian

Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 3,224,167 Special & Local Laws (SLL) crimes, with an
increase of 1.5% over 2005 (50,26,337). IPC crime rate in 2006 was 167.7 compared
to 165.3 in 2005 showing an increase of 1.5% in 2006 over 2005. SLL crime rate in
2006 was 287.9 compared to 290.5 in 2005 showing a decline of 0.9% in 2006 over
2005.

Table 18 represents the crime with classified crime heads in india, and then concludes
with the total number of cognizable and other offences.

Table 1:

Crime Head 2014

1 - Murder (Section 302 IPC) 33981

2 - Attempt to commit Murder (Section 307 IPC) 41791
3 - Culpable Homicide not amounting to Murder (Section 304
IPC) 3332
4 - Attempt to commit Culpable Homicide (Section 308 IPC) 4358
5 - Rape (Section 376 IPC) 36735
5.1 - Custodial Rape 198
5.1.1 - Gang Rape 7
5.1.2 - Other Rape 191
5.2 - Rape other than Custodial 36537
5.2.1 - Gang Rape 2346
5.2.2 - Other Rape 34191
6 - Attempt to commit Rape (Section 376/511 IPC) 4234
7 - Kidnapping & Abduction_Total (Section 3,364,364A, 366-
369 IPC) 77237
7.1 - Kidnapping & Abduction (Section 363 IPC) 25013
7.2 - Kidnaping & Abduction in order to Murder (Section 364
IPC) 1512
7.3 - Kidnapping for Ransom (Section 364A IPC) 676
7.4 - Kidnapping & Abduction of Women to compel her for
marriage (Section 366 IPC) 30874

8
National Crime Record Bureau, Crime in India 2014 Statistics

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7.5 - Other Kidnapping 19162
8 - Dacoity (Section 395,396-398 IPC) 4395
8.1 - Dacoity with Murder (Section 396 IPC) 82
8.2 - Other Dacoity 4313
9 - Making Preparation and Assembly for committing Dacoity
(Section 399 & 402 IPC) 2834
10 - Robbery (Section 392 to 394, 397 and 398 IPC) 38071
11 - Criminal Trespass/Burglary_Total (Section 453 to 460
IPC) 114646
11.1 - Criminal Trespass/Burglary (Section 455, 457 & 458
IPC) 84645
11.2 - House Trespass & House Breaking (Section
453,454,456,459 & 460 IPC) 30001
12 - Theft (Section 379 to 382 IPC) 440915
12.1 - Auto Theft 185626
12.2 - Other Thefts 255289
13 - Unlawful Assembly (Section 143,144 & 145) 9870
14 - Riots (Section 147, 148, 149, 150 & 151 IPC) 66042
14.1 – Communal 1227
14.2 – Industrial 170
14.3 – Political 1853
14.4 - Caste Conflict 1512
14.4.1 - SC/STs Vs. Non-SCs/STs 355
14.4.2 - Other Caste Riots 1157
14.5 – Agrarian 628
14.6 – Students 261
14.7 – Sectarian 31
14.8 - Other Riots 60360
15 - Criminal Breach of Trust (Section 406 to 409 IPC) 19982
16 - Cheating (Section 420 IPC) 109354
17 - Forgery (Section 465, 468 & 471 IPC) 11245
18 - Counterfeiting (Section 231-235,237-240, 242-243, 255
and 489-A to 489-E IPC) 1979
18.1 - Offences related to Counterfeit Coin (Section 231-
235,237, 238-240 & 242-243 IPC) 310
18.2 - Counterfeiting Government Stamp (Section 255 IPC) 2
18.3 - Counterfeit currency & Bank notes (Section 489-A to
489-E IPC) 1667
18.3.1 - Counterfeiting currency notes or Bank notes (Section
489A IPC) 707
18.3.2 - Using forged or counterfeit currency/Bank notes
(Section 489B IPC) 686
18.3.3 - Possession of forged or counterfeiting currency / Bank
notes (Section 489C IPC) 230
18.3.4 - Make/Possess materials for forging or counterfeiting
currency/Bank notes (Section 489D IPC) 18

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18.3.5 - Make/Use documents resembling currency notes/Bank
notes (Section 489 E IPC) 26
19 - Arson (Section 435-436 & 438 IPC) 9289
20 - Grievous Hurt (Section 325,326,326A & 326 B IPC) 105201
20.1 - Grievous Hurt (Section 325 & 326 IPC) 104946
20.2 - Acid attack (Section 326A IPC) 203
20.3 - Attempt to Acid Attack (Section 326B IPC) 52
21 - Dowry Deaths (Section 304-B IPC) 8455
22 - Assault on women with intent to outrage her Modesty
(Section 354 IPC) 82235
22.1 - Sexual Harassment (Section 354A IPC) 21938
22.2 - Assault on women with intent to Disrobe (Section 354B
IPC) 6412
22.3 - Voyeurism (Section 354C IPC) 674
22.4 - Stalking (Section 354D IPC) 4699
22.5 – Others 48512
23 - Insult to the Modesty of Women (Section 509 IPC) 9735
23.1 - At Office premises 57
23.2 - Places related to work other than Office 469
23.3 - In Public Transport system 121
23.4 - in Other Places 9088
24 - Cruelty by Husband or his Relatives (Section 498-A IPC) 122877
25 - Importation of Girls from Foreign Country (Section 366-B
IPC) 13
26 - Causing Death by Negligence (Section 304-A IPC) 128771
26.1 - Deaths due to negligent driving/act 122334
26.2 - Deaths due to Other Causes 6437
27 - Offences against State (Section 121, 121A, 122, 123, 124-
A IPC) 176
27.1 - Sedition (Section 124A IPC) 47
27.2 - Other offences against State 129
28 - Offences promoting enmity between different groups
(Section 153A & 153B IPC) 336
28.1 - Promoting enmity on ground of religion race and place
of Birth (Section 153A IPC) 323
28.2 - Imputation & assertions prejudicial to national
integration (Section 153B IPC) 13
29 - Extortion (Section 384 - 389 IPC) 8192
30 - Disclosure of Identity of Victims (Section 228 A IPC) 4
31 - Incidence of Rash Driving (Section 279 IPC Read with
337 & 338) 409899
32 - Human Trafficking (Section 370 & 370A IPC) 720
33 - Unnatural Offences U/s 377 IPC 1148
34 - Other IPC crimes 943511
35 - Total Cognizable IPC crimes 2851563

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  Crime by Location
Location has a significant impact on crime in India, under Indian Penal Code the
national crime rate of of India is 167.7 ppt9.
Kerala reported the highest crime rate at 312.5 ppt among states.
Kolkata (71.0ppt) and Madurai (206.2ppt) were the only two mega cities which
reported less crime rate than their domain states West Bengal (79.0ppt) and Tamil
Nadu (227.6ppt).
Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore have accounted for 16.2ppt, 9.5ppt and 8.1ppt crime
rate (769.1ppt) among the mega cities in India followed by Bhopal (719.5ppt)
and Jaipur (597.1ppt).

Jammu and Kashmir (33.7ppt), Manipur (33.0ppt), Assam (30.4ppt) and Daman and
Diu and Puducherry(29.4ppt) reported higher violent crime rate compared to
18.4ppt at national level.

Uttar Pradesh reported the highest incidence of violent crimes accounting for 12.1%
of total violent crimes in India (24,851 out of 2, 05,656) followed by Bihar with
11.8% (24,271 out of 2,05,6556).

Among 35 mega cities, Delhi reported 31.2% (533 out of 1,706) of total rape
cases. Madhya Pradesh has reported the highest number of rape cases (2,900)
accounting for 15.0% of total such cases reported in the country. Uttar Pradesh
reported 10% (5,480 out of 32,481) of total murder cases in the country and 18.4%
(4,997 out of 27,230) total attempts to murder cases.

Figure 110, depicting the trend of murder, rape and kidnapping in India from 1953 to
2007.

9
Parts per thousand
10
https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/crime-crime-rates/

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 Total Cog.
Offences Murder per Kidnapping per Robbery per Burglary
Year
under IPC, 1,00,000 1,00,000 1,00,000 per 1,00,000
per 1,00,000

1953 160.5 2.61 1.40 2.24 39.3

2006 162.3 2.81 2.07 1.60 7.92

%
CHANGE
IN 2006 1.1 7.39 47.80 -28.85 -79.84
OVER1953

Table 2 depicts the percentage of change from 1953 to 2006

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 Chapter 4
Correlation of Crime with Various Agencies

I. Literacy and Crime Rates

Literacy is to train individual for social life. It is safing character and formation of
good habits. Literacy is one of the important indicators of social development.
Literacy is human right a tool, empowerment and means for social and human
development. Literacy always plays an important role to develop any society. Social
morality and human values are depend upon literacy.

In 1991, 64.87 per cent of literacy and in 2001 it increased 76.62 per cent. This
present study reveals the correlation between literacy and number of crimes per 1 lakh
population. Figure 2 shows that correlation between literacy and number of crimes per
one lakh population for calculating co efficient between these two variables in 1991
used the Pearson’s correlation method and used the district wise literacy data and
number of crimes per lakh population. The value comes to r = 0.549 and its coefficient
of determination r2 comes to 0.212. It shows that the positive correlation. In urban
areas literacy rate in high as well as crime rate also high. Simple regression method is
used for determining the existence of a linear or strength line relation.

Figure 2 Literacy and crime in 1991.

Figure 411 shows correlation between literacy and number of crimes per one lakh
population for calculating co efficient between these two variables in 2001.

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http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/

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Figure 3 shows the correlations of crime and literacy rates in 2001

II. Urbanisation and Crime Rates

The process of urbanization is very rapid without its awareness. There is growing
concentration in large cities and naturally there are problems of size and diminutions
of the urban area. The significant features of urbanization are also under affectation.
Society is composite of family, caste, religion, economy, education and political ups
and downs. Therefore the modern cities are confronted with problems of
overcrowding and crime.
In the urban areas, pick-pocketing, rape, cheating, roils, hurting, murders, white-collar
crimes are accumulating. Slums are the evil are as of cities because crimes are always
bred and hatched in them. Crime and sex problems are the standing challenges as a
menace to civilization.
Unhappy marriages, increasing divorces juvenile delinquency and allied evils are
caused from the disintegration of urbanity. Prostitution has always been a product of
urban culture where people thick that ‘white slaves’ are voluntary prostitutes and
corrupts. Sex freedom is the fashion of the day. Further, sex freedom and abortion go
hand-in-hand. Now socially the shame of abortion is gone and the number of virgin or
unwed mother is growing very fast. In cities, in our race for pleasures we fall prey to
the temptations of acquisition and luxury and suffer from lack of human values and
objectives of life.

A study has been done regarding crime rates and population density in Maharashtra, to
study the co-relation between population and percentage of crime Pearsons co-relation
method has been used. Calculating the co-relation between the population and crimes
r value comes r = 0.83 it indicate significant positive co-relation and coefficient r2
=0.65. It reveals that highest population indicates highest crime rate e.f. in Mumbai ,

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Thane, Nagpur, Pune, Nasik, Aurangabad population density is high in proportion to
this crimes rate are also high as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 correlations between rate of crime and density of population in Maharshtra.

III. Poverty and Unemployment

Poverty and unemployment are two major evils of society causing serious situations in
personal, family and community disorganization. However there are not new in the
community. They are there since the down of civilization. One method or the other
was devised to help those suffering from poverty, dependence and unemployed. So
long as such needs of the society were possible to be controlled by easier means. But
since the technological advancement, industrial revolution and new concepts of
democracy, the problem unemployment has assumed new dimension.

Poverty and richness are relative terms, because poverty in a society is determined by
the mode of living and customs. That is, poverty is relative to the scale of living in a
given group or country. One way of measuring poverty or richness in a country is the
level of easily availability of goods and services necessary for consumption in a
particular year. If there are handles or in capabilities due to incapacity of the
individuals, adverse physical environments hindering economic factors defects in
social organization then they are attributed to poverty

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