CH4.

Connective tissues
▶ Tissues : Epithelial tissues, Connective tissues, Neural tissue, Muscle tissue

▶ The connective tissues provide the supportive and connecting framework ( or

stroma) for all other tissues of the body.

▶ Connective tissues is formed by cells, fibers and extracellular matrix (ECM).

ECM represents a combination of collagen, noncollagenous glycoproteins and
Proteoglycanb surrounding cells.

▶ The resident cell of the connective tissues is fibroblast. Immigrant cells to

connective tissues include macrophage, mast cells and plasma cells.

▶ have roles in immune and inflammatory responses, and tissue repair after injury
▶Connective tissue cells are widely separated by components of ECM

▶ directly supplied by blood, lymphatic vessel, and nerves.

▶ classified into three types, based on proportion of three of its components

(cells, fiber and ECM)

1. Embryonic connective tissues ( or mesenchyme)

2. Adult connective tissues

3. Special connective tissues

1. Embryonic connective tissue (mucoid connective tissue, or Wharton’s jelly)

▶ loose tissue formed during early embryonic development

▶ found in umbilical cord (탯줄), consist of stellate-shaped mesenchymal cells

producing a hydrophilic ECM with a jelly-like consistency
2. Adult connective tissue

▶ have structural diversity on the basis of variable cell-to-fibers ratio

1) Loose (or areolar, 작은구멍의) connective tisue: more cell than collagen fiber
; found in blood vessel, nerve, and muscle

2) Dense connective tissue; more collagen fiber than cells

i) dense regular connective tissue: collagen is preferentially oriented

as in tendon (힘줄, 건; muscle-bone), ligament (인대, bone-bone), cornea (각막)

ii) dense irregular connective tissue: randomly oriented

(dermis (진피) of skin, submucosa of alimentary tube (소화관))
▶ Adult connective tissues includes reticular and elastic connective tissues
that predominate in specific organ

1) Reticular connective tissue

; contain reticular fiber, which form stroma of organ of lymphoid-immune system

(lymph node, spleen), hematopoietic bone marrow, liver.

; provide meshwork to allow passage of cell and fluid

2) Elastic connective tissue

; contain irregularly arranged elastic fiber, in ligament of vertebral column (척추), or

concentrically arranged sheet or laminae in the wall of aorta (동맥벽)

; provide elasticity.
3. Special connective tissue

; connective tissues with special properties not observed in the embryonic or adult
connective tissue

1) Adipose tissue; more cells (adipocyte) than collagen fiber and ECM

2) Hematopoietic tissue (조혈조직); bone marrow

3) Cartilage and 4) bone: dense connective tissues with specialized cell and ECM

- cartilage has non-calcified ECM

- bone has calcified ECM

umbilical cord
the wall of aorta
Blood vessel stroma of organ
of lymphoid-immune system

Tendon, ligament, cornea Dermis, submucosa

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PART 01 , consecutive part 2 (4 min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3OydHheqKA (5 min)
Component of connective tissues

1. Cells: fibroblast (the resident cell),

immigrant cells (macrophage, mast cell, plasma cell)

2. Fibers: collagen, elastic and reticular fibers

3. ECM components

1. Fibroblast

▶ the permanent cell component of connective tissue

▶ produces collagen, elastic fibers and ECM

; production of components of basement membrane
(basal lamina; type IV collagen, reticular lamina; type III collagen)

▶ Spindle-shape
Collagen: synthesis, secretion, and assembly

- two catagories

1) Fibrillar collagen (forming fibril with banded pattern): type I, II, III, V

2) Non-fibrillar collagen: type IV collagen

- collagen form aggregates (fibril, fiber, bundle) either alone or with ECM

; collagen fibrils and fibers are visualized by electron microscopy

collagen bundle can be identified by light microscopy
Synthesis of collagen
Molecular defects of collagen

(형성저하증)

(형성이상)
Pathology: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (엘러스 단로스증후군)

▶ characterized by hyperelasticity of skin and hypermobility of joint

due to defect of synthesis, processing, and assembly of collagen
(주로 피부와 관절의 결합조직에 이상이 발생하는 선천성 질병으로 지나치게 피부가 늘어나는 증상이 대
표적임)

▶ Classified by the degree of severity and mutation of collagen genes

선천성 유전성 증후군,

피하에 지방성결절생성, 모세혈관의 취약
Elastic fibers

▶ synthesized by fibroblast (in skin and tendon), chondroblast, smooth muscle cells

▶ Proelastin (precursor elastin) is cleaved and secreted as tropoelastin

 interact with fibrillins 1 and 2 and fibulin 1 to organize elastic fibers  aggregate to form
bundle of elastic fibers

▶ three components of elastic fiber: Tropoelastin, Fibulin 1, Fibrillins 1 and 2

Pathology: Marfan syndrome (마판증후군) due to defect of fibrillin-1

▶ autosomal dominant disorder in which elastic tissue is weakened

; Patients are tall, with long arms, legs, fingers and toe

▶ Defects are observed in ocular (myopia 근시, detached lens), skeletal (long
and thin arm and leg), cardiovascular system

비정상적 사지길이, 렌즈, 심혈관계 기형을 특징으로 하는 결합조직의 선천적 질환

(프랑스의 의사 장 마르팡(Jean Marfan)이 처음 보고)
Autosomal dominant (상염색체 우성; 한 염색체에서만 있어도 표현되는 유전자)
Autosomal recessive (상염색체 열성; 두 염색체 모두 이상이 있어야 표현되는 유전자)
autosome (autosomal chromosome; 상염색체); 성 염색체이외의 염색체
2. Macrophage
▶ Phagocytic property, derived from monocyte, cell formed in bone marrow,

▶ Monocyte circulate in blood and migrate into connective tissue, where they
differentiated into macrophage in certain organ

; called Kupffer cell in liver, osteoclast in bone, microglial cell in central nervous system.

▶ Structural properties of macrophage in connective tissue

1) abundant lysosome required for breakdown of phagocytic materials

2) many phagocytic vesicles (phagosome) for transient storage of ingested materials

3) irregular nucleus

▶ Three major function of macrophage of connective tissues

1) To turn over senescent fiber and ECM material

2) To present Ag to lymphocyte as part of inflammatory and immune response

3) To produce cytokine
3. Mast cells (Mastzellen; German, mast, fattening)

▶ originated in bone marrow

▶ release abundant protease stored in granules as well as lipid-derived mediator after

stimulation by chemokine and cytokine

▶ source of vasoactive mediator (permeability) contained in cytoplasmic granule

These granules contain histamine, heparin, chemotactic mediators
to attract monocyte, neutrophil and eosinophil circulating in blood to the sites of mast
cell activation

▶ Two population of mast cells

1) mucosal mast cells; predominantly in the lamina propria (점막고유층) of the mucosa of in
intestine, lung

2) connective tissue mast cells (CTMC): migrate and locate around blood vessel and nerve
ending of connective tissues
General pathology: Mast cells and allergic hypersensitivity reactions

▶ Secretion of vasoactive mediators regulates vascular permeability and bronchial smooth muscle
tone during allergic hypersensitivity reactions
(in asthma, hay fever (건초열, 꽃가루(pollen) 알레르기), eczema(습진))

▶ Surface of mast cell contain Ig E receptor (FceRI)

; Activation of mast cell by binding of Ag (allergen) to the receptor  release Ca2+ from
intracellular storage site as well as content of cytoplasmic granules

▶ Release of histamine during asthma,  causes dyspnea (difficulty with breathing) by

contraction of smooth muscle surrounding bronchiole (세기관지)

▶ During hay fever, histamine increases vascular permeability leading to edema (부종, excessive
accumulation of fluid in intercellular space)
4. Plasma cells (Memory cell)

▶ derive from differentiation of B cells and produces Ig