Final Thesis 2017

[EFFECTS OF FAMILY PLANNING] 2017
I. Introduction
Voluntary family planning has been widely adopted throughout the world.
More than half of all couple in the developing countries now use a modern method of
contraception for healthy timing, spacing, and limiting of births to achieve their desired
family size. Few other public health measures have demonstrated so great a life-saving,
health, and economic impact for such a low cost. Family planning has saved the lives
of millions of mothers and their children and has improved the well-being of families
and communities.
The success of family planning has not been consistent across countries
or even within countries. In some countries, the level of contraceptive use has remained
low or risen slowly over the years. Even in countries where modern-method use is
relatively widespread, there are population without access to family planning services.
In the developing world, an estimated 222 million women would like to space or limit
their pregnancies but are not using a contraceptive method. South Asia has the highest
number of women who want to avoid pregnancy and are not using a family planning
method. A couple’s decision to begin, prevent, or interrupt a pregnancy may be
influenced by many factor including maternal disorder, risks involved in the pregnancy,
and socioeconomic factors. One or both members of a couple can use contraception to
prevent temporarily or sterilization to prevent pregnancy permanently.
Family Planning can significantly reduce the risk of maternal, newborn,
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2017 [EFFECTS OF FAMILY PLANNING]
infant, and child illness and death by preventing a high-risk pregnancy in women with
certain health conditions or characteristics, or by preventing an unplanned pregnancy.
Women typically welcome pregnancy and childbirth, especially when planned. However,
many pregnancies are unintended or mistimed, and the risk of illness and death
associated with these events can be very high. Access to family planning information
and services prevents unnecessary maternal death or illness due to an unintended
pregnancy. There are more than 287,000 maternal deaths a year. For every maternal
death, at least 30 other women suffer serious illness or debilitating injuries, such as
severe anemia, damage to the reproductive organs or reproductive organs or nervous
system, chronic pain, infertility, and the inability to control the leakage of urine.
If women had only the number of pregnancies that they wanted, maternal mortality
would drop by about one-third. In spite of this, about 222 million women in the
developing world who want to avoid a pregnancy are not using a modern contraceptive
method.
What is Family Planning?
Family planning allows women to make informed choices regarding when and if
they decide to have children. Ultimately, its your choice to figure out which method, if
any, you’d like to use to control reproduction. Knowing both the advantages and
disadvantages of family planning methods may help you come to a decision regarding
which option is right for you.
The term “Family planning” generally refers to methods undertaken that allow
women to control when they get pregnant. Frequently, Family planning refer to
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hormonal birth control, such as the pill, injectable birth control, birth control patches and
implants. Condoms, contraceptive sponges, diaphragms and spermicide are also
frequently, used a family planning methods. Finally, natural family planning also called
the rhythmmethods, require no pills, hormones or devices. Instead, women monitor
their menstrual cycle and refrain from sex during time is most likely to occur.
Family planning, simply put, is the practice of controlling the number of children
in a family and the intervals between their births, particularly by means of artificial
contraception or voluntary sterilization. Because “family” is included in the concept’s
name, consideration of a couple’s desire to bear children, in the context of a family unit,
is often considered primarily. Contemporary nations of family planning, however, tend to
place a woman and her childbearing decision at the center of the discussion, as nations
of women’s improvement and reproductive autonomy have gained traction in many
parts of the world. Family planning may involve consideration of the number of children
a woman wishes to have, including the choice to have no children, as well as the age at
which she wishes to have them. These matters are obviously influenced by external
factors such as marital situation, career considerations, financial position, any
disabilities that may affect their ability to have children and raise them, besides many
other consideration. If sexually active, family planning may involve the use of
contraception and other techniques to control the timing of reproduction. Other
techniques commonly used include sexually education, prevention and management of
sexually transmitted infection, pre-conception counseling and management, and
infertility management.
Family planning is sometimes used as a synonyms or euphemism for access to
and the use of contraception. However, it often involve methods and practices in
addition to contraception. Additionally, there are many who might with to use
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contraception but are not, necessarily, planning a family (e.g., unmarried adolescent,
young married couples delaying childbearing while building a career); family planning
has become a catch-all phrase for much of the work undertaken in this realm. It is most
usually applied to a female-male couple who wish to limit the number of children they
have and/or to control the timing of pregnancy (also known as spacing children). Family
planning may encompass sterilization, as well as abortion. Family planning services are
define as “educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable
individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their
children and to select the means by which this may be achieved”.
Why use Family Planning?
You have right to choose how many children to have and when
How can Family Planning help you?
 Healthier mothers and children
 Fewer children mean more time and money for each one
 Delaying pregnancy lets young people stay in school
BENEFITS
 Mothers and babies are healthier when risky pregnancies are avoided.
 Smaller families mean more money and food for each child.
 Parents have more time to work and to be with family.
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 Delaying first or second pregnancy lets young people stay in school
THINGS TO CONIDER
 Many young people need contraceptives to delay pregnancy. Ideally, young
women and men should wait until 18 years or have finished studies, and are
ready before having children.
 After having a child, it is healthier to wait at least 2 years to try to become
 pregnant again.
 Having more than 4 children makes childbirth riskier.
----------------Family Planning can save your life----------------
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ADVANTAGES OF FAMILY PLANNING
Family planning allows women to determine when they want to get pregnant and
provides some health benefits. Women -- and couples who make joint decisions -- can
use birth control to avoid pregnancy until they're ready to conceive and can plan
intervals between pregnancies. The major disadvantages to family planning include the
side effects associated with some types of birth control. Also, other than abstinence,
there's no 100 percent guarantee that pregnancy won't occur. Advantage: Reduced
Risk of Pregnancy For women and couples who don't want to have a baby, family
planning reduces the risk of pregnancy. For example, when used correctly, birth control
pills are over 99 percent effective and condoms are 98 percent effective at avoiding
pregnancy, according to Planned Parenthood. Family planning decreases the number of
pregnancies for teens and for people who can't afford to care for a baby, according to
the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources. Sponsored link
Advantage: Birth Control Health Benefits for Women and Men Some forms of family
planning that involve birth control provide health benefits to women. For example, birth
control pills, vaginal hormonal rings and hormone patches make menstrual cycles more
regular and decrease menstrual cramps. They also decrease the likelihood that a
woman will get ovarian and uterine cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts
and anemia, according to The Center for Young Women's Health. Also, the use of male
and female condoms lowers the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases.
Advantage: Intervals Between Pregnancies Family planning makes it easier for couples
to create desired intervals between pregnancies. For example, a couple might want to
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wait to have their second child until their first child starts kindergarten or until they can
afford to relocate to a bigger house. It also ensures that a woman's body has sufficient
time to recover before another pregnancy.
Family Planning Improves the Economic Well-Being of Families and Communities
(October 2010) Family planning is widely recognized as one of the most cost-effective
health interventions.1 Decades of research have demonstrated that modest investments
in family planning can save lives and dramatically improve maternal and child health.
There is a growing push in the development community to reprioritize family planning
because of the cross-cutting role it plays in achieving broader development goals,
including the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and poverty reduction.2 Although
it seems intuitive that helping women avoid unwanted pregnancies would improve their
economic well-being, the data to adequately assess this relationship have been limited.
Research results from Bangladesh are demonstrating that, in addition to contributing to
better health, family planning is an essential component of sustainable development
and poverty alleviation. Recent research on the integrated Family Planning and
Maternal Child Health (FPMCH) program in Matlab, Bangladesh, indicates that families
in communities where the program was implemented became healthier and wealthier
over time than families who lived in similar communities but received only the routine
Ministry of Health services.3 Families who received FPMCH services through the
program experienced health benefits in addition to larger incomes, greater accumulation
of wealth, and higher levels of education. Healthier Families After 20 years of FPMCH
program implementation, study results revealed that women in the program area were
more likely to use family planning and have fewer children than similar women in the
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comparison area. Women in the program area also had a better nutritional status with a
higher average weight and body mass index. They were more likely to have had
antenatal care and optimal spacing between births, and a lower risk of dying from
pregnancy-related complications. Their daughters weighed more and their children were
more likely to be immunized for diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT); polio; and
measles. Child mortality (deaths before age 5) decreased by at least 20 percent in the
program area compared with the nonprogram area. These exciting health improvements
and reductions in fertility support previous research demonstrating the positive impact of
family planning on maternal and child health and mortality reduction. Wealthier Families
The FPMCH program is unique because of the data available to measure improvements
in community and household well-being. Over time, families in the program area were
more likely than the comparison group to have higher incomes, increased home value,
greater savings and assets, higher educational achievement, and improved access to
water. Families attained a higher quality of life when they had the opportunity to prevent
pregnancies and plan and space births as desired. Women in the program area earned
more money and lived in households with greater assets than women in the comparison
group. Although income typically rises with educational level, women in the program
group earned considerably more than those in the comparison group—an average of an
additional 450 taka for each year of schooling representing an extra six months of
typical salary. The total value of assets among families and households in the program
area exceeded those in the comparison group by as much as 43 percent, depending on
how assets were defined. Women with access to FPMCH services through the
program—especially women with higher levels of education—were more likely to: Own
more farm land. Have greater investments in ponds for aquaculture and orchards for
perennial crops. Have other forms of savings and assets that may be more profitable
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than farmland because they require less manual labor. Better-Educated Children
Education helps to alleviate poverty by increasing literacy and preparing students for
jobs with better salaries. Education was not part of the FPMCH program, but greater
family income in the program area may have helped these families benefit more from
educational opportunities. Although the educational benefits varied somewhat for boys
and girls, according to age and whether a girl's mother had attended school, children in
the program area were generally more likely to be enrolled in school and to have
achieved a higher level of education than those in the comparison group. Improved
Access to Water Households in the program area invested more in accessible well-
water over time than those in the comparison groups. Since water was more convenient
to collect, women and children in those households did not have to travel to rivers or
other distant sources to fetch water and carry it back. Instead, these families could
spend their time focusing on earning higher incomes, obtaining and preparing food, and
improving family health. Improved water source in the program area may have also
contributed to fewer child deaths from water-borne diseases. Lessons From Bangladesh
The evidence from Bangladesh demonstrates how an integrated FPMCH program
contributes to the achievement of the MDGs and improved economic security for
women, families, and communities. When a range of family planning services are easy
to obtain, women often choose to have fewer children and invest more in their families
through the accumulation of greater wealth. Family planning enables women to be
healthier and have more equal opportunities to pursue an education, a career, and
financial security. With fewer children to support, families can accumulate greater
assets and invest more in their children's health and well-being. The relationship
between smaller families and greater wealth highlights the benefit of sustained
investments in family planning and maternal and child health programs as an important
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poverty reduction strategy.
A. Fertility Awareness
(Also called natural family planning or rhythm method) is a way to predict
fertile and infertile times in your cycle. FAM is based on body signs, which
change during each menstrual cycle is respone to the hormones that cause
ovulation (the release of an egg.)
What are the different methods?
There are variety of fertility awareness methods that use one or more fertility signs.
Calendar (Rhythm) Methodpredict when ovulation will happen based on when
ovulation occurred in past cycles.
Ovulation (Mucus) Methodinvolves watching the changes in cervical mucus. Normal
Vaginal discharge changes at the time of ovulation. When you’re most fertile, there is
More mucus, and it feels wet and slippery (like raw egg white). After ovulation, there is l
Less mucus and it’s sticky, blocking sperm from entering the uterus. Women can check
ktheir mucus daily to tell when they’re most fertile.
What are the facts about Fertility Awareness Method (FAM) based on?
 An egg is usually released once in each menstrual cycle.
 The egg lives 12 to 24 hours.
 Sperm can live up to five to six days in the uterus, and be able to
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fertilize an egg during this time.
 This means that a woman is fertile for as long as six days before
ovulation and two or three days after ovulation, a total of seven to
eight days of fertility in her cycle each month.
When does a woman normally ovulate (release an egg)?
 Ovulation normally occurs once in a menstrual cycle (between
periods).
 The egg is normally released 14 days before your period starts. If a
woman has regular monthly periods (the number of days between the
start of each period is exactly the same) then ovulation will occur at
the same time during each cycle.
How effective is using FAM in preventing pregnancy?
 If 100 couples use FAM for one year, an average of 25 women will
become pregnant during that time.
 If FAM is used perfectly, only 1 to 9 will become pregnant in the first
year of use.
 The effectiveness depend on many factors including the regularity
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Of the woman’s menstrual cycle and the ability to use the methods
Accurately and consistently.
What Are Fertility Awarenes-Based Methods?
Fertility awareness-based methods (FAMs) are ways to track ovulation –
the release of an egg – in order to prevent pregnancy . Some people call
FAMs “Natural family planning”.
How Do Fertility Awarenes-Based Methods Work?
FAMs work by keeping sperm out of the vagina in the days near ovulation,
when a woman is most fertile – most likely to become pregnant
To prevent pregnancy , woman can obstain from vagina intercourse on their
fertiles days. Or they can use withdrawal, a condom, a sponge, a
diaphragm, or a cap on those days. Or they may enjoy other kinds of
sexual activity instead of vaginal intercourse on their fertile days.
Emergency Contraception
If you have unprotected sex on a day that you may be fertile, emergency
contraception is a good option. Emergency contraception can prevent
pregnancy if started up to five days after protected intercourse. The sooner
you start it, the better it will work.
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Advantages in using FAM for pregnancy prevention.
 Inexpensive, no health risk and convenient (no devices or hormones
to use)
 Acceptable to couples who have religious concerns.
 Can develop greater communication, cooperation and responsibility
for partners.
 Can be useful for determining optimum fertility time to achieve a
pregnancy.
 Can help a woman track and improve PMS symptoms.
Disadvantages in using FAM
 High failure rate, difficulty in accurately predicting ovulation or fertile
time.
 Requires commitment from both partners. Cannot be spontaneous
with intercourse.
 Provides no protection against STIs.
 Only as effective as the contraceptive used during fertile times
(e.g., abstinence, condoms)
Other considerations
 Many thing can affect a woman’s ovulation pattern, resulting in
unintended pregnancies.
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 A woman must abstain or use another birth control method for
several days longer actual fertile time.
 All fertility awareness method depend both careful, daily observation
and charting of body signs, and on the cooperation of both partners
in respecting fertile times.
 The method works best to prevent pregnancy if a couple has a stable
relationship, good communication, and strong motivation to use it
correctly.
 Some couples chose FAM because it’s safe, less expensive than
other methods, and require no drugs or devices. It can be easily
discontinued any time pregnancy is wanted.
UNDERSTANDING YOUR FERTILITY PATTERN
In orderto know when you are most likely to get pregnant, you have to
become familiar with your menstrual cycle.
Before pregnancy can begin, a woman’s egg mut join with a man’s
sperm.This is called fertilization. For healthy woman, there are days when
fertilization can happen. There are days when it can’t.And there are some
days when it’s unlikely – but still possible. To begin a pregnancy, a woman
can have vaginal intercourse – without protection – during the days when it’s
possible for the eggs and sperm to join. We call those days your fertile days.
A woman’s fertile days depend on the life span of the egg and the sperm.
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Her egg lives for about a day after ovulation. Sperm can live inside her body
for about six days.
A woman has a chance of her egg joining a sperm about seven days of
every menstrual cycle.
 This includes the five days before ovulation.
 It includes the day of ovulation.
 It also includes
 the day or two after ovulation-even though it’s likely to happen then
then.
Knowing when your fertile days wii happen can help you avoid a pregnancy.
It can also help you plan one. The key is to figure out when you will ovulate.
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B. Safe Motherhood
Every minute of every day, somewhere in the world and most
often in a developing country, a women dies from complication related to
pregnancy or childbirth.Every pregnant woman hopes for a healthy baby and an
uncomplicated pregnancy. However, every day, about 1,500 women and
adolescent girls die from problems related to pregnancy and childbirth. Every
year, some 10 million women and adolescent girls experience complications
during pregnancy, many of which leave them/or their children with infections and
severe disabilities. Each year, about 3 million babies are stillborn, and 3.7 million
babies (latest data available, 2004) die very soon after birth of the mother,
including diseases that were not adequately treated before or during pregnancy,
is often a factor contributing to newborn deaths or to babies born too early and/or
with low birth weight, which can cause future complications.
The risks of childbearing for the mother and her baby can be greatly reduced if:
1. A woman I healthy and well nourished before becoming pregnant;
2. She has regular maternity care by a trained health worker at least four time
during every pregnancy;
3. The birth is assisted by a skilled birth attendant, such as doctor, nurse or

midwife;
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4. She and her baby have access to specialized care if there are complication; and
5. She and her baby are checked regularly during the 24 hours after childbirth, in
the first week, and again six weeks after giving birth, Pregnant woman and their
partners who are HIV-positive or think they may be infected should consult a
trained health worker for counseling on reducing the risk of infecting the baby
during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, and caring for themselves and
their baby.
For every woman dies, 30 to 50 who suffer injury, infection, or
disease. Pregnancy-related complications are among the leading cause of death
and disability for women age 15-49 in developing countries.
Governments have a responsibility to ensure that every woman has
access to quality maternity care, including prenatal and postal-natal services; a
skilled birth attendant to assist at childbirth; special care and referral services in
the event serious problems arise; and maternity protection in the workplace.
Mot government have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Form of
Discrimination against Women. Some countries have ratified the international
agreements on maternity protection, and most have enacted legislation on
maternity protection. These international agreements in defense of women’s
rights include a legally binding commitment to provide pregnant women and
mothers with health services and protection in the workplace.
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Many women, including adolescents, have difficulty accessing quality health
care due to poverty, distance, lack of information, inadequate services or cultural
practices. Governments and local authorities, with support from non-
governmental and community-based organizations, have a responsibility to
address these issues to ensure that women receive the quality health care they
need and that they and their newborn have a right to receive.
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II. Indication of Family Planning
RH-Bill
MANILA, Philippines — President Benigno Aquino III signed the Reproductive
Health Bill last December 21, which is now known as Republic Act 10354, House
majority leader Neptali Gonzales II said on Friday.
Gonzales told reporters through text message that Aquino had signed the measure into
a law without fanfare a day after both chambers of the 15th Congress ratified the
bill’s bicameral report.
Seen as one of the most controversial measures handled by legislators, the RH Bill
had languished for 13 years in Congress before it was passed by both the Senate and
the House of Representatives this month. It was also deemed one of the most divisive
of measures deliberated this year.
RA 10354 will provide its beneficiaries, as determined by the National
Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR) of the Department of
Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), with “universal access to medically safe,
non-abortifacient, effective, legal, affordable and quality reproductive health care
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services, methods, devices, supplies which do not prevent the implantation of a
fertilized ovum.”
Both the national and local government will shoulder responsibility in implementing
the said law which will also provide “age- and development-appropriate reproductive
health education” to public school students aged between 10 and 19.
Albay Representative EdcelLagman, the main proponent of the RH Bill at the House
of Representatives, has earlier pegged 7.5 million public school students as
beneficiaries of RH education once it is rolled out by the Department of Education.
He was also hopeful that private schools would follow suit and adapt the DepEd’s
curriculum on RH education.
The law will only provide minors with access to artificial birth control methods in
health centers and state-run hospitals if they have written parental consent, or have
already given birth or have had miscarriages.
Information and access to family planning methods which have are “proven medically
safe, legal, non-abortifacient, and effective in accordance with scientific and evidence-
based medical research standards such as those registered and approved by the FDA
(Food and Drug Administration)” will be provided by the State under the said law.
RA 10354 also gives the health department the responsibility as the lead agency for
implementing the law and will handle procurement and distribution of family planning
supplies for the beneficiaries.
The DOH will also have a hand in campaigns meant to raise public awareness on
reproductive health.
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S. No. 2865
H. No. 4244
Republic of the Philippines

Congress of the Philippines
Metro Manila
Fifteenth Congress
Third Regular Session
Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty-third day of July, two
thousand twelve.
[ REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10354 ]
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A NATIONAL POLICY ON RESPONSIBLE

PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in

Congress assembled:
SECTION 1. Title. – This Act shall be known as “The Responsible Parenthood

and Reproductive Health Act of 2012″.
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. – The State recognizes and guarantees the human
rights of all persons including their right to equality and nondiscrimination of
these rights, the right to sustainable human development, the right to health
which includes reproductive health, the right to education and information, and
the right to choose and make decisions for themselves in accordance with their
religious convictions, ethics, cultural beliefs, and the demands of responsible

parenthood.
Pursuant to the declaration of State policies under Section 12, Article II of the
1987 Philippine Constitution, it is the duty of the State to protect and strengthen
the family as a basic autonomous social institution and equally protect the life of
the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The State shall protect
and promote the right to health of women especially mothers in particular and of
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the people in general and instill health consciousness among them. The family is
the natural and fundamental unit of society. The State shall likewise protect and
advance the right of families in particular and the people in general to a balanced
and healthful environment in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. The
State also recognizes and guarantees the promotion and equal protection of the
welfare and rights of children, the youth, and the unborn.
Moreover, the State recognizes and guarantees the promotion of gender
equality, gender equity, women empowerment and dignity as a health and
human rights concern and as a social responsibility. The advancement and
protection of women’s human rights shall be central to the efforts of the State to
address reproductive health care.
The State recognizes marriage as an inviolable social institution and the
foundation of the family which in turn is the foundation of the nation. Pursuant
thereto, the State shall defend:
(a) The right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious
(b) convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood;
(c) The right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and
(d) special protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and
other conditions prejudicial to their development;
(c) The right of the family to a family living wage and income; and
(d) The right of families or family associations to participate in the planning and
implementation of policies and programs
The State likewise guarantees universal access to medically-safe, non-
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abortifacient, effective, legal, affordable, and quality reproductive health care
services, methods, devices, supplies which do not prevent the implantation of a
fertilized ovum as determined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and
relevant information and education thereon according to the priority needs of
women, children and other underprivileged sectors, giving preferential access to
those identified through the National Household Targeting System for Poverty
Reduction (NHTS-PR) and other government measures of identifying
marginalization, who shall be voluntary beneficiaries of reproductive health care,
services and supplies for free.
The State shall eradicate discriminatory practices, laws and policies that infringe
on a person’s exercise of reproductive health rights.
The State shall also promote openness to life; Provided, That parents bring forth
to the world only those children whom they can raise in a truly humane way.
SEC. 3. Guiding Principles for Implementation. – This Act declares the following
as guiding principles:
(a) The right to make free and informed decisions, which is central to the
exercise of any right, shall not be subjected to any form of coercion and must be
fully guaranteed by the State, like the right itself;
(b) Respect for protection and fulfillment of reproductive health and rights which
seek to promote the rights and welfare of every person particularly couples, adult
individuals, women and adolescents;
(c) Since human resource is among the principal assets of the country, effective
and quality reproductive health care services must be given primacy to ensure
maternal and child health, the health of the unborn, safe delivery and birth of
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healthy children, and sound replacement rate, in line with the State’s duty to
promote the right to health, responsible parenthood, social justice and full human
development;
(d) The provision of ethical and medically safe, legal, accessible, affordable, non-
abortifacient, effective and quality reproductive health care services and supplies
is essential in the promotion of people’s right to health, especially those of
women, the poor, and the marginalized, and shall be incorporated as a
component of basic health care;
(e) The State shall promote and provide information and access, without bias, to
all methods of family planning, including effective natural and modern methods
which have been proven medically safe, legal, non-abortifacient, and effective in
accordance with scientific and evidence-based medical research standards such
as those registered and approved by the FDA for the poor and marginalized as
identified through the NHTS-PR and other government measures of identifying
marginalization: Provided, That the State shall also provide funding support to
promote modern natural methods of family planning, especially the Billings
Ovulation Method, consistent with the needs of acceptors and their religious
convictions;
(f) The State shall promote programs that: (1) enable individuals and couples to
have the number of children they desire with due consideration to the health,
particularly of women, and the resources available and affordable to them and in
accordance with existing laws, public morals and their religious convictions:
Provided, That no one shall be deprived, for economic reasons, of the rights to
have children; (2) achieve equitable allocation and utilization of resources; (3)
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ensure effective partnership among national government, local government units
(LGUs) and the private sector in the design, implementation, coordination,
integration, monitoring and evaluation of people-centered programs to enhance
the quality of life and environmental protection; (4) conduct studies to analyze
demographic trends including demographic dividends from sound population
policies towards sustainable human development in keeping with the principles of
gender equality, protection of mothers and children, born and unborn and the
promotion and protection of women’s reproductive rights and health; and (5)
conduct scientific studies to determine the safety and efficacy of alternative
medicines and methods for reproductive health care development;
(g) The provision of reproductive health care, information and supplies giving
priority to poor beneficiaries as identified through the NHTS-PR and other
government measures of identifying marginalization must be the primary
responsibility of the national government consistent with its obligation to respect,
protect and promote the right to health and the right to life;
(h) The State shall respect individuals’ preferences and choice of family planning
methods that are in accordance with their religious convictions and cultural
beliefs, taking into consideration the State’s obligations under various human
rights instruments;
(i) Active participation by nongovernment organizations (NGOs), women’s and
people’s organizations, civil society, faith-based organizations, the religious
sector and communities is crucial to ensure that reproductive health and
population and development policies, plans, and programs will address the
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priority needs of women, the poor, and the marginalized;
(j) While this Act recognizes that abortion is illegal and punishable by law, the
government shall ensure that all women needing care for post-abortive
complications and all other complications arising from pregnancy, labor and
delivery and related issues shall be treated and counseled in a humane,
nonjudgmental and compassionate manner in accordance with law and medical
ethics;
(k) Each family shall have the right to determine its ideal family size: Provided,
however, That the State shall equip each parent with the necessary information
on all aspects of family life, including reproductive health and responsible
parenthood, in order to make that determination;
(l) There shall be no demographic or population targets and the mitigation,
promotion and/or stabilization of the population growth rate is incidental to the
advancement of reproductive health;
(m) Gender equality and women empowerment are central elements of
reproductive health and population and development;
(n) The resources of the country must be made to serve the entire population,
especially the poor, and allocations thereof must be adequate and effective:
Provided, That the life of the unborn is protected;
(o) Development is a multi-faceted process that calls for the harmonization and
integration of policies, plans, programs and projects that seek to uplift the quality
of life of the people, more particularly the poor, the needy and the marginalized;
and
26
(p) That a comprehensive reproductive health program addresses the needs of
people throughout their life cycle.
SEC. 4. Definition of Terms. – For the purpose of this Act, the following terms
shall be defined as follows:
(a) Abortifacient refers to any drug or device that induces abortion or the
destruction of a fetus inside the mother’s womb or the prevention of the fertilized
ovum to reach and be implanted in the mother’s womb upon determination of the
FDA.
(b) Adolescent refers to young people between the ages of ten (10) to nineteen
(19) years who are in transition from childhood to adulthood.
(c) Basic Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (BEMONC) refers to lifesaving
services for emergency maternal and newborn conditions/complications being
provided by a health facility or professional to include the following services:
administration of parenteral oxytocic drugs, administration of dose of parenteral
anticonvulsants, administration of parenteral antibiotics, administration of
maternal steroids for preterm labor, performance of assisted vaginal deliveries,
removal of retained placental products, and manual removal of retained placenta.
It also includes neonatal interventions which include at the minimum: newborn
resuscitation, provision of warmth, and referral, blood transfusion where possible.
(d) Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (CEMONC) refers
to lifesaving services for emergency maternal and newborn
conditions/complications as in Basic Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care
plus the provision of surgical delivery (caesarian section) and blood bank
services, and other highly specialized obstetric interventions. It also includes
27
emergency neonatal care which includes at the minimum: newborn resuscitation,
treatment of neonatal sepsis infection, oxygen support, and antenatal
administration of (maternal) steroids for threatened premature delivery.
(e) Family planning refers to a program which enables couples and individuals to
decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children and to
have the information and means to do so, and to have access to a full range of
safe, affordable, effective, non-abortifacient modem natural and artificial methods
of planning pregnancy.
(f) Fetal and infant death review refers to a qualitative and in-depth study of the
causes of fetal and infant death with the primary purpose of preventing future
deaths through changes or additions to programs, plans and policies.
(g) Gender equality refers to the principle of equality between women and men
and equal rights to enjoy conditions in realizing their full human potentials to
contribute to, and benefit from, the results of development, with the State
recognizing that all human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. It
entails equality in opportunities, in the allocation of resources or benefits, or in
access to services in furtherance of the rights to health and sustainable human
development among others, without discrimination.
(h) Gender equity refers to the policies, instruments, programs and actions that
address the disadvantaged position of women in society by providing preferential
treatment and affirmative action. It entails fairness and justice in the distribution
of benefits and responsibilities between women and men, and often requires
women-specific projects and programs to end existing inequalities. This concept
28
recognizes that while reproductive health involves women and men, it is more
critical for women’s health.
(i) Male responsibility refers to the involvement, commitment, accountability and
responsibility of males in all areas of sexual health and reproductive health, as
well as the care of reproductive health concerns specific to men.
(j) Maternal death review refers to a qualitative and in-depth study of the causes
of maternal death with the primary purpose of preventing future deaths through
changes or additions to programs, plans and policies.
(k) Maternal health refers to the health of a woman of reproductive age including,
but not limited to, during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period.
(l) Modern methods of family planning refers to safe, effective, non-abortifacient
and legal methods, whether natural or artificial, that are registered with the FDA,
to plan pregnancy.
(m) Natural family planning refers to a variety of methods used to plan or prevent
pregnancy based on identifying the woman’s fertile days.
(n) Public health care service provider refers to: (1) public health care institution,
which is duly licensed and accredited and devoted primarily to the maintenance
and operation of facilities for health promotion, disease prevention, diagnosis,
treatment and care of individuals suffering from illness, disease, injury, disability
or deformity, or in need of obstetrical or other medical and nursing care; (2)
public health care professional, who is a doctor of medicine, a nurse or a
midwife; (3) public health worker engaged in the delivery of health care services;
or (4) barangay health worker who has undergone training programs under any
29
accredited government and NGO and who voluntarily renders primarily health
care services in the community after having been accredited to function as such
by the local health board in accordance with the guideline’s promulgated by the
Department of Health (DOH).
(o) Poor refers to members of households identified as poor through the NHTS-
PR by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) or any
subsequent system used by the national government in identifying the poor.
(p) Reproductive Health (RH) refers to the state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters
relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. This
implies that people are able to have a responsible, safe, consensual and
satisfying sex life, that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to
decide if, when, and how often to do so. This further implies that women and men
attain equal relationships in matters related to sexual relations and reproduction.
(q) Reproductive health care refers to the access to a full range of methods,
facilities, services and supplies that contribute to reproductive health and well-
being by addressing reproductive health-related problems. It also includes sexual
health, the purpose of which is the enhancement of life and personal relations.
The elements of reproductive health care include the following:
(1) Family planning information and services which shall include as a first priority
making women of reproductive age fully aware of their respective cycles to make
them aware of when fertilization is highly probable, as well as highly improbable;
(2) Maternal, infant and child health and nutrition, including breastfeeding;
30
(3) Proscription of abortion and management of abortion complications;
(4) Adolescent and youth reproductive health guidance and counseling;
(5) Prevention, treatment and management of reproductive tract infections
(RTIs), HIV and AIDS and other sexually transmittable infections (STIs);
(6) Elimination of violence against women and children and other forms of sexual
and gender-based violence;
(7) Education and counseling on sexuality and reproductive health;
(8) Treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers and other gynecological
conditions and disorders;
(9) Male responsibility and involvement and men’s reproductive health;
(10) Prevention, treatment and management of infertility and sexual dysfunction;
(11) Reproductive health education for the adolescents; and
(12) Mental health aspect of reproductive health care.
(r) Reproductive health care program refers to the systematic and integrated
provision of reproductive health care to all citizens prioritizing women, the poor,
marginalized and those invulnerable or crisis situations.
(s) Reproductive health rights refers to the rights of individuals and couples, to
decide freely and responsibly whether or not to have children; the number,
spacing and timing of their children; to make other decisions concerning
reproduction, free of discrimination, coercion and violence; to have the
information and means to do so; and to attain the highest standard of sexual
health and reproductive health: Provided, however, That reproductive health
rights do not include abortion, and access to abortifacients.
31
(t) Reproductive health and sexuality education refers to a lifelong learning
process of providing and acquiring complete, accurate and relevant age- and
development-appropriate information and education on reproductive health and
sexuality through life skills education and other approaches.
(u) Reproductive Tract Infection (RTI) refers to sexually transmitted infections
(STIs), and other types of infections affecting the reproductive system.
(v) Responsible parenthood refers to the will and ability of a parent to respond to
the needs and aspirations of the family and children. It is likewise a shared
responsibility between parents to determine and achieve the desired number of
children, spacing and timing of their children according to their own family life
aspirations, taking into account psychological preparedness, health status,
sociocultural and economic concerns consistent with their religious convictions.
Sexual health refers to a state of physical, mental and social well-being in
relation to sexuality. It requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality
and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe
sexual experiences, free from coercion, discrimination and violence.
(x) Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) refers to any infection that may be
acquired or passed on through sexual contact, use of IV, intravenous drug
needles, childbirth and breastfeeding.
(y) Skilled birth attendance refers to childbirth managed by a skilled health
professional including the enabling conditions of necessary equipment and
support of a functioning health system, including transport and referral faculties
for emergency obstetric care.
32
(z) Skilled health professional refers to a midwife, doctor or nurse, who has been
educated and trained in the skills needed to manage normal and complicated
pregnancies, childbirth and the immediate postnatal period, and in the
identification, management and referral of complications in women and
newborns.
(aa) Sustainable human development refers to bringing people, particularly the
poor and vulnerable, to the center of development process, the central purpose
of which is the creation of an enabling environment in which all can enjoy long,
healthy and productive lives, done in the manner that promotes their rights and
protects the life opportunities of future generations and the natural ecosystem on
which all life depends.
SEC. 5. Hiring of Skilled Health Professionals for Maternal Health Care and
Skilled Birth Attendance. – The LGUs shall endeavor to hire an adequate number
of nurses, midwives and other skilled health professionals for maternal health
care and skilled birth attendance to achieve an ideal skilled health professional-
to-patient ratio taking into consideration DOH targets: Provided, That people in
geographically isolated or highly populated and depressed areas shall be
provided the same level of access to health care: Provided, further, That the
national government shall provide additional and necessary funding and other
necessary assistance for the effective implementation of this provision.
For the purposes of this Act, midwives and nurses shall be allowed to administer
lifesaving drugs such as, but not limited to, oxytocin and magnesium sulfate, in
accordance with the guidelines set by the DOH, under emergency conditions and
33
when there are no physicians available: Provided, That they are properly trained
and certified to administer these lifesaving drugs.
SEC. 6. Health Care Facilities. – Each LGU, upon its determination of the
necessity based on well-supported data provided by its local health office shall
endeavor to establish or upgradehospitals and facilities with adequate and
qualified personnel, equipment and supplies to be able to provide emergency
obstetric and newborn care: Provided, That people in geographically isolated or
highly populated and depressed areas shall have the same level of access and
shall not be neglected by providing other means such as home visits or mobile
health care clinics as needed: Provided, further, That the national government
shall provide additional and necessary funding and other necessary assistance
for the effective implementation of this provision.
SEC. 7. Access to Family Planning. – All accredited public health facilities shall
provide a full range of modern family planning methods, which shall also include
medical consultations, supplies and necessary and reasonable procedures for
poor and marginalized couples having infertility issues who desire to have
children: Provided, That family planning services shall likewise be extended by
private health facilities to paying patients with the option to grant free care and
services to indigents, except in the case of non-maternity specialty hospitals and
hospitals owned and operated by a religious group, but they have the option to
provide such full range of modern family planning methods: Provided, further,
That these hospitals shall immediately refer the person seeking such care and
services to another health facility which is conveniently accessible: Provided,
34
finally, That the person is not in an emergency condition or serious case as
defined in Republic Act No. 8344.
No person shall be denied information and access to family planning services,
whether natural or artificial: Provided, That minors will not be allowed access to
modern methods of family planning without written consent from their parents or
guardian/s except when the minor is already a parent or has had a miscarriage.
SEC. 8. Maternal Death Review and Fetal and Infant Death Review. – All LGUs,
national and local government hospitals, and other public health units shall
conduct an annual Maternal Death Review and Fetal and Infant Death Review in
accordance with the guidelines set by the DOH. Such review should result in an
evidence-based programming and budgeting process that would contribute to the
development of more responsive reproductive health services to promote
women’s health and safe motherhood.
SEC. 9. The Philippine National Drug Formulary System and Family Planning Supplies
. – The National Drug Formulary shall include hormonal contraceptives, intrauterine
devices, injectables and other safe, legal, non-abortifacient and effective family planning
products and supplies. The Philippine National Drug Formulary System (PNDFS) shall
be observed in selecting drugs including family planning supplies that will be included or
removed from the Essential Drugs List (EDL) in accordance with existing practice and in
consultation with reputable medical associations in the Philippines. For the purpose of
this Act, any product or supply included or to be included in the EDL must have a
certification from the FDA that said product and supply is made available on the
condition that it is not to be used as an abortifacient.
35
These products and supplies shall also be included in the regular purchase of essential
medicines and supplies of all national hospitals: Provided, further, That the foregoing
offices shall not purchase or acquire by any means emergency contraceptive pills,
postcoital pills, abortifacients that will be used for such purpose and their other forms or
equivalent.
SEC. 10. Procurement and Distribution of Family Planning Supplies. – The DOH shall
procure, distribute to LGUs and monitor the usage of family planning supplies for the
whole country. The DOH shall coordinate with all appropriate local government bodies
to plan and implement this procurement and distribution program. The supply and
budget allotments shall be based on, among others, the current levels and projections
of the following:
(a) Number of women of reproductive age and couples who want to space or limit
their children;
(b) Contraceptive prevalence rate, by type of method used; and
(c) Cost of family planning supplies.
Provided, That LGUs may implement its own procurement, distribution and monitoring
program consistent with the overall provisions of this Act and the guidelines of the DOH.
SEC. 11. Integration of Responsible Parenthood and Family Planning Component in
Anti-Poverty Programs. – A multidimensional approach shall be adopted in the
implementation of policies and programs to fight poverty. Towards this end, the DOH
shall implement programs prioritizing full access of poor and marginalized women as
marginalization to reproductive health care, services, products and programs. The DOH
36
shall provide such programs, technical support, including capacity building and
monitoring.
SEC. 12. PhilHealth Benefits for Serious .and Life-Threatening Reproductive Health
Conditions. – All serious and life-threatening reproductive health conditions such as
HIV and AIDS, breast and reproductive tract cancers, and obstetric complications, and
menopausal and post-menopausal-related conditions shall be given the maximum
benefits, including the provision of Anti-Retroviral Medicines (ARVs), as provided in the
guidelines set by the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC).
SEC. 13. Mobile Health Care Service. – The national or the local government may
provide each provincial, city, municipal and district hospital with a Mobile Health Care
Service (MHCS) in the form of a van or other means of transportation appropriate to its
terrain, taking into consideration the health care needs of each LGU. The MHCS shall
deliver health care goods and services to its constituents, more particularly to the poor
and needy, as well as disseminate knowledge and information on reproductive health.
The MHCS shall be operated by skilled health providers and adequately equipped with
a wide range of health care materials and information dissemination devices and
equipment, the latter including, but not limited to, a television set for audio-visual
presentations. All MHCS shall be operated by LGUs of provinces and highly urbanized
cities.
SEC. 14. Age- and Development-Appropriate Reproductive Health Education. – The
State shall provide age- and development-appropriate reproductive health education to
adolescents which shall be taught by adequately trained teachers informal and
nonformal educational system and integrated in relevant subjects such as, but not
37
limited to, values formation; knowledge and skills in self-protection against
discrimination; sexual abuse and violence against women and children and other forms
of gender based violence and teen pregnancy; physical, social and emotional changes
in adolescents; women’s rights and children’s rights; responsible teenage behavior;
gender and development; and responsible parenthood: Provided, That flexibility in the
formulation and adoption of appropriate course content, scope and methodology in each
educational level or group shall be allowed only after consultations with parents-
teachers-community associations, school officials and other interest groups. The
Department of Education (DepED) shall formulate a curriculum which shall be used by
public schools and may be adopted by private schools.
SEC. 15. Certificate of Compliance. – No marriage license shall be issued by the Local
Civil Registrar unless the applicants present a Certificate of Compliance issued for free
by the local Family Planning Office certifying that they had duly received adequate
instructions and information on responsible parenthood, family planning, breastfeeding
and infant nutrition.
SEC. 16. Capacity Building of Barangay Health Workers (BHWs). – The DOH shall be
The LGUs, with the technical assistance of the DOH, shall be responsible for the
training of BHWs and other barangay volunteers on the promotion of reproductive
health. The DOH shall provide the LGUs with medical supplies and equipment needed
by BHWs to carry out their functions effectively: Provided, further, That the national
government shall provide additional and necessary funding and other necessary
assistance for the effective implementation of this provision including the possible
provision of additional honoraria for BHWs.
38
SEC. 17. Pro Bono Services for Indigent Women. – Private and nongovernment
reproductive healthcare service providers including, but not limited to, gynecologists and
obstetricians, are encouraged to provide at least forty-eight (48) hours annually of
reproductive health services, ranging from providing information and education to
rendering medical services, free of charge to indigent and low-income patients as
marginalization, especially to pregnant adolescents. The forty-eight (48) hours annual
pro bono services shall be included as a prerequisite in the accreditation under the
PhilHealth.
SEC. 18. Sexual and Reproductive Health Programs for Persons with Disabilities
(PWDs). – The cities and municipalities shall endeavor that barriers to reproductive
health services for PWDs are obliterated by the following:
(a) Providing physical access, and resolving transportation and proximity issues to
clinics, hospitals and places where public health education is provided,
contraceptives are sold or distributed or other places where reproductive health
services are provided;

(b) Adapting examination tables and other laboratory procedures to the needs and
conditions of PWDs;
(c) Increasing access to information and communication materials on sexual and
reproductive health in braille, large print, simple language, sign language and
pictures;
(d) Providing continuing education and inclusion of rights of PWDs among health
care providers; and

(e) Undertaking activities to raise awareness and address misconceptions among
the general public on the stigma and their lack of knowledge on the sexual and
39
reproductive health needs and rights of PWDs.
SEC. 19. Duties and Responsibilities. – (a) Pursuant to the herein declared policy, the
DOH shall serve as the lead agency for the implementation of this Act and shall
integrate in their regular operations the following functions:
(1) Fully and efficiently implement the reproductive health care program;
(2) Ensure people’s access to medically safe, non-abortifacient, legal, quality and
affordable reproductive health goods and services; and
(3) Perform such other functions necessary to attain the purposes of this Act.
(b) The DOH, in coordination with the PHIC, as may be applicable, shall:
(1) Strengthen the capacities of health regulatory agencies to ensure safe, high quality,
accessible and affordable reproductive health services and commodities with the
concurrent strengthening and enforcement of regulatory mandates and mechanisms;
(2) Facilitate the involvement and participation of NGOs and the private sector in
reproductive health care service delivery and in the production, distribution and delivery
of quality reproductive health and family planning supplies and commodities to make
them accessible and affordable to ordinary citizens;
(3) Engage the services, skills and proficiencies of experts in natural family planning
who shall provide the necessary training for all BHWs;
(4) Supervise and provide assistance to LGUs in the delivery of reproductive health care
services and in the purchase of family planning goods and supplies; and
(5) Furnish LGUs, through their respective local health offices, appropriate information
and resources to keep the latter updated on current studies and researches relating to
family planning, responsible parenthood, breastfeeding and infant nutrition.
(b) The FDA shall issue strict guidelines with respect to the use of contraceptives,
40
taking into consideration the side effects or other harmful effects of their use.
(c) Corporate citizens shall exercise prudence in advertising its products or services
through all forms of media, especially on matters relating to sexuality, further
taking into consideration its influence on children and the youth.
SEC. 20. Public Awareness. – The DOH and the LGUs shall initiate and sustain a
heightened nationwide multimedia-campaign to raise the level of public awareness on
the protection and promotion of reproductive health and rights including, but not limited
to, maternal health and nutrition, family planning and responsible parenthood
information and services, adolescent and youth reproductive health, guidance and
counseling and other elements of reproductive health care under Section 4(q).
Education and information materials to be developed and disseminated for this purpose
shall be reviewed regularly to ensure their effectiveness and relevance.
SEC. 21. Reporting Requirements. – Before the end of April each year, the DOH shall
submit to the President of the Philippines and Congress an annual consolidated report,
which shall provide a definitive and comprehensive assessment of the implementation
of its programs and those of other government agencies and instrumentalities and
recommend priorities for executive and legislative actions. The report shall be printed
and distributed to all national agencies, the LGUs, NGOs and private sector
organizations involved in said programs.
The annual report shall evaluate the content, implementation, and impact of all policies
related to reproductive health and family planning to ensure that such policies promote,
protect and fulfill women’s reproductive health and rights.
SEC. 22. Congressional Oversight Committee on Reproductive Health Act. – There is
hereby created a Congressional Oversight Committee (COC) composed of five (5)
41
members each from the Senate and the House of Representatives. The members from
the Senate and the House of Representatives shall be appointed by the Senate
President and the Speaker, respectively, with at least one (1) member representing the
Minority.
The COC shall be headed by the respective Chairs of the Committee on Health and
Demography of the Senate and the Committee on Population and Family Relations of
the House of Representatives. The Secretariat of the COC shall come from the existing
Secretariat personnel of the Senate and the House of Representatives committees
concerned.
The COC shall monitor and ensure the effective implementation of this Act, recommend
the necessary remedial legislation or administrative measures, and shall conduct a
review of this Act every five (5) years from its effectivity. The COC shall perform such
other duties and functions as may be necessary to attain the objectives of tins Act.
SEC. 23. Prohibited Acts. – The following acts are prohibited:
(a) Any health care service provider, whether public or private, who shall:
(1) Knowingly withhold information or restrict the dissemination thereof, and/or
intentionally provide incorrect information regarding programs and services on
reproductive health including the right to informed choice and access to a full range of
legal, medically-safe, non-abortifacient and effective family planning methods;
(2) Refuse to perform legal and medically-safe reproductive health procedures on any
person of legal age on the ground of lack of consent or authorization of the following
persons in the following instances:
(i) Spousal consent in case of married persons: Provided, That in case of
42
disagreement,
(ii) the decision of the one undergoing the procedure shall prevail; and
(iii) Parental consent or that of the person exercising parental authority in the
case of abused minors, where the parent or the person exercising parental
authority is the respondent, accused or convicted perpetrator as certified by
the proper prosecutorial office of the court. In the case of minors, the written
consent of parents or legal guardian or, in their absence, persons exercising
parental authority or next-of-kin shall be required only in elective surgical
procedures and in no case shall consent be required in emergency or serious
cases as defined in Republic Act No. 8344; and
(3) Refuse to extend quality health care services and information on account of the
person’s marital status, gender, age, religious convictions, personal circumstances, or
nature of work: Provided, That the conscientious objection of a health care service
provider based on his/her ethical or religious beliefs shall be respected; however, the
conscientious objector shall immediately refer the person seeking such care and
services to another health care service provider within the same facility or one which is
conveniently accessible: Provided, further, That the person is not in an emergency
condition or serious case as defined in Republic Act No. 8344, which penalizes the
refusal of hospitals and medical clinics to administer appropriate initial medical
treatment and support in emergency and serious cases;
(b) Any public officer, elected or appointed, specifically charged with the duty to
implement the provisions hereof, who, personally or through a subordinate, prohibits or
restricts the delivery of legal and medically-safe reproductive health care services,
43
including family planning; or forces, coerces or induces any person to use such
services; or refuses to allocate, approve or release any budget for reproductive health
care services, or to support reproductive health programs; or shall do any act that
hinders the full implementation of a reproductive health program as mandated by this
Act;
( c) Any employer who shall suggest, require, unduly influence or cause any
applicant for employment or an employee to submit himself/herself to sterilization, use
any modern methods of family planning, or not use such methods as a condition for
employment, continued employment, promotion or the provision of employment
benefits. Further, pregnancy or the number of children shall not be a ground for non-
hiring or termination from employment;
(d) Any person who shall falsify a Certificate of Compliance as required in Section 15
of this Act; and

(e) Any pharmaceutical company, whether domestic or multinational, or its agents or
distributors, which directly or indirectly colludes with government officials,
whether appointed or elected, in the distribution, procurement and/or sale by the
national government and LGUs of modern family planning supplies, products and
devices.
SEC. 24. Penalties. – Any violation of this Act or commission of the foregoing prohibited
acts shall be penalized by imprisonment ranging from one (1) month to six (6) months
or a fine of Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00), or both such fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the competent
court: Provided, That, if the offender is a public officer, elected or appointed, he/she
44
shall also suffer the penalty of suspension not exceeding one (1) year or removal and
forfeiture of retirement benefits depending on the gravity of the offense after due notice
and hearing by the appropriate body or agency.
If the offender is a juridical person, the penalty shall be imposed upon the president or
any responsible officer. An offender who is an alien shall, after service of sentence, be
deported immediately without further proceedings by the Bureau of Immigration. If the
offender is a pharmaceutical company, its agent and/or distributor, their license or
permit to operate or conduct business in the Philippines shall be perpetually revoked,
and a fine triple the amount involved in the violation shall be imposed.
SEC. 25. Appropriations. – The amounts appropriated in the current annual General
Appropriations Act (GAA) for reproductive health and natural and artificial family
planning and responsible parenthood under the DOH and other concerned agencies
shall be allocated and utilized for the implementation of this Act. Such additional sums
necessary to provide for the upgrading of faculties necessary to meet BEMONC and
CEMONC standards; the training and deployment of skilled health providers; natural
and artificial family planning commodity requirements as outlined in Section 10, and for
other reproductive health and responsible parenthood services, shall be included in the
subsequent years’ general appropriations. The Gender and Development (GAD) funds
of LGUs and national agencies may be a source of funding for the implementation of
this Act.
SEC. 26. Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR). – Within sixty (60) days from the
effectivity of this Act, the DOH Secretary or his/her designated representative as
Chairperson, the authorized representative/s of DepED, DSWD, Philippine Commi-
45
ssion on Women, PHIC, Department of the Interior and Local Government, National
Economic and Development Authority, League of Provinces, League of Cities, and
League of Municipalities, together with NGOs, faith-based organizations, people’s,
women’s and young people’s organizations, shall jointly promulgate the rules and
regulations for the effective implementation of this Act. At least four (4) members of the
IRR drafting committee, to be selected by the DOH Secretary, shall come from NGOs.
SEC. 27. Interpretation Clause. – This Act shall be liberally construed to ensure the
provision, delivery and access to reproductive health care services, and to promote,
protect and fulfill women’s reproductive health and rights.
SEC. 28. Separability Clause. – If any part or provision of this Act is held invalid or
unconstitutional, the other provisions not affected thereby shall remain in force and
effect.
SEC. 29. Repealing Clause. – Except for prevailing laws against abortion, any law,
presidential decree or issuance, executive order, letter of instruction, administrative
order, rule or regulation contrary to or is inconsistent with the provisions of this Act
including Republic Act No. 7392, otherwise known as the Midwifery Act, is hereby
repealed, modified or amended accordingly.
SEC 30. Effectivity. – This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in at
least two (2) newspapers of general circulation.
This Act which is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 2865 and House Bill No. 4244 was
finally passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives on December 19, 2012.
46
(Sgd.) FELICIANO BELMONTE JR. (Sgd.) EMMA LIRIO-REYES

Speaker of the House Secretary of the Senate
of Representatives
Approved: DEC 21 2012
(Sgd.) JUAN PONCE ENRILE
President of the Senate (Sgd.) BENIGBENIGNO S. AQUINO III
president of the philippines
(Sgd.) MARILYN B. BARUA-YAP
Secretary General
House of Representatives
47
'Reasons Why We Need the RH Law'
1. To respond to the clamor of the Philippine population who want the
Reproductive Health Care Bill passed into law.
Filipinos are clamoring for the passage of the Reproductive Health Care Bill (RH
bill) into law. The 2008 national and Manila City surveys of the Social Weather Stations
(SWS) both confirm that majority of Filipinos want the RH bill passed into law, 71% and
86%, respectively.
Without a clear reproductive health care policy, we are at the mercy of national and
local government officials who may choose to promote the natural family planning
method (NFP) and deny access to the full range of contraceptive methods. In the past,
we saw the examples of then Health Secretaries Dayrit and Duque who merely
promoted NFP under clear instructions from Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and the former
Manila City Mayor Atienza who effectively banned access to modern contraceptives in
Manila City as a result of his EO 003 (Series of 2000).
The poor women, adolescent women, rural and indigenous women are the ones most
affected by the lack of a reproductive health care policy. They are the ones who have
the most unintended pregnancies and closely-spaced pregnancies. Their births are
commonly unattended by trained health professionals.
2. To prevent unintended pregnancies
About half of all pregnancies in the Philippines (approximately 1.43 million a year)1 are
unintended. The Health Department has noted that Filipino women on average have
one child more than they want.
According to the recently-launched 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey

(2008 NDHS), one in three births is either unwanted or mistimed; over half of married
48
women age 15-49 do not want another child; 82 percent of married women want either
to space their births or to limit childbearing altogether. The total unmet need for family
planning is 22 percent with highest unmet need for women age 15-19, lowest quintile of
wealth, rural women and women in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
(ARMM). Twenty-six percent of women age 15-24 have already began child-bearing.
The contraceptive prevalence rate was only 36% using modern methods.
In 2006, the CEDAW Committee recommended to the Philippines to “to strengthen
measures aimed at the prevention of unwanted pregnancies, including by making a
comprehensive range of contraceptives more widely available and without any
restriction and by increasing knowledge and awareness about family planning.
The Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESCR Committee)
expressed concern in its 2008 Concluding Observations on the Philippines on the
“inadequate reproductive health services and information, the low rates of contraceptive
use and the difficulties in obtaining access to artificial methods of contraception, which
contribute to the high rates of teenage pregnancies and maternal deaths” in the country.
The CESCR Committee urged it to “adopt all appropriate measures to protect the
sexual and reproductive rights of women and girls, inter alia, through measures to
reduce maternal and infant mortality and to facilitate access to sexual and reproductive
health services, including access to family planning, and information.
In its 2009 Concluding Observations on the Philippines, the Committee on the Rights of
the Child (CRC Committee) expressed serious concern on “the inadequate reproductive
health services and information, the low rates of contraceptive use (36 per cent of
women relied on modern family planning methods in 2006) and the difficulties in
49
obtaining access to artificial methods of contraception, which contribute to the high rates
of teenage pregnancies and maternal deaths.
3. To prevent maternal deaths related to pregnancy and childbirth
According to the 2008 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) State of the World
Population report on the Philippines, at least 230 Filipino mothers die for every 100,000
live births, compared to only 11 in US (with modern method contraceptive prevalence
rate of 68%), seven in Canada, four in Spain (with modern method contraceptive
prevalence rate of 62%), three in Italy, six in Japan, 14 in South Korea, 14 in Singapore
(with modern method contraceptive prevalence rate of 53%). Across Europe, with the
exception of Albania, Romania, and Estonia, the maternal mortality ratio is below 15.
Daily, there are 11 women dying while giving birth in the Philippines. Not a single death
should happen due to pregnancy and childbirth. These preventable deaths could have
been avoided if more Filipino women have had access to reproductive health
information and health care.
According to the 2008 NDHS, only 44 percent of births occur in health facilities and only
62% of births are assisted by a health professional.10 Maternal deaths related to
childbirth can be reduced further by access to skilled birth attendants which would be
addressed by a comprehensive reproductive health care policy.
4. To prevent infant mortality
Adequate birth spacing is important for the health of the woman and the children.
Birth spacing of four or more years can increase the survival rate of children less than
five years of age. The under-five mortality rate11 for children born less than two years
after a previous birth is 54 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared with 25 deaths per
50
1,000 for children born after an interval of four or more years.
5. To help individuals and couples choose freely and responsibly when to have
children
Knowing which medically safe and effective methods of contraception to use will
help individuals and couples determine freely and responsibly the number, spacing and
timing of their children. This in turn should ensure that all children are wanted and loved
and will be properly provided for by their parents.
The Constitution states that it shall “defend the right of spouses to form a family in
accordance with their religious convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood”
(Art. 15, Sec. 14). Every person must be free to make sexual and reproductive
decisions according to her or his own conscience and religious beliefs free from
interference, coercion or constraint.
The CRC Committee expressed concern “at the lack of effective measures to promote
the reproductive rights of women and girls and that particular beliefs and religious
values are preventing their fulfillment. According to our obligations under the
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW),
which the Philippines ratified on August 3, 1981, the Philippines should ensure women
“the same rights to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their
children and to have access to the information, education and means to enable them to
exercise these rights.
6. To reduce abortion rates
Increased access to information and services on modern contraceptive methods
will reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies, eliminate the need for abortion, and
51
prevent maternal deaths. It is unfortunate though that the proposed law that could
reduce the number of abortions is being opposed by fundamentalist groups.
In the Philippines, there are half a million women who induce abortion procedures every
year, 79,000 women who are admitted to hospitals for complications from unsafe
abortion and there are 800 women dying from unsafe abortion.
One-third of unintended pregnancies end in abortion and twelve percent of maternal
deaths are due to unsafe abortion. The latest Philippine statistics on abortion also show
the following profile of women who induce abortion: nine in ten women are married or in
a consensual union; more than half have at least three children; two-thirds are poor;
nearly 90% are Catholic.
The Philippine legal restriction on abortion, one of the vestiges of Spanish colonization
in the Philippines, was lifted directly from the old Spanish Penal Code of 1870.
Recognizing the high rates of deaths of women undergoing clandestine and unsafe
abortion procedures due to its illegality, the Spanish government reconsidered its
restrictive law and has allowed abortion on certain grounds in 1985, over 25 years now.
Last February 24, 2010, Spain approved a new law on abortion that further eases
restrictions by allowing the procedure without restrictions up to 14 weeks and gives 16-
and 17-year olds the right to have abortions without parental consent. The law is the
latest of a series of bold social reforms undertaken by Socialist Prime Minister Jose Luis
Rodriguez Zapatero, who first took office in 2004. Spain has also legalized gay marriage
and made it easier for Spaniards to divorce under Zapatero’s administration.
Spain has liberalized its laws to allow abortion on broad grounds and yet we are left to
contend with our old colonial laws. Other predominantly Catholic countries that allow
52
abortion are Belgium, France, Italy, Poland, and Hungary (whose constitution protects
life from conception but permits abortion up to 12 weeks of gestation). Recent abortion
liberalizations occurred in Colombia, Mexico City (legalized abortion in the first trimester
without restriction in April 2007) and Portugal (allows abortion up to 10 weeks of
pregnancy).
Recognizing that the criminalization of abortion does not lessen the number of women
inducing abortion but only makes it dangerous for women who undergo clandestine and
unsafe abortion, in 2006, the CEDAW Committee urged the Philippine government to
“consider reviewing the laws relating to abortion with a view to removing punitive
provisions imposed on women who undergo abortion and provide them with access to
quality services for the management of complications arising from unsafe abortions and
to reduce women’s maternal mortality rates in line with the Committee’s general
recommendation 24 on women and health and the Beijing Platform for Action.
The Philippine law on abortion does not even allow express exceptions based on rape,
risks to the life and health of the woman and fetal impairment. Philippine law on abortion
must be liberalized to allow it on demand. This change can happen through a specific
law removing the penalties for the woman inducing abortion and the safe abortion
providers assisting her.
Making abortion safe and legal will save the lives of about 800 Filipino women
representing the number of women who die every year from unsafe abortion. The
legalization of abortion does not increase the number of women inducing abortion
instead it has led to a decrease in number of women dying from unsafe abortion. Where
abortion is legal, like in Canada and Turkey, abortion rates did not increase while the
53
Netherlands, with its liberal abortion law and widely accessible contraceptives and free
abortion services, has one of the lowest abortion rates in the world. Deaths due to
abortion fell 85 percent after legalization in the US.
7. To give rape victims a better chance to heal from their ordeal
Giving rape victims access to emergency contraception (EC) like levonorgestrel
can help them prevent unwanted pregnancies. The availability of Postinor, a
brandname for levonorgestrel, has been prey to religious fundamentalist attack. Then
Health Secretary Alberto Romualdez, Jr. issued a Position Paper in 1999 allowing its
dispensation to rape victims through the hospital-based DOH network of Women and
Children Protection Units (WCPU). Subsequently, however, Postinor was delisted by
the Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD) and, despite requests for its re-registration, it
has not been allowed to be registered again by the BFAD.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines EC as a method of preventing
pregnancy. According to WHO, EC does not interrupt pregnancy, therefore, it is not
considered a method of abortion. Over 140 countries worldwide have registered EC pills
such as Postinor and the like including 31 predominantly Catholic countries such as
Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burundi, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lesotho, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Uruguay, and Venezuela, Almost all of the ten ASEAN countries
including Burma/Myanmar, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand
and Vietnam have registered levonorgestrel.
8. To prevent early pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases especially

among adolescents
54
The Comprehensive Reproductive Health Care Bill (RH bill) recommends that the
government provide mandatory reproductive health education starting at Grade 5.
According to our obligations under CEDAW, “teenage pregnancies…present a
significant obstacle to girls’ educational opportunities and economic empowerment.” It is
the government’s duty to “give priority attention to the situation of adolescents and that it
provide sex education, targeted at girls and boys, with special attention to the
prevention of early pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.
The CRC Committee recommended the urgent adoption of the RH Bill, to “ensure
access to reproductive health counse[ling] and provide all adolescents with accurate
and objective information and culturally sensitive services in order to prevent teenage
pregnancies, including by providing wide access to a broad variety of contraceptives
without any restrictions and improving knowledge and conscience on family planning,”
and to “strengthen formal and informal sex education, for girls and boys, focusing on the
prevention of early pregnancies, STIs and family planning,” among other things.
Many adolescents are sexually active and are not practicing any contraceptive method.
In 2008, there were 47 births for every 1000 women aged 15-19.28 According to
the Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study 3 (YAFS 3), by age 18, 10 % of young
women would have been pregnant and by age 20, 25% would have already been
pregnant. Twenty-six percent of women age 15-24 have already began child-bearing.
The knowledge of many adolescents on reproductive tract infections (RTIs),
sexually transmitted Infections (STIs), and HIV/AIDS is at a superficial level.
Adolescents should know the risks of early sex such as the different RTIs and the
55
possibility of acquiring STIs and HIV/AIDS through unprotected and unsafe sex.
Risks of transmission during intimate sexual contact include infections to the
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) which causes most cervical cancers. At their young age,
adolescents are prone to HIV infections to HPV.
Pregnancies of adolescent girls aged 18 years and below are considered high risk
pregnancies. Complications due to high blood and maternal mortality are high for
adolescent girls giving birth. They also tend to disregard basic pre-natal and post-natal
care thereby putting themselves at risk and adding to occurrence of infant mortality.
The social impact of early childbirth for adolescent girls includes disruption of schooling
and the resulting lack of career options due to low educational attainment and lack of
necessary job skills. Lack of career options in turn result in lack of financial capability.
Philippine law already requires schools to teach HIV and AIDS under the 1998
Philippine AIDS Prevention Act (RA 8504). The ordinances in the provinces of Aurora,
Ifugao, Mt. Province, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu and Olongapo City all require adolescent
reproductive health (ARH) education in schools. These laws manifest the need to
uphold ARH education.
9. To address the rising HIV/AIDS cases
The HIV epidemic in the Philippines is steadily growing. At the start of 2010, there
are already four new cases being reported every month compared to the two new cases
reported monthly in 2009. According to the estimates of Dr. Enrique Tayag, Director of
the National Epidemiology Center (NEC), there will be an additional 1,500 Filipinos
newly-infected by HIV by December 2010 and around 4,000 - 7,000 by 2011.
The cumulative total cases of HIV from Jan. 1984-Aug. 2009 is 4,082.40 The annual
56
newly-reported HIV cases rose from 200 in 2004 to 528 in 2008 and the number nearly
tripled in 15-24 year-olds from 41 in 2007 to 110 in 2008.
As early as 2007, more and more young people were being infected with HIV, thus, it is
important to reach the general youth population.42 HIV infected males in the age
groups of 20-24 and 25-29 posted an increasing share (4 percent and 6 percent,
respectively) for the period 2006-2009, while diminishing proportions are accounted by
older age groups.
A growing number of women are getting HIV at 28%. Of the 821 AIDS cases reported in
2009, more than half of sexual transmissions was through heterosexual contact (30%
were women and 70% were men). An alarming 35% of OFWs with HIV are seafarers
with a corresponding increase in the number of wives of seafarers infected with HIV.
Condoms and educational campaigns discussing the modes of HIV transmission, risky
sexual behavior, and prevention and treatment of HIV are ways to address the rising
incidence of HIV/AIDS in the country. Access to life-saving supplies including condoms,
Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) and anti-retrovirals and access to information
regarding HIV prevention and treatment will be made available through a
comprehensive RH law.
10. To avoid the negative impact of large families on poor families
For many poor families, a large family size results in further poverty and lack of
access to education and health services, among others. There are also studies showing
that the eldest or second eldest from poor, large families end up in prostitution to meet
their families’ needs and many women from large families also end up being trafficked.
11. To free women’s bodies from being held hostage by politics and
57
fundamentalism
Groups such as the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) have
continuously opposed the passage of the RH bill into law. It even identified in its
guidelines for the 2010 elections that voters should not vote for candidates who support
the RH bill. The above findings on the negative impact of the non-passage of the RH bill
and the restriction of access to modern contraceptives show that a stance that is
against the passage of the RH bill is not responsive to the needs of the Filipinos—
Catholics included. Such a stance on the RH bill is detrimental to women’s reproductive
rights and to the lives and well-being of Filipinos especially the poor. In fact, the results
of the 2010 election prove that many Catholic-backed candidates did not win in the
elections.
In the past, the soft stance of some congressional representatives and those in the
executive branch of the government was their way of not antagonizing the CBCP into
campaigning against them, however, the CBCP should not be involved in politicking
since our very constitution guarantees the separation of church and state and the
principle of non-establishment of religion.
The guarantee of the separation of church and state is provided under Section 6, Art. II
on Declaration of Principles and State Policies of the Philippine Constitution which
states that “[t]he separation of [c]hurch and [s]tate shall be inviolable.” The reason for
the principle of separation of church and state is to guard against the views of a
dominant church from influencing the conduct of government and influencing policies to
cater to a specific dominant church. The separation of church and state guarantees that
one will not abuse the other or that one dominant religion or belief will not be used to
58
govern the state and its people. It must likewise be noted that while the 1987
Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, it also guarantees the non-establishment of
religion. Section 5, Article III of the Bill of Rights states: “No law shall be made
respecting an establishment of religion....” This clause was included in order to ensure
that the government may not coerce anyone to support or participate in religion.
The January 2010 SWS survey though would make the congressional representatives
and those in the executive branch seriously consider their true stance on the RH bill
since the results show that 38% of Filipinos opt to vote for candidates who support the
RH bill while a meager 6% opt to vote for those who oppose it. Thirty-five percent did
not know what the RH bill was about. Given the trend on the survey, it would mean that
more Filipinos who know about the RH bill would vote for a candidate who clearly
supports the RH bill. Politically, it is popular for congressional representatives and those
in executive positions to support the RH bill.
The 2008 NDHS also cites health concerns and fear of side effects as the two foremost
reasons why women do not use contraceptives while only three percent do not use
contraceptives because of religious belief.
Our representatives in government must realize that our very own Constitution states
that, “Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from
them.” Government officials must be reminded that they are mere representatives of the
Filipino people and that their obligation is to the Filipino people and not to the Catholic
Church and its bishops who are against the passage of the RH bill into law. Government
officials must respect plurality in our society. They must uphold access to reproductive
health information and health care services and give primary importance to a person’s
59
right to reproductive self-determination. Fundamentalist public officials who restrict
access to information and health care services do not deserve any place in governance.
True to their being representatives of the people, many public officials have enacted
reproductive health ordinances such as in Luzon (the provinces of Aurora, Ifugao, Mt.
Province; cities such as Quezon City, Antipolo City, Olongapo City; the municipalities of
Tinoc, Sagada, Lagawe, Asipulo, Bontoc, and Paracelis), in Visayas (the municipalities
of Talibon, Ubay and Carmen of Bohol province, and the municipalities of Llorente and
Maydolong of Eastern Samar) and in Mindanao (the provinces of Sulu and Lanao Del
Sur, General Santos City, and the municipalities of Lebak and Kapatagan).
Government officials should follow the lead of local government officials such as
Governor Bellaflor Angara-Castillo of Aurora and Governor Glenn Prudenciano of Ifugao
who have spearheaded the enactment of ordinances such as “The Aurora Reproductive
Health Care Code of 2005” (Provincial Ordinance No. 125 (2005)) supporting increased
reproductive health care services, including mandatory sexuality education, responsible
parenthood counseling and “Reproductive Health and Responsible Parenthood
Ordinance of Ifugao” (Ordinance 2006-33), respectively.
Despite the CBCP’s campaign against elective officials who advocate for reproductive
rights especially those who support the reproductive health care bill, many politicians
won in previous elections such as Nereus Acosta, Bellaflor Angara-Castillo, Darlene
Antonino-Custodio, Rodolfo Biazon, Juan Flavier, Janette Garin, RisaHontiveros-
Baraquel, EdcelLagman, Liza Largoza-Maza, Renato Magtubo, SaturOcampo, Nerissa
Corazon Soon Ruiz, and Lorenzo R. Tañada III.
Congressional representatives and those in executive positions should make a clear
60
stand on not just respecting the rights of individuals and couples to informed choice.
They must clearly make a stance that they will earmark funds to provide wide access to
modern contraceptives and reproductive health care services. It is very easy for middle
class and upper class women to pay for their own contraceptives and other reproductive
health care services but this is not the case for poor women in the communities, rural
areas, and in the ARMM. For poor women, they are unable to buy contraceptives, they
cannot afford to pay for anti-biotics to treat their reproductive tract infection for them to
be able to have an IUD inserted, they cannot afford to pay for a P2,500 ligation
procedure even when they already have four or more children, they are unable to get
pre-natal and post-natal check ups because they have to tend to the needs of their
several children at home nor they can pay for a simple PAP smear procedure. We need
the necessary budgetary allocation to increase access to reproductive health care
information and services.
It has been almost nine years since the first RH bill has been filed in Congress in
December 2001. The failure to pass the RH bill has been detrimental to the health and
lives of Filipinos especially women and children.
Congressional representatives and those in executive positions must make a stand that
clearly supports wide access to reproductive health information, supplies, and services.
This will spell the difference for many women’s lives!
61
III. Effectiveness of Contraceptives

A. Barrier Methods
B. Barrier Methods
C. Hormone Birth Control
D. Intrauterine Devices
E. Sterilization
F. Natural and Other Methods
CONTRACEPTION AT A GLANCE
one perfect for you
 There is a contraception method
to suit everyone.
 You can choose long or short-
term to fit your lifestyle.

 It’s a great idea to talk through
the different methods with your
healthcare provider to find the
WHAT IS IT?
What Is Contraception?
With so many different methods to choose from you will find one that
suits you perfectly. Each method differs in how effective they are, how
long they last, how they work and where you can get hold of them.
There are two main types, hormonal methods and barrier methods.
Hormonal methods introduce hormones to your body to make it act
62
differently, some stop you from releasing eggs completely, some just
make it difficult for sperm to reach the egg that is released. Barrier
methods stop sperm from getting anywhere near the egg in the first place
by stopping them as soon as they are released.
KNOW YOUR
OPTIONS 
Spermicides
 Withdrawal
 Fertility
Awareness
Method
 Cervical
Cap 
Sterilization
 Sponge
63
 Emergency  Contraceptive
Patch
Contraceptives  Contraceptive
 The Pill Ring

 Intrauterine  Contraceptive
System - Implant
IUS  Contraceptive
 Male Injection
Condom
64
NAME DESCRIPTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTA EFFECTIVENE

GES SS
Refraining  No risk of  Both 100% if

Abstinence from unintended partner followed
vaginal,anal or pregnancy must agree without fail
oral  No risk of  Need to
intercourse. sexually communica
transmitted te well
infections (STIs)  If method
 No pres- fails, may
cription, no need
expense emergency
contracepti
on
Man withdraws  Better than  Both About 80%
Withdrawal penis from nothing partner
vagina before  No prescription, must agree
ejaculation no expense  Not very
effective as
primary
form of
contracepti
on
 Requires a
lot of self-
control and
practice
You track your  You become  Takes  Depend on
Natural Birth monthly cycle, familiar with your some time what,
Control and avoid body and and effort to method is
sexual menstrual cycle do properly used, and
intercourse  Inexpensive and  You need how well
during your natural to be  Sympto-
fertile period,  Can help you motivated, thermal
around the plan a pregnancy and method can
time of when you are prepared to be 98%
ovulation. ready abstain effective,
from sex at but others
certain less so
times  Typically
 Does not 75%
prevent effective
STIs
65
A minor  Permanent  Difficult to  Depends on

Female operation to  Intercourse not reverse type of
Sterilization close or block affected  Some risks sterilization
the fallopian  No ongoing and short-  99.5% for
tubes, expenses term side tubal
permanently.  Allows for effect ligation
Sometimes spontaneity associated (tubes tied)
reffered to as with  100% for
‘having your surgery hysteroscop
tubes tied’.  Does not y (tube
prevent blocked with
STIs plug)
A minor  Permanent  Difficult to  99.9%(most
Male operation to  Intercourse not reverse failures
Sterilization close or block affected  Some occur during
the tubes that  Less invasive short-term time when
carry sperm to and costly than side effects sperm is still
the penis (vas female associated present in
deferens), sterilization with semen
permanently.  Allows for surgery following
Also reffered spontaneity  Not surgery)
to as a effective
vasectomy. immediately
 Does not
prevent
STIs
The most  Not permanent  Must be  99.7% when
commonly  Helps make taken every used
Oral used method periods more day perfectly
Contraceptives of birth control, regular, and  Can cause  92% with
‘the pill’ reduces irregular typical use
contain either cramping bleeding or
estrogen and  Reduces acne spotting
progestin  Decreases risk of  Other side
(hormones), or endometrial and effects
just progestin. cervical cancers  Smokers
Taken once  Intercourse not over 35
daily, it affected can’t use it
prevents  Does not
ovaries from prevent
releasing an STIs
egg and  Requires a
thickens prescription
cervical mucus
o sperm can’t
pass through
66
it.
A small patch  Not permanent  Possible  99.7% when

Transdermal that sticks to  Helps make skin used
Patch skin on upper periods more irritation perfectly
outer arm, regular, and from patch  92% with
lower reduces  Patch come typical use
abdomen, cramping off
upper body or  May offer other  Possibly
buttocks. benefit of oral similar risks
Contains contraceptive and side
estrogen and  Apply once a effects as
progestin, week for 3 oral
which are weeks, with one contracepti
released week off ves
slowly and  Intercourse not  Requires a
absorbed by affected prescription
the skin, and  Does not
prevent prevent
pregnancy in STIs
the same way
as oral
contraceptives.
An injection of  Not permanent  Can cause  99.7% when
Injectable progestin  Estrogen-free irregular used
Contraceptives given in the  Only done 4 bleeding perfectly
arm or times per year  Can  92% with
buttocks 4  Stop periods in decrease typical use
times per year half of women bone
that prevents after one year mineral
pregnancy in  Helps sym-ptoms density
the same way of endo-metriosis while being
as oral  Reduces risks of taken
contraceptives. endometrial  May cause
cancer you to gain
 Intercourse not weight
affected  May cause
delay in
fertility
when
stopped
 Does not
prevent
STIs
67
 Requires a
prescription
A flexible ring  Not permanent  Can cause  99.7% when

Vaginal that releases  Helps make irregular used
Contraceptives estrogen and periods more bleeding perfectly
Ring progestin regular  May cause  92% with
when inserted  May offer other vaginal typical use
into the benefits of oral discomfort
vagina. contraceptive or irritation
Remains in  Once monthly (uncommon
place for 3 contraception )
weeks, and is  Intercourse not  Ring may
removed for affected fall out
one, (uncommon
preventing )
pregnancy the  Does not
same way oral prevent
contraceptives STIs
do.  Requires
prescription
A t-shaped  Long lasting (up  Possible  99.9%
Intrauterine device that its to 5 years) side effects
System inside the  Estrogen-free after
uterus and  Stops periods in insertion
releases a some women include
hormone  Decreases irregular
slowly over menstrual bleeding or
time, bleeding and spotting
preventing cramping  Rarely,
pregnancy  May help uterus may
much the symptoms of be
same way oral endo- perforated
contraceptives metriosis during
do. Also  May prevent insertion
known as the precancerous  May fall out
hormonal IUD. cells in uterus (uncommon
 Intercourse not )
affected  Does not
prevent
STIs
 Requires a
prescription
 Must be
inserted
68
and
removed by
a physician
A t-shaped  Long lasting (up  Possible  99.2% to

Intrauterine device to 5 year) side effects 99.4%
Device (IUD) containing  Estrogen-free after
copper that sit  May decrease insertion
inside the risk of include
uterus, endometrial irregular
preventing cancer bleeding or
perm from  May prevent spotting
fertilizing the precancerous  Rarely,
egg and by cells in uterus uterus may
causing  Intercourse not be
changes in the affected perforated
cervical during
mucus. insertion
 May
increase
menstrual
bleeding or
cramping
 May fall out
(uncommon
)
 Does not
prevent
STIs
 Must be
inserted
and
removed by
a physician
A soft foam  Hormone-free  Must be  91% for
The Sponge sponge with  No prescription inserted perfect use
spermicide  Can be used by before in women
(disables woman who are intercourse who have
sperm) that is breast-feeding or  May cause not given
inserted in the who smoke vaginal birth(84%
vagina and  Available in irritation or with typical
over the stores, infection use)
cervix, where it pharmacies, or  You or your  80% for
absorbs and online. partner may perfect use
disables sperm be allergic in women
for up to 12 to who have
69
hours. spermicide given birth

 Can cause (68% with
symptoms typical use)
of toxic
shock if left
in the
vagina for
excessive
periods
 Does not
protect
against
certain STIs
These creams,  Hormone-free  Must be  82% when
Spermicide jellies, tablets,  May also provide inserted used
suppositories, lubrication before perfectly
foam or films  No prescription intercourse  71% with
are inserted  Can be used by  You or your typical use
into the vagina woman who are partner may  Very
to disable breast-feeding or be allergic effective
sperm. They who smoke to when used
can be used  Available in spermicide with barrier
with other stores,  Does not methods of
forms of pharmacies, or protect contraceptio
contraception. online against n
certain STIs
This soft,  Hormone-free  Must be  95% when
Female disposable  No prescription inserted used
Condom sheath made  Available in before perfectly
of some strores and intercourse  79% with
polyurethane online  More typical use
is placed  Woman controls expensive
inside the its use than male
vagina before  Protects against condoms
intercourse to some STIs  Must be
prevent direct inserted
genital contact properly
and the  May slip or
exchange of break
bodily fluids.  Makes a
noise
during
intercourse
70
This soft,  Hormone-free  Must be  98% when

Male disposable  No prescription applied used
Condom sheath made  Latex condom before perfectly
of latex, protect against intercourse  85% with
polyurethane, STIs  A new typical used
silicone or  May help prevent condom
lambskin is premature should be
placed on the ejaculation used for
erect penis  Available in each act of
before some stores and intercourse
intercourse to pharmacies, and  Must be
prevent direct online stored and
genital contact  Come in different handled
and the sizes,colours,sha properly
exchange of pes and flavours  May slip or
bodily fluids. break
 May reduce
sensitivity
for either
partner
This latex  Hormone-free  Must be  94% when
Diaphragm dome with a  Can be inserted inserted used
flexible steel several hour properly perfectly
ring is before  Need a  84% with
positioned in intercourse prescription typical use
the vagina  Can be used by and must
over the cervix breastfeeding be sized by
(can also be women a
non-latex). The  Some protection healthcare
device block against certain professiona
the entrance to STI l
the uterus, and  Must be left
is often used in vagina
with for 6 to 8
spermicide. hours after
intercourse
 May be
dislodge
during
intercourse
 You or your
partner may
be allergic
to
spermicides
 Spermicide
71
should be
reapplied
before each
act of
intercourse
 Does not
protect
against
certain STIs
This thimble-  Hormone-free  Must be  91% for
Cervical shaped  Can be inserted inserted perfect use
Cap silicone cap several hours properly in women
fits over the before who have
 Need a
cervix to block intercourse not given
the entrance to  Can be used by prescription birth (84%
the uterus with breastfeeding and must with typical
spermicide. women be sized by use)
 Some protection a  74% for
against certain healthcare perfect use
STIs professiona in women
who have
l
given birth
 Must be left (68% with
in vagina typical use)
for 6 to 8
hours after
intercourse
 May be
dislodge
during
intercourse
 You or your
partner may
be allergic
to
spermicides
 Spermicide
should be
reapplied
before each
act of
intercourse
 Does not
protect
72
against
certain STIs
Table 1. Effectiveness of Family Planning Methods
Table 2. Effectiveness of Family Planning Methods
73
PILLS
 Safe
 Effective when a pill is taken

every day
 Less monthly bleeding and

cramps
What it is
 A pill with hormones in it that is taken every day.
 Prevents release of egg, and blocks sperm from meeting egg.
How to use
 Take one pill every day.
 When you finish a pack of pills, start a new pack the next day.
If you miss a pill:
 Take missed pill as soon as possible.
 Okay to take 2 pills at the same time.
 If you miss more than 2 days of pills in a row, use condoms for 7 days and keep
taking pills. If you miss these pills in week 3, ALSO skip the reminder pills and start
a new pack.
74
What to expect
 Sometimes irregular bleeding at first, then followed by lighter monthly bleeding
with less cramping.

 Some women have stomach upset or mild headaches that go away after first
few months.
Key points
 Take a pill every day.
 Be sure you have enough pills. Get more before you run out.
 Use condoms if you need protection from STI or HIV/AIDS.
INJECTION
 Safe
 Hormone injection given every 2

months (NET-EN) or 3 months
(DMPA)
 Very effective when injections

are on time
 Use can be kept private
75
What it is
 Hormone injection.
 Prevents release eggs.
How to use
 Get an injection every 2 months (NET-EN) or 3 months (DMPA)
 If breastfeeding, can start 6 weeks after childbirth.
 Works best if you get your injections on time.
If late for an injection:
 DMPA; Can still get an injection up to 4 weeks late.
 NET-EN: Can still get an injection up to 2 weeks late.

If later, use condoms and return for an injection as soon as possible.
What to expect
 Irregular bleeding at first, then spotting or no monthly bleeding. This is common
and safe.
 Possible slight weight change.
 After stopping injections, it can take several months to become pregnant.
Key points
 Does not cause infertility.
 Be sure to get next injection on time.
 Use condoms if you need protection from STIs or HIV/AIDS.
76
MALE CONDOM
 Prevents both pregnancy and
sexually transmitted infections
including HIV/AIDS.
 Effective when used correctly
every time you have sex.
 Easy to get and use.
What it is
 A thin rubber covering that fits over the erect penis.
 Is a barrier that keeps sperm out of the vagina.
How to use
 Put a new condom onto erect penis before each ex act.
 Dispose of properly, in rubbish or latrine.
What to expect
 No side-effect.
Key points
 Can be used with other family planning methods to prevent sexually transmitted
infections including HIV.

 Important to use correctly every time you have sex.
 Be careful not to tear condom when opening package or putting on.
77
 Partners must agree to use.
 Emergency contraceptives pills can be used if condom breaks or is not used.
FEMALE CONDOM
 Prevents both pregnancy and  Effective when used correctly

sexually transmitted infections every time you have sex.
including HIV/AIDS.
What it is
 Plastic covering inserted into the vagina before sex.
 Is a barrier that keeps sperm out of the vagina.
How to use
 Insert new female condom into the vagina before every sex act.
 Dispose of properly, in rubbish or latrine.
What to expect
 No side-effects
78
Key points
 Can be used with other family planning method to prevent sexually transmitted
infection including HIV.

 Important to use correctly every time you have sex.
 Make sure penis enters inside the condom ring and stays in during sex.
 Partners must agree to use.
 Emergency contraceptives pills can be used if condoms slips or is not used
correctly.
IMPLANTS
 Safe to use
 One of the most effective
methods
 Lasts for 3 to 5 years
 Can be removed any time if you
want to get pregnant
What it is
 Small tubes placed under the skin of inner, upper arm.
 Hormone from the tubes blocks sperm from reaching egg and prevents release
egg.
79
How to use
 Specially trained provider inserts and removes implants.
 Nothing to remember to do after insertion.
What to expect
 Changes in monthly bleeding including irregular bleeding, potting, heavier
bleeding or no monthly bleeding, are common and safe.
Key points
 Use another method if waiting for appointment.
 Use condoms if you need purchasing from STIs or HIV/AIDS.
IUD
 Can be used for up to 12 years

 Can be removed any time if you
 Safe to use already want to get pregnant
methods
80
What it is
 Small, flexible, plastic “T” wrapped in copper wire that is placed in the womb.
 Prevents sperm from meeting the egg.
How to use
 Specially trained provider inserts and remove IUD.
 Can be put in right after you have a baby a well as at other times.
 Nothing to remember to do after insertion.
What to expect
 Some cramping and heavier bleeding during monthly bleeding in the first few
months of use.
Key points
 Use another method if waiting for appointment.
 Use condoms if you need protection from STI or HIV/AIDS.
81
FEMALESTERILIZATION

 Safe and permanent methods.
method-for women or  Simple operation
couples who will not want
more children
What it is
 Specially trained provider makes one or two small cut to reach the tube that
carry egg to the womb.
 Cut or blocks the tubes. The womb is not removed.
 Can be done right after you have a baby as well as other times.
What to expect
 After procedures, nothing to remember and no side-effects.
 Do not need to be put to sleep during procedure.
 Usually you can go home a few hours after procedure.
 May have soreness for a few days after procedure.
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 Monthly bleeding will continue as usual for you.
Key points
 Permanent method.
VASECTOMY
 Safe and permanent method –
for men or couple who will not
want more children.
methods.
 Simple operation
 Must use back-up method for
first 3 months.
What it is
 Specially trained provider makes two small cut to reach the tubes that carry
sperm.
 Cuts tubes. Testicles are not removed.
 Work by keeping sperm out of semen.
How to use
 3-month delay in taking effect. Couple must use another method until then.
 After 3 months, nothing to remember.
83
What to expect
 Do not need to be put to sleep during procedure.
 Usually you can go home a few hours after procedures.
 May have bruising and soreness for a few days after procedures.
Key points
 Does not decreases sex drive, erection or ejaculation.
 Permanent method.
Breastfeeding method:
LACTATIONALAMENORRHEAMETHOD(
LAM)
 Safe with no side-effects
84
 Effective if:
 You are breastfeeding often, day and night, and giving no other food or
liquids
 Your baby is less than 6 months old, and
 Your monthly bleeding has not returned
What it is
 Breastfeeding often, day and night (breastfeeding fully or nearly fully) and give
no other food or liquids.

 If you breastfeed less, your monthly bleeding starts, or it is 6 months after you
have had your baby. The method will work.
What to expect
 No monthly bleeding.
Key points
 Very effective for 6 months if fully or nearly fully breastfeeding.
 Have another method ready to start at 6 months or before, if monthly bleeding
returns or breastfeeding decreases.
85
Standard Days Method:

USINGCALENDARORCYCLEBEADS
 Helps you know what days

during the month you could get
pregnant
 To prevent pregnancy, either
avoid sex OR use condoms on
those days.
 Best used by woman with regular
monthly bleeding
What it is
 Learning which days each month you could get pregnant (fertile days)
 Day 8 through 19 of every cycle are ‘fertile days’.
 Avoid unprotected sex during fertile days.
What to expect
 Partners must avoid sex or use condoms for 12 days in a row, every month.
 No side-effects.
Key points
 Both partners must agree to avoid ex or use condoms on fertile days.
86
 If monthly bleeding become less regular. You may need to choose another
method.
WITHDRAWAL
 No supplies  Can be used at any time

 No side-effects  Not as effective as other
methods
What it is
 The man withdraws his penis from hi partner’s vagina and ejaculates outside the
vagina.
 Works by keeping sperm out of the woman’ body.
How to use
 When the man feels he is close to ejaculation he withdraws his penis from the
woman’s vagina.
87
What to expect
 Learning to do this correctly can take time.
 May not be good for men who ejaculates quickly.
Key points
 Other methods provide greater protection from pregnancy for must people.
 Emergency contraceptive pills can be used if ejaculation occur before
withdrawal.
Frequently Asked Question;
Which oral contraceptive can I prescribe to a woman who is afraid to gain weight while
on the pill?
Answer:
The bottom line: Long and well designed epidemiological studies have all shown that
there is no weight gain during the use of any contraceptive pill, both combined and
estrogen-free pills.Of course young women under 20, who are still growing, will
experience the normal growth for their age, but that has nothing to do with the pill.
The only exception may be for depot medroxy progesterone acetate, in which women did
show an increase in body weight.
Question:
If a woman wants contraception immediately after giving birth, and if she wants to
breastfeed her baby, what is then the best method?
88
Answer:
First it is very important that the mother, and her partner, make a well informed
decision. Condoms are of course a good choice. However, if she wants a more reliable
method, then an IUD can be inserted immediately after the delivery of the placenta. Due
to the position of the uterus immediately post partum and due to the relative weakness
of the uterine wall, the insertion must be done by someone who knows the risks and
preferably has received special training. Although the WHO advises to wait for six weeks
with hormonal contraception, it is now well known, that estrogen free hormonal
methods can safely be used, directly post partum and even when breastfeeding. So most
experts now agree that a contraceptive implant, an estrogen free pill (POP) or a
progestin loaded IUD are also excellent choices.
Question:
I read recently that a morning-after pill does not work optimally in obese women. What
is the advice?
Answer:
There are indeed data to show that a levo-norgestrel based emergency contraceptive is
less effective in women over 80 kgs. More data are presently being collected and
studied. As long as a definite answer is not available, my suggestion would be to insert
an IUD as emergency contraceptive if a woman weighs more than 80 kgs.
Question:
How many pills can a woman forget in the middle of her pill cycle, since that is supposed
to be the most risky period?
Answer:
First: A pill cycle (or a Nuvaring cycle, or a contraceptive patch cycle) is an artificial
cycle. There is no oocyte maturation, and therefore no risk of pregnancy if a woman
forgets pill number 10, 11 or 12 of the "cycle".
89
Secondly: Forgetting pills at the beginning or the end of the pill strip is much more
risky, since that lengthens the pill free interval! In case a pill in the beginning of the strip
is forgotten, the woman or the man should use additional contraception during at least
seven days. In case a pill at the end of the strip is forgotten, the woman should start the
next pill after a normal pill-free interval. So if she forgets pill 20 and 21 of a 21 days
strip, she should start the new strip seven days after the last pill she ‘took.
90
LEARN HOW TO TALK ABOUT IT

TO:
Your HCP
Your healthcare provider knows the subject better than anyone; get the right answers
for you
Your Parents
They know you better than anyone, and they’ve been through it too
Your Partner
You’re in this together, and not just in the bedroom, be honest
91
IV. Effects of Family Planning
According to the Guttmacher Institute and the Philippines Statistics Authority,

women in the Philippines would prefer to have smaller families than they are currently
having. Women of middle class prefer up to one less child and those in poverty two fewer.
Yet many women and men in the Philippines are either not using any methods of family
planning or are using traditional family planning methods, which have a lower rate of
pregnancy prevention. Increased usage of a variety of methods of family planning would
offer benefits to Philippine women, their families and the country as a whole.
A. Population
The population of the Philippines is 12th among countries worldwide, seventh
in Asia and second in Southeast Asia, and it is growing at an annual rate of 1.9 percent,
according to the Philippine Commission on Women. By using family planning methods,
negative impacts of this growth can be diminished, including those on the environment and
the increase in poverty and hunger. Family planning can also help with local, regional and
national development efforts.
B. Poverty
By planning pregnancies, women in the Philippines will have greater
opportunities for advancing their education and using their degrees to benefit themselves,
their families and their communities. According to the World Health Organization, children
with fewer siblings tend to stay in school longer than those with many siblings.
92
C. Healthiness of a person
According to the World Health Organization, by planning the spacing or
number of children she has, a woman can decrease the risk to both her and her infant of
dying during childbirth or soon thereafter. Because older women and teenagers face
increased risk with pregnancy, as do their offspring, pregnancy prevention during those
years is also important. For example, teenagers are more likely to have babies born early
or with low birth weight, and infants born to teens have higher neonatal mortality rates.
Family planning can help reduce the risk of unplanned or unwanted pregnancies among
those living with HIV. Male or female condoms help protect against HIV.
V. Conclusion
SURVEY
General Mariano Alvarez Technical High School
Name:
Grade & Section:
Gender:
I. Direction: Put a check ( ) if your answer is YES, then (X) if it is NO.
YES NO
1. Family Planning program make our population lower.
2. Family Planning is mainly used by the couple.
3. Contraceptives is 100% effective.
4. Churches agree to launch the Family Planning program
in are country.
5. Family Planning make poverty in the phillippines
decreases.
93
6. Taking hormonal pills makes the woman in active.

7. Fertility awareness methods are reliable.
II. Direction: Put a Checked!
Rate Very EffectiveNot at all

Effective
1. Pills
2. Condom
3. Spemicide
4. Sterilization
I. In numbers,
1. Out of 25 person, 23 answer YES while the rest answer NO
II.
Rate Very Effective Effective Not at all

1. 1 3 13 9
2. 2 7 7 11
3. 3 1 10 14
4. 4 7 15 3
94
Graph I.
Family Planning
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
No. 1 No. 2
No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7
YES NO
Graph II.
Rate
19%
36%
Very Effective
Effective
45% Not at all
95
“Raising” a child requires significant amounts of resources: time, social, financial,
and environmental. Planning can help assure that resources are available. The purpose
of family planning is to make sure that any couple, man, or woman who has desire to
have a child has the resources that are needed in order to complete this goal.
Base on weve’ survey. Many people, believe that family planning makes our country
better. From decreasing rate of poverty, population & make a healthy person in the
womb of a girl in the timing sterilization. They also believe in contraceptives, even
though on those side effects of contraceptives in our health. They believe that family
planning can help a lot from fertilization through pregnancy. Not just in a couple but also
in our community. Contraceptives helps a couple a lot from preventing pregnancy and
such disease, such as STIs. It can help us assure the future that can do by our future
sons/daughters. By doing a timing fertilization.
96
Glossary of Terms
ABSTINENCE:Refraining from vaginal,anal or oral intercourse
CERVICAL CAP:This thimble-shaped silicone cap fits over the cervix to block the
entrance to the uterus with spermicide.
CONTRACEPTION: The intentional prevention of pregnancy through the use of various
drugs, devices, surgical procedures, or sexual practices.
CONTRACEPTIVES METHODS: Various drugs, devices, siurgical procedures, or
sexual practices used to prevent pregnancy.
DEATH RATE: The number of deaths per 1,000 of the population per year.
DIAPHRAGM:This latex dome with a flexible steel ring is positioned in the vagina over
the cervix (can also be non-latex). The device block the entrance to the uterus, and is
often used with spermicide.
EGG (OR OVUM): The reproductive cell of the female.
EJACULATION: the realease of semen from the opening at the tip of the penis when a
man reaches sexual climax (orgasm)
FAITHFUL PARTNER OR FAITHFUL RELATIONSHIP: These terms refer to having
sexual relations only with your partner, and your partner has no other sexual partner but
you.
FALLOPIAN TUBES: These are two narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of
the uterus. They serves as tunnels for the eggs to travel from the ovaries to the uterus.
Fallopian tubes are the place where the egg unite with a sperm.
97
FEMALE CONDOM:This soft, disposable sheath made of polyurethane is placed inside
the vagina before intercourse to prevent direct genital contact and the exchange of
bodily fluids.
FEMALE STERILIZATION: A minor operation to close or block the fallopian tubes,
permanently. Sometimes reffered to as ‘having your tubes tied’.
FERTILITY: The ability to get pregnant or cause pregnancy.
FERTILIZATION: The process during which a sperm unites with an egg. Fertilization
take place in the fallopian tube.
INFERTILITY: Inability to get pregnant or cause pregnancy. A couple is considered to
be infertile if pregnancy has not occurred after 12 months of regular sexual activity
without the use of contraception (including the delay of return to fertlity after stopping
use of injectable contraceptives).
INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTIVE:An injection of progestin given in the arm or buttocks
4 times per year that prevents pregnancy in the same way as oral contraceptives.
INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD):A t-shaped device containing copper that sit inside the
uterus, preventing perm from fertilizing the egg and by causing changes in the cervical
mucus.
INTRAUTERINE SYSTEM:A t-shaped device that its inside the uterus and releases a
hormone slowly over time, preventing pregnancy much the same way oral
contraceptives do. Also known as the hormonal IUD.
MALE CONDOM:This soft, disposable sheath made of latex, polyurethane, silicone or
98
lambskin is placed on the erect penis before intercourse to prevent direct genital contact
and the exchange of bodily fluids.
MALE STERILIZATION:A minor operation to close or block the tubes that carry sperm
to the penis (vas deferens), permanently. Also reffered to as a vasectomy.
MENOPAUSE: The time in woman’s life when monthly bleedings permanently stop and
a woman no longer ovulates. Menopause is confirmed when there has been no
menstrual bleedings for 12 conecutive months and no other cause can be identified. It
typically occurs sometime between the ages of 45 and 55 and marks the end of fertility.
NATURAL BIRTH CONTROL:You track your monthly cycle, and avoid sexual
intercourse during your fertile period, around the time of ovulation.
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES:The most commonly used method of birth control, ‘the pill’
contain either estrogen and progestin (hormones), or just progestin. Taken once daily, it
prevents ovaries from releasing an egg and thickens cervical mucus o sperm can’t pass
through it.
OVARIES: Two small organs, which are located inside a woman’s abdomen, one vary
on each side of the uterus. The ovaries grow, store, and release eggs into the fallopian
tubes; typically on egg is released by one of the ovaries every month. The ovaries also
produce female sex hormones.
OVULATION: The release of the ripe egg from the ovary. Ovulation occurs about two
weeks before woman’s monthly bleeding.
PENIS: The male reproductive organ used in sexual intercourse. The head of the penis
has a small opening which connects to the uterus – the tube that transport semen and
99
urine. When a man is sexually aroused, the penis becomes erect (stiff). At this point the
flow of the urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be expelled when
the man reaches sexual climax (orgasm).
PERMANENT CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: These methods include female and

male
sterilization and are intended to end a woman’s or a man’s ability to have children
permanently.
PUBERTY: The stage of adolescent in which bodies gradually change and become
capable of getting pregnant (girls) or causing pregnant (boys).
REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: Thee methods do not permanently
affect a woman’s ability to have children. When a couple decides to stop uing the
method, the woman may become pregnant soon. All contraceptive methods other than
male and female sterilization are reversible.
SEMEN: The thick white fluid that contains sperm and is expelled when the man
reaches sexual climax (orgasm).
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE: This term usually refers to the insertion of a man’s penis into
a woman’s vagina. This term may also be used to describe other sexual penetrative
acts, such as anal or sex or oral sex, which may occur between a man and a woman,
two men, or two women.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs): These are infections generally
acquired by sexual contact. The organisms that causes STIs may pass from person to
person in semen or vaginal fluids, or through genital contact. Some of these infections
100
can also be transmitted non-sexually, such as from mother to infant during pregnancy or
childbirth, or through blood transfusions or shared needles.
SHORT-ACTING CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: Methods that provide effective
contraception for a short period of time. Depending on the method, they require user
action either every time a couple has sex, every day, every month, or every 2 or 3
months. The example of such methods include condoms, oral contraceptive pills, and
injectable.
SPERM: The reproductive cell of the male.
SPERMICIDE:These creams, jellies, tablets, suppositories, foam or films are inserted
into the vagina to disable sperm. They can be used with other forms of contraception.
STILLBORN: Refers to a baby who is born dead after 24 completed weeks of
pregnancy.
THE SPONGE:A soft foam sponge with spermicide (disables sperm) that is inserted in
the vagina and over the cervix, where it absorbs and disables sperm for up to 12 hours.
TRANSDERMAL PATCH:A small patch that sticks to skin on upper outer arm, lower
abdomen, upper body or buttocks. Contains estrogen and progestin, which are released
slowly and absorbed by the skin, and prevent pregnancy in the same way as oral
contraceptives.
UNPROTECTED SEX: Sexual intercourse when no contraception is used to prevent a
pregnancy or no condom is used to prevent STIs, including HIV. Unprotected sex may
refer to vaginal sex, anal sex, or oral sex.
UTERUS: The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is located inside a woman’s
101
abdomen. The uterus holds a developing baby during pregnancy and has a lining, which
helps to nourish a baby. When a woman is not pregnant, this lining is shed every month
in the form of monthly bleeding. The muscular walls of the uterus are able to expand
and contract to accommodate a growing baby and then help push the baby out during
labor. When a woman is not pregnant, the uterus is only about 3 inches (7.5
centimeters) long and 2 inches (5 centimeters) wide.
VAGINA: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the
outside of the body. It also know as the birth canal. The vagina is about 3 to 5 inches (8
to 12 centimeters) long in a grown woman. Because it has muscular walls, it can
expand and contract. This ability to expand allows a baby to pass through the vagina
during delivery.
VAGINAL CONTRACEPTIVE RING:A flexible ring that releases estrogen and
progestin when inserted into the vagina. Remains in place for 3 weeks, and is removed
for one, preventing pregnancy the same way oral contraceptives do.
VAS DEFERENS: The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that transports mature
sperm from each tescticles to the urethra (which is a tube that carries sperm and urine
to the tip of the penis).
WITHDRAWAL:Man withdraws penis from vagina before ejaculation.
102
REFERENCES& LINKS:
A Guide to Family Planning for Community Health Workers and their Clients. Geneva:
World Health Organization (WHO), 2012. Available at:
http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/family_planning/9789241503754/en/i
ndex.html
Facts for Life. Third edition. UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO, UNFA, UNFPA, UNDP,
UNAIDS, WFP and the World Bank. New York: UNICEF, 2010. Available at:
http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/factsoflife/en/index.html
Rhonda Smith et al., Family Planning Saves Lives, 4th ed. (Washington, DC: Population
Reference Bureau, 2009); Population Action International, Voluntary Family Planning:
An Investment in Our World's Future (Washington, DC: Population Action International,
2006); and Ruth Levine et al., "Contraception," in Disease Control Priorities in
Developing Countries, 2nd ed., ed. Dean T. Jamison et al. (New York: The World Bank
and Oxford University Press, 2006).
United Nations, "We Can End Poverty: 2010 Millennium Development Goals," accessed
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Family Planning and Economic Well-Being: New Evidence From Bangladesh
(Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 2009).
103

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[EFFECTS OF FAMILY PLANNING] 2017

method. A couple’s decision to begin, prevent, or interrupt a pregnancy may be

prevent temporarily or sterilization to prevent pregnancy permanently.

Family Planning can significantly reduce the risk of maternal, newborn,

certain health conditions or characteristics, or by preventing an unplanned pregnancy.

and services prevents unnecessary maternal death or illness due to an unintended

severe anemia, damage to the reproductive organs or reproductive organs or nervous

What is Family Planning?

which option is right for you.

implants. Condoms, contraceptive sponges, diaphragms and spermicide are also

the rhythmmethods, require no pills, hormones or devices. Instead, women monitor

contraception or voluntary sterilization. Because “family” is included in the concept’s

is often considered primarily. Contemporary nations of family planning, however, tend to

of women’s improvement and reproductive autonomy have gained traction in many

factors such as marital situation, career considerations, financial position, any

contraception and other techniques to control the timing of reproduction. Other

techniques commonly used include sexually education, prevention and management of

sexually transmitted infection, pre-conception counseling and management, and

Family planning is sometimes used as a synonyms or euphemism for access to

define as “educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable

children and to select the means by which this may be achieved”.

Why use Family Planning?

How can Family Planning help you?

 Healthier mothers and children

 Delaying pregnancy lets young people stay in school

 Parents have more time to work and to be with family.

 Delaying first or second pregnancy lets young people stay in school

 Many young people need contraceptives to delay pregnancy. Ideally, young

ready before having children.

 After having a child, it is healthier to wait at least 2 years to try to become

 Having more than 4 children makes childbirth riskier.

----------------Family Planning can save your life----------------

ADVANTAGES OF FAMILY PLANNING

pregnancy, according to Planned Parenthood. Family planning decreases the number of

time to recover before another pregnancy.

Family Planning Improves the Economic Well-Being of Families and Communities

health interventions.1 Decades of research have demonstrated that modest investments

There is a growing push in the development community to reprioritize family planning

because of the cross-cutting role it plays in achieving broader development goals,

Research results from Bangladesh are demonstrating that, in addition to contributing to

better health, family planning is an essential component of sustainable development

program experienced health benefits in addition to larger incomes, greater accumulation

area exceeded those in the comparison group by as much as 43 percent, depending on

The evidence from Bangladesh demonstrates how an integrated FPMCH program

through the accumulation of greater wealth. Family planning enables women to be

poverty reduction strategy.

(Also called natural family planning or rhythm method) is a way to predict

ovulation (the release of an egg.)

What are the different methods?

Calendar (Rhythm) Methodpredict when ovulation will happen based on when

ovulation occurred in past cycles.

Ovulation (Mucus) Methodinvolves watching the changes in cervical mucus. Normal

ktheir mucus daily to tell when they’re most fertile.

 An egg is usually released once in each menstrual cycle.

 The egg lives 12 to 24 hours.

fertilize an egg during this time.

ovulation and two or three days after ovulation, a total of seven to

eight days of fertility in her cycle each month.

When does a woman normally ovulate (release an egg)?

 Ovulation normally occurs once in a menstrual cycle (between

 The egg is normally released 14 days before your period starts. If a

the same time during each cycle.

How effective is using FAM in preventing pregnancy?