Foundations on Rock FAILURE OF ROCK

Sound roclt is capable of bearin� most normal engine,9r ,ng

SAFE BEARING PRESSURES loads: the same ca..,not be said le: soils. Normal variatScns
Gui deline values for "'1'1aximum loads 1hat may safely be in rock properties are cov�:ed by generous factors of
imposed on undia:urbed ground. salety In eno neer!n.g design,
May be estimated 11 many ways, all 1:>;;ised on pa$1 Major zones ot significant weakness, lnclud1n9 under­
experience ancl incorpo�aung ampl e saiet�· factors to ground voids con cause talluries: tMoo shOukl t>e avole!ieti
ollcw tor variable .ground cor"lditions. by ade�uale �ite investigaton.
Values are useful pr.gliminary design gu ices. as it is
normally uneconomic 10 complete mesningiul f·eld tests Th¢(¢ �l/0 IOUf possibl¢ nl(XI()$ <.>f !;) !uios
on frac1ured roc'k masses. • Shear la!vre �nd upward disok.cement ol th9 rock.,
Mri�, he h:1�e<:1 (>:l rl.'>d< rvpe:
due tc- imposed loading > rc<Ck strength:
• Co..-npaction of porous rocks (causing extreme �e,ttl,?­
SRfe Be�ring Pressure-typical wlues m«mj, � loo due to loadin!'.I :.� rock s1ren91h;
• HO¢k 1aIruro lt1to vndc•J;nx11l(l c�wy, •llhcri:: roek ,cot
1-19<1�·,\y falls In $h(ll)r (>r ft¢)(lH;ll tC'l$l()n;
Reck !YJ)8'$ UnllltMI/IG((/(i "'l><llVl60 ()I • Lan:.-ls 'iding and lata,al d1sp ucanant. wtl818 slope
8(l(J,tM#,11,i6 tNflJy IM�O pro;i!es are too steep.
S11ong lgncou,; 10::k, 9rd::r.c� IOMPn - S.).Cl>a.
$lton9 llmll•ton88 &."Id 11Qlld&«lnil$ 4MP-1. 3MPa
5el\!6:18 &•Kl Slates 3Mra iw•a
Slfoo,;i f\'lud�ile<s. eolt $9Jl:1SIO:"!i88 2-Mra. • Mra
$/"'!1:. :iounU ch,;;,:!k. o,;::'l ril.d!l-t ,11"11: 750 j,.P:i 400 kP-.s
Or based on rock strength and fractur,ng: -shear failure comp&Clion cavl1y l3ndslide
14E>6k /IXJ's cJay,peat, (,t} CdlE\9, mhes $1Wp,Sklpe
Safe Bearing Pressure - guidance values
INFLUENCE OF BURIED VOIOS
1()1) 4 8 12 Plug or beam failures ol tock under structural loading
ucs 25
SBP over un:lerground cavities depend on the rock streng:h
1 3 5 and frac1urin9, the cavity s1� and depth, and the applleo
(MPa) (MPa)
10 0.2 1 2 IOOd$ .';lrYJ SlI0$$8S,
Nalm::t.1 Md miilOd CJ:\vili-Os can •1;;11y grCcalfy in $12◊,
RQD 25 70 90 shape and slability. and each one requires ir,dividuril
._•_m_ e1_u_er _•.;.
P_oc,_·.;
ng _ 60 200 600 mm ss�ssm.?nt where it is re !e•uint :o engineering wo•ks.
;_
lmprt.M,'(J �:,;.tim;,1tr;s ol SB=> can l.1k1; ;,tc--..x.iuul c• !he rock Risk ol ground f..tilura inctav.oo!J ii uny txn:1 or lhe lollc'l,ing
modulus ra.Uv lE/UCS;: lot:;:; dalo1rm:1bkl n.;tk$. wilh i1i9t·1 guide rina criteria is met
modulus ralios, sucn as rmestone or granita, cnn be • Cavity •tiidth > 0 .'f times lhid-<ness of tock oover;
ascribed higher SBP than soiter rocks, &.1ch :1e sha!e. for • Rod< c::·.,er fhicktless underneatn end-bearing piles is
the same values of UCS and ROD. < 5 time$ pile <1lametc1,
SOP values are also adJus1ed by corwenticnril 1;:ic101s wl;h • Looding to SBP abOVEt <3 m cl strong rock,
1espect to foundabon shape: 1eductions for large shallow • CO\f&r of w�ak rock <.>r soi (·11ilh piogressive la/h.116
or cyclically loaded toundations. are generally of Ettie and cav tv migration) is < 10 limes cavity height
d'recl -Sagnificance due to the high bearing capacilies of
mck (ss opposed I<: so:1;.
Sctuemcnl$ on rcx:k are gamm:llly small, .un:J a,e- rmely
constraining inf!u�nces once bearing cap:1c't•/ cri1eria
have been s..CJtisiied. [The•/ are normally the imiting fsctor
for founda,ions on clay soils.)
UBP Ultimate Bea· 1'19 Pre'!ISUt"e IO:!d .el la !u!'e
S8P - St'lk! Sean 'llJ P1t:S$Urc VBP I Sil.lCl'f Fil.:to-r,
e;S1.,1aUy 3; !limi!it ,I 10 P11:!$�1med 8e:\\rlrY:J Vilue
quoted for soils. GROUND IMPROVEMENT
ABP A.cceplit1*'} ik};)nng Pr�Sllr¢ SGP lti..:.t i$
furth8r reducGd to satisfy $.p(l:Oific !:lrvctural Trea;mert of fresh tock is rareli' necessary or economic
roquifcnicnts. notzbly scttlenicnl; for $ln,::l!1ml foundations.
reduction factor may be significant or soils. Weathere:1 and weak rock nP.M lite r.urfoce •� bettet
tvt fa usuili)• ::&:,s,e lo- 1 tor ro�s r¢ff10VOC, 01 pi!◊d 0'110t19h
Injection ,,r camant groul to iill rook pores und incra�1sa
Foundations for Toronto CN Tower slrenglh is lim:ted by low per meatili!y ol inlacl rock.
Wotld's tallest tree-sla'ld1 n9 '!l1rut1u1e s sso m high, Grouting can double mass strength- ol fissured rocks.
•.,·eighmg 110,000 lc··u •u;i1:;. Unc!-iHgtcun:1 cavities can tP. 1itlec wi1h grout injec1eo
rou,t<ff.id on �h;'tll'!, ucs 10-25 MP:t, I! 3,7 GP-a, through 100 mm boreholes; ma;· ne�d � m 9tid of
ROD 50�80, 'llith some thin w-ci.lk b;;mds ;h;:il w-crc h<>lcs if <:.twl1lcs are partially 1>Iock:0C1: vsc llulCI mtx1vre, of
rnoppe(I ;)nd m'()i(led , 1:10 ratio of cement : PFA or liras need sbll g,out wilt·
Slab roundabo-n 7 m telow rocl<.hend, OOne.ith 10 rn drilt. sand er il'�'J81 to to,m pe1imetEH barrier 10 avoid higt·
Mc,:m lom;I on ::;h;:1e it.> 5$0 kP;,, with P:,�\I� slI-'.!:;s tn h,gh lossee a·.yay irom site.
wind cf 2·89 MPa: :ompared to design se= ior d88p Alternat ves tc cement grout are io.amed conc,ete O"
c;,,issons of 72 M �• in lh¢ s.vnc rock. uncemented rock pa�te, if need ,s only to prevent
Set;leme,nt was $ mm ait�r 6 mm heaw in axca•/ations.
pn::9re(;fll'.'C mol i:i11$