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The exam is closed book and closed notes.
1. The drag F, on a sphere located in a pipe through which a fluid is flowing is to be determined
experimental. Assume that the drag is a function of sphere diameter, d, the pipe diameter, D, the
fluid velocity, V, and the fluid density, 𝜌𝜌. (a) What dimensionless parameters would you use for
this problem (don’t use D as a repeating variable) ? (b) Some experiments using water indicated
for dm=0.2 in, Dm=0.5 in, and Vm=2 ft/s, the drag is 1.5x10-3 lb. Estimate the drag on a sphere
located in a 2 ft dimeter pipe trough which water is flowing with a velocity of 6 ft/s. The sphere
diameter is such that geometric similarity is maintained.
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2. Water flows from a two-dimensional open channel and is diverted by an inclined plate illustrated
in Figure. When the velocity at section (1) is 10 ft/s, what horizontal force FAX (per unit width) is
required to hold the plate in position? At section (1) the pressure distribution is hydrostatic, and
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
the fluid acts as a free jet at section (2). Neglect Friction (𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 = 62.4 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3 , 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 = 1.94 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3 ).

3. A viscous, incompressible fluid flows between two infinite, vertical, parallel plates distance h
apart, as shown in the Figure. Use the given coordinate system and assume that the flow is laminar,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
steady, fully developed (𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 0), and 2D. Assume pressure gradient is constant and gravity is not
negligible. (a) Simplify the continuity equation and show that 𝑣𝑣 = 0. (b) Using the y-momentum
equation show that pressure is only a function of x. Find (c) velocity distribution 𝑢𝑢(𝑦𝑦), (d) wall
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
shear stress and (e) flow rate per unit width in terms of 𝜇𝜇, 𝜌𝜌, 𝑔𝑔, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , and ℎ (questions d and e will be
assigned 1 point out of 10).
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Solution 1
a) Pi theorem
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑑𝑑, 𝐷𝐷, 𝑉𝑉, 𝜌𝜌)

𝐹𝐹 =̇ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇 −2 , 𝑑𝑑 =̇ 𝐿𝐿, 𝐷𝐷 =̇ 𝐿𝐿, 𝑉𝑉 =̇ 𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇 −1 , 𝜌𝜌 =̇ 𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿−1 𝑇𝑇 −3

𝑘𝑘 − 𝑟𝑟 = 5 − 3 = 2 +1
Repeating variables 𝑑𝑑, 𝑉𝑉, 𝜌𝜌

Π1 = 𝑑𝑑 a 𝑉𝑉 𝑏𝑏 𝜌𝜌𝑐𝑐 𝐹𝐹 = (𝐿𝐿)𝑎𝑎 (𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇 −1 )𝑏𝑏 (𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿−3 )𝑐𝑐 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇 −2 ) = 𝑀𝑀0 𝐿𝐿0 𝑇𝑇 0

𝑀𝑀: 𝑐𝑐 + 1 = 0

𝐿𝐿: 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 − 3𝑐𝑐 + 1 = 0

𝑇𝑇: −𝑏𝑏 − 2 = 0

∴ 𝑎𝑎 = −2, 𝑏𝑏 = −2, 𝑐𝑐 = −1

𝐹𝐹
Π1 = +3
𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 𝑑𝑑2

Π2 = 𝑑𝑑 a 𝑉𝑉 𝑏𝑏 𝜌𝜌𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝐷 = (𝐿𝐿)𝑎𝑎 (𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇 −1 )𝑏𝑏 (𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿−3 )𝑐𝑐 (𝐿𝐿) = 𝑀𝑀0 𝐿𝐿0 𝑇𝑇 0

𝑀𝑀: 𝑐𝑐 = 0

𝐿𝐿: 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑐𝑐 + 1 = 0

𝑇𝑇: −𝑏𝑏 = 0

∴ 𝑎𝑎 = −1, 𝑏𝑏 = 0, 𝑐𝑐 = 0

𝐷𝐷 +3
Π2 =
𝑑𝑑
𝐹𝐹 𝐷𝐷
∴ = 𝜙𝜙 � �
𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑

b) Similarity

𝐷𝐷𝑚𝑚 𝐷𝐷
=
𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚 0.2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑑𝑑 = 𝐷𝐷 = 2 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.8 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 +1
𝐷𝐷𝑚𝑚 0.5 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
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𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚
=
2
𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 𝑑𝑑 2 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚2 𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚
2

2
𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉 2 𝑑𝑑 2 6 ft⁄s 0.8 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2
𝐹𝐹 = � � � � 𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚 = (1) � � � � (1.5 × 10−3 lb) = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥
𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚 2 ft⁄s 0.2/12 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 +2
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Solution 2

Continuity

𝐴𝐴1 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝐴𝐴2 𝑉𝑉2

𝐴𝐴1 ℎ1 +2
𝑉𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉1
𝐴𝐴2 ℎ2

Hydrostatic force at section 1

1
𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻 = 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 ℎ1 𝐴𝐴1 +2
2
Linear momentum equation

1
−𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑤𝑤 + 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 ℎ1 𝐴𝐴1 = −𝑉𝑉1 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 + 𝑉𝑉2 sin(20) 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 +5
2
Using continuity
2
1 2
ℎ1
−𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑤𝑤 + 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 ℎ1 (ℎ1 𝑤𝑤) = −𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉1 (ℎ1 𝑤𝑤) + 𝜌𝜌 � 𝑉𝑉1 � sin(20) (ℎ2 𝑤𝑤)
2 ℎ2

1 2 2
ℎ1 2 2
−𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 ℎ1 = −𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉1 ℎ1 + 𝜌𝜌 � � 𝑉𝑉1 ℎ2 sin(20)
2 ℎ2

1 2 2
ℎ1 2 2
𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 ℎ1 + 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉1 ℎ1 − 𝜌𝜌 � � 𝑉𝑉1 ℎ2 sin(20)
2 ℎ2

1 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑠 2

𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = �62.4 3 � (4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)2 + �10 � �1.94 � �1 � (4 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)
2 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
4𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑠 2
− �� � �10 �� sin(20) �1.94 � �1 � (1 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) = 213 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 +1
1𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
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Solution 3
Assumptions:
𝜕𝜕
1) Steady flow (𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 0)
2) Incompressible flow (ρ=constant)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
3) Fully developed (𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 0)
𝜕𝜕
4) 2D (𝑤𝑤 = 0, 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 0)

a) Continuity:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
+ + =0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
0(3) + + 0(4) = 0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 0 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 +1
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

ℎ ℎ
𝑣𝑣 = 0 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = − ⇒ 𝑣𝑣 = 0 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (5)
2 2
b) y - Momentum:

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣

𝜌𝜌 � + 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑤𝑤 � = 𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔𝑦𝑦 − + 𝜇𝜇 � 2 + 2 + 2 �
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜌𝜌(0(1) + 0(5) + 0(5) + 0(4)) = 0 − + 𝜇𝜇(0(5) + 0(5) + 0(5))
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 +2.5
= 0 ⇒ 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝(𝑥𝑥)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
c) x- Momentum:

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢

𝜌𝜌 � + 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑤𝑤 � = 𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔𝑥𝑥 − + 𝜇𝜇 � 2 + 2 + 2 �
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢
𝜌𝜌(0(1) + 0(3) + 0(5) + 0(4)) = −𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 − + 𝜇𝜇 �0(3) + 2 + 0(4)�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦

𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + � +2.5
𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2 𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
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Integrate:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + � 𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶1
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 2
𝑢𝑢 = �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + � + 𝐶𝐶1 𝑦𝑦 + 𝐶𝐶2 +1
𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
Boundary conditions:
ℎ ℎ
𝑢𝑢 = 0 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = −
2 2

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ℎ2 ℎ
0 = �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + � + 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2
𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 8 2
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ℎ2 ℎ
0 = �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + � − 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2
𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 8 2
𝐶𝐶1 = 0 +1

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ℎ2 +1
𝐶𝐶2 = − �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + �
𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 8
Replace and find final solution:

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 2 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ℎ2
𝑢𝑢 = �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + � − �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + �
𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 8

1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 2 ℎ2
𝑢𝑢 = �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + � � − �
𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 8

d) Wall shear stress

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ℎ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 = 𝜇𝜇 � = �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + � +0.5
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦=ℎ/2 2𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

e) Flow rate
ℎ/2 ℎ/2
𝑞𝑞 = � 𝑢𝑢(𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 � 𝑢𝑢(𝑦𝑦)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 +0.5
−ℎ/2 0
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ℎ/2
2 2
ℎ/2
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ℎ 𝑦𝑦2 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 ℎ
𝑞𝑞 = 2 � �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + � � − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + � � 𝑦𝑦3 − 𝑦𝑦��
0 𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 8 𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 6 8
0
3
2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 3 1 3 ℎ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + � � ℎ − ℎ � = −0.02083 �𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + �
𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 48 32 𝜇𝜇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑