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Diversidad y Biomasa Arbórea en los Bosques


Andinos del Santuario Nacional del Ampay,
Apurímac – Perú

Article · December 2017

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7 authors, including:

Isau Huamantupa Manuel Peralvo


Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del C… Consorcio para el Desarrollo de la Ecorregión…
71 PUBLICATIONS 588 CITATIONS 37 PUBLICATIONS 287 CITATIONS

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