▪

𝒑(𝒔) 𝒃𝒎 𝒔𝒎 + 𝒃𝒎−𝟏 𝒔𝒎−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒃𝟏 𝒔 + 𝒃𝟎

𝑻 𝒔 = =
𝒒(𝒔) 𝒂𝒏 𝒔𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒔𝒏−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟏 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟎
▪
𝒒 𝒔 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒔𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒔𝒏−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟏 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎

▪
𝒒 𝒔 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒔 − 𝒑𝟏 𝒔 − 𝒑𝟐 ⋯ 𝒔 − 𝒑𝒏 = 𝟎
𝒏

⇒ 𝒒 𝒔 = 𝒂𝒏 ෑ(𝒔 − 𝒑𝒊 ) = 𝟎
𝒊=𝟏
▪
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏

𝒒 𝒔 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒔𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏 ෍ 𝒑𝒊 𝒔𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏 ෍ 𝒑𝒊 𝒑𝒋 𝒔𝒏−𝟐 − ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏 −𝟏 𝒏 ෑ 𝒑𝒊 = 𝟎
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏,𝒋=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏

▪
▪
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒂𝟎 𝒏
= − ෍ 𝒑𝒊 ; = ෍ 𝒑𝒊 𝒑𝒋 ; ⋯; = −𝟏 ෑ 𝒑𝒊
𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏,𝒋=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏

▪
▪
▪
𝒔𝟑 + 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔 + 𝟖 = 𝟎

▪ 𝒔 = −𝟐, 𝟎. 𝟓 ± 𝒋𝟏. 𝟗𝟑𝟔

▪

▪
▪
𝒒 𝒔 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒔𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒔𝒏−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟏 𝒔 + 𝒂𝟎
▪
𝒔𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒂𝒏−𝟒 ⋯
𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟑 𝒂𝒏−𝟓 ⋯
▪
𝒔𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒂𝒏−𝟒 ⋯

𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟑 𝒂𝒏−𝟓 ⋯

𝒔𝒏−𝟐 𝒃𝒏−𝟏 𝒃𝒏−𝟐 𝒃𝒏−𝟑 ⋯

𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 − 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟑 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟒 − 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟓

𝒃𝒏−𝟏 = , 𝒃𝒏−𝟐 = ,⋯
𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏
▪
𝒔𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒂𝒏−𝟒 ⋯

𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟑 𝒂𝒏−𝟓 ⋯

𝒔𝒏−𝟐 𝒃𝒏−𝟏 𝒃𝒏−𝟐 𝒃𝒏−𝟑 ⋯

𝒔𝒏−𝟑 𝒄𝒏−𝟏 𝒄𝒏−𝟐 𝒄𝒏−𝟑 ⋯

𝒃𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟑 − 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒃𝒏−𝟐 𝒃𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟓 − 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒃𝒏−𝟑

𝒄𝒏−𝟏 = , 𝒄𝒏−𝟐 = ,⋯
𝒃𝒏−𝟏 𝒃𝒏−𝟏
▪ 𝒔𝟎

𝒔𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒂𝒏−𝟒 ⋯

𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟑 𝒂𝒏−𝟓 ⋯

𝒔𝒏−𝟐 𝒃𝒏−𝟏 𝒃𝒏−𝟐 𝒃𝒏−𝟑 ⋯

𝒔𝒏−𝟑 𝒄𝒏−𝟏 𝒄𝒏−𝟐 𝒄𝒏−𝟑 ⋯

⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮

𝒔𝒐 𝒉𝒏−𝟏
▪

𝒔𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒂𝒏−𝟒 ⋯

𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒂𝒏−𝟑 𝒂𝒏−𝟓 ⋯

𝒔𝒏−𝟐 𝒃𝒏−𝟏 𝒃𝒏−𝟐 𝒃𝒏−𝟑 ⋯

𝒔𝒏−𝟑 𝒄𝒏−𝟏 𝒄𝒏−𝟐 𝒄𝒏−𝟑 ⋯

⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮

𝒔𝒐 𝒉𝒏−𝟏
▪
𝒒 𝒔 = 𝒔𝟑 + 𝟒𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗𝒔 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎

▪ 𝒔 = −𝟐, −𝟏 ± 𝒋𝟐

▪
𝒔𝟑 𝟏 𝟗
𝒔𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝟔
𝒔𝟏
𝟒
𝒔𝟎 𝟏𝟎
▪
▪
𝒒 𝒔 = 𝒔𝟑 + 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟑𝒔 − 𝟓 = 𝟎

▪ 𝒔 = 𝟏, −𝟏 ± 𝒋𝟐

▪
𝒔𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
𝒔𝟐 𝟏 −𝟓
𝒔𝟏 𝟖
𝒔𝟎 −𝟓

▪
▪
𝒔𝟓 + 𝒔𝟒 + 𝟐𝒔𝟑 + 𝟐𝒔𝟐 + 𝟑𝒔 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎
▪

𝒔𝟓 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝒔𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟓
𝒔𝟑 𝟎 −𝟏𝟐
𝒔𝟐

▪
𝝐
▪ 𝝐
▪
𝒔𝟓 + 𝒔𝟒 + 𝟐𝒔𝟑 + 𝟐𝒔𝟐 + 𝟑𝒔 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎

▪
𝒔𝟓 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝒔𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟓
𝒔𝟑 𝟎 −𝟏𝟐
𝒔𝟐

▪
▪ 𝝐
▪
𝒔𝟓 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝒔𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟓
𝒔𝟑 𝝐 −𝟏𝟐
𝟐𝝐+𝟏𝟐
𝒔𝟐 𝟏𝟓
𝝐
𝟏𝟓𝝐𝟐 +𝟐𝟒𝝐+𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝒔𝟏 −
𝟐𝝐+𝟏𝟐
𝒔𝟎 𝟏𝟓

▪ 𝝐→𝟎

▪
▪
▪
𝒔𝟑 + 𝟓𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟎
▪
𝒔𝟑 𝟏 𝟔
𝒔𝟐 𝟓 𝟑𝟎
𝒔𝟏 𝟎 𝟎

▪
▪
▪
𝒔𝟑 + 𝟓𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟎

▪
𝒔𝟑 𝟏 𝟔
𝒔𝟐 𝟓 𝟑𝟎
𝒔𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
▪ 𝒔𝟏

▪
𝑨 𝒔 = 𝟓𝒔𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒅𝑨(𝒔)
∴ = 𝟏𝟎𝒔 + 𝟎
𝒅𝒔
▪

𝒔𝟑 𝟏 𝟔
𝒔𝟐 𝟓 𝟑𝟎
𝒔𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟎
𝒔𝟎 𝟑𝟎

▪
▪ 𝒔

▪
𝒋𝝎 𝒋𝝎 𝒋𝝎

𝟎 𝝈 𝟎 𝝈 𝟎 𝝈
▪
𝒔𝟓 + 𝟐𝒔𝟒 + 𝟐𝒔𝟑 + 𝟒𝒔𝟐 + 𝒔 + 𝟐 = 𝟎

▪
𝒔𝟓 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝒔𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝒔𝟑 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

▪ 𝒔𝟑

▪
𝑨 𝒔 = 𝒔𝟒 + 𝟐𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒅𝑨(𝒔)
∴ = 𝟒𝒔𝟑 + 𝟒𝒔 + 𝟎
𝒅𝒔
▪ 𝑨 𝒔 =𝟎
▪
𝒔𝟓 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝒔𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝒔𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒔𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
▪ 𝒔𝟏

▪
𝑨′ 𝒔 = 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒅𝑨′(𝒔)
∴ = 𝟐𝒔𝟏 + 𝟎
𝒅𝒔
▪ 𝑨′ 𝒔 = 𝟎
▪
𝒔𝟓 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝒔𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝒔𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒔𝟏 𝟐
𝒔𝟎 𝟏

▪
+ 𝒋, −𝒋, +𝒋, −𝒋
▪

“...
[The condition for stability of the governor] is
mathematically equivalent to the condition that all the
possible roots, and all the possible parts of the
impossible roots, of a certain equation shall be negative.
I have not been able completely to determine these
conditions for equations of a higher degree than the
third; but I hope that the subject will obtain the
attention of mathematicians.
...”

Photos Courtesy : Wikipedia.

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