PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

1. Arrange the following acids in order of increasing strength:

H3O+, H2O, H2, CCl3CO2H, HSO4- and HF

a. H2O < HF < H2 < H3O+ < HSO4- < CCL3 CO2H

b. HF < H2O < H2< HSO4-< CCL3 CO2H < H3O+

c. H2 < HF < H2O < CCl3CO2H < H2O < HSO4-

d. H2 < H2O < HF < HS04- < CCI3CO2H < H3O+

e. H2O < H2 < H3O+ < HF < HS04- < CCI3CO2H

2. Steam enters an adiabatic nozzle at 1378 kPa and a velocity of 3.05 m/s, a specific volume of
0.147 m3/kg and a specific internal energy of 2510 kJ/kg. The exit conditions are 137.8 kPa,
specific volume of 1.099 m3/kg and internal energy of 2,263 kJ/kg. The ratio of the inlet
diameter to its exit diameter is

a. 3.24 b. 5.82 c. 8.64 d. 3.68

3. A 0.1 M solution of sodium bicarbonate has a pH value of

a. 13.0 c. 8.4

b. 7.0 d. 5.6

4. Which of the following would be the most probable electronic configuration of an element
with atomic number 28?

a. 28-18 c. 2-8-16-2

b. 2-8-14-4 d. 2-8-12-2

5. If the solution X has a pH of 6.0 and a solution Y has a hydronium ion concentration twice
that of solution X, the approximate pH of solution Y is

a. 12 b. 3 c. 5.7 d. 9 e. 4

6. Eight grams of O2 gas at 27°C and 10 atm expands adiabatically and reversibly to a final
pressure of 1 atm. Find the work done in the process if C p = 7/2 R.

a. 822. 5 g b. 751.5 J c. 786.2 J d. 624.6 J

7. A 0.50 g sample of n-heptane (1) burned in a calorimeter caused a temperature rise of

2.934°C. If the total heat capacity of the calorimeter is 1954 cal/OC and the mean T is 25°C.
The molar heat of combustion of the heptane at constant pressure is
 a. 2145 cal b. 115oCal c. 1456cal d.3125cal

8. Phenolphthalein is useful as an indicator in the titration of

a. acetic acid with ainmonia c. ammonia with HCl

b. acetic acid with HCl d. Na2CO3 with HCl

9. How many millimeters of water must be added to 100 ml solution KHC 2O4.H2C2O4. Which is
1.5 N as an acid in order to obtain a resultant solution which is 1.5 N as reducing agent, (MW of
KHC2O4.H2C2O4.2H2O = 254.20)

a. 43.3 ml c. 36.9 ml

b. 30.8 ml d. 33.3 ml

10. At 3000 K and I atm CO2 is 40% dissociated to CO + O2. Its percentage dissociation when
the pressure is increased to 2 atm is

a. 0.350 b. 0.335 c. 0.425 d. 0.375

11. If 12 mol of 1-butene is heated from 250°C to 1200°C in a steady-state flow process at
atmospheric pressure, what is the entropy change for 1-butene?

A = 1.967 B = -9.873 X 10-6T2 C = 31.630 X 10-3

a. 2267.2 J/K b. 1586.5 J/K c. 2512.6 J/K d. 3216.5 J/K

12. D-fructose was treated with HCN, the product hydrolyzed and reduced to a carboxylic acid
by heating with HI and P. The hydroxylic acid formed is

a. n-heptanoic acid c. 2-methylheptanoic acid

b. n-hexanoic acid d. 2-methylhexanoic acid

13. The following data were taken in measuring the MW of a certain gas by the Regnault
Method:

wt of evacuated bulb = 42.5050 g T = 25°C

wt of bulb + gas = 43.3412 g P = 745 mm Hg

wt of bulb + water = 365.31 g

The MW of the gas is

a. 64.6 g/mol b. 72.4 g/mol c. 32.4 g/mol d. cannot be determined

14. A balloon is filled with helium gas at 1 atm and 25°C to its total capacity of 1 x 10 6 L.
Determine the lifting power of the balloon in moist air at 25°C and 1 atm P and RH of 60%.

a. 1.176 g/L b. 1.0075 g/L c. 1.0032 g/L d. cannot be determined

15. Estimate the number of molecules left in a volume the size of a pin head about 1 mm 3 when
air is pumped out to give a vacuum of 10-6 mmHg at 25°C.

a. 3.24 x 107 b. 5.31 X 1024 c. 6.02 X 1023 d. 1.05 X 1010

16. A central power plant rated at 800,000 kW generates steam at 585 OK and discards heat to
a river at 295°K. If the thermal efficiency of the plant is 70% of the maximum value how much
heat is discarded to the river at the rated power?

a. 1.5x 106kW b. 8.1 x 105kW c. 3.4x 105kW d. 2.0x 106kW

17. It requires 16 seconds for 250 ml of C to diffuse through a small opening. Under the same
condition of T and P, how long would it take for 1500 ml of S02 to diffuse through the same
opening?

a. 132 sec b. 186 sec c. 192 sec

18. A cell containing CUS04 with Cu electrode is connected in series with a cell containing dilute
NaOH and inert electrodes. A uniform current was passed through these cells for 25 minutes.
The weight of Cu deposited was 0.1680 g. The volume of gas measured at 30°C and 750
mmHg formed at the anode is

a. 20.5 cc b. 35.0 cc c. 33.3 cc d. 25.4 cc

19. What was the average current used in Problem 18?

a. 0.50 amp b. 0.34 amp c. 0.25 amp d. 0.22 amp

20. If 50 ml of a sample of water required 6.4 ml of EDTA solution for titration and each ml of
the EDTA solution is equivalent to 0.40 mg Ca12, the ppm CaCO3 hardness is?

Molar Weights: Ca = 40; CaC03 = 100

a. 320 b. 220 c. 360 d. none of these

21. O2 gas contained in a tank at 78°C exerts a pressure of 912 mm Hg. When 0.8 g of the gas
was used, the pressure of the residual gas is 463 mm Hg at 24°C. The original weight of the
gas is

a. 2.0 g b. 8.0 g c. 4.5 g d. cannot be determined

22. The following pairs are metallic ions and their corresponding precipitating agent for
gravimetric analysis except:
a. Ca+2 ---------- (NH4)2C2O4 d. Ag+1 ---------- HCl

b. Fe+3 ---------- NH4OH e. Mg+2 ---------- H2S

c. Ba2+ ---------- H2SO4

23. a. Polenske Number c. Iodine Number e. Reichert Meissel Number

b. Saponification Number d. Acetyl Number

is used to determine the molecular weight of an oil.

24. A steel casting (Cp = 0.5 kJ/kgOC) weighing 40 kg at a temperature of 450°C is quenched in
150 kg of oil (Cp = 2.5 kJ/kg °C) at 25°C. The total entropy change for the process is

a. -16.33 kJ/K b. 26.15 kJ/K c. 9.8 kJ/K d. -32.8 kJ/K

25. A given element has an atomic number of 15. It is therefore

a. a metal with a valence of + 1 d. a non-metal with a valence of- 3

b. a metal with a valence of +3 e. an inert gas

c. a non-metal with a valence of -1

26. Which of the following aqueous solutions of equal molality has the lowest freezing point?

a. calcium nitrate c. sodium hydroxide

b. sodium chloride d. sulfurous acid

27. The property of a porous body which permits a gas or a liquid to flow through it.

a. diffusion b. osmosis c. permeability d. viscosity

28. The variation of a vapor pressure with temperature is expressed mathematically by

a. Gay Lussac's Law c. Raoult's Law

b. Van der Waal's Equation d. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

29. Reduction

a. involves a loss in electrons

b. always occurs in the anode of an electrochemical cell

c. increases in valence

d. none of these .
30. The industrial process of Chlorine gas manufacture is called

a. Haber's Process c. Contact Process

b. Deacon Process d. Kraft Process

31. The element Nickel comes from a Swedish word "Kopparnickel" meaning false copper. It
was discovered in 1751 by Cronstedt Nickel and could be obtained from minerals like zaratite,
2NiCO3. 3Ni(OH)2. 4H2O and garnierite, N13O4. SiO2. 2H2O. If a sample of these ores can
theoretically give 1238 g Ni and 270 g of H2O, what should be the composition of garnierite and
zaratite in the sample, respectively?

a. 63%,37% c. 77%,23%

b. 50%, 50% d. 82%, 18%

32. A 10 N aqueous H2SO4 solution (30OTw) is made to react with a 55% aqueous NaOH
solution (64°Be -heavier than H2O) to form 1350 g of Na 2SO4 per liter of NaOH solution. If the
volume ratio of acid solution to the base solution is 2: 1, determine the limiting reactant.

a. H2SO4 b. NaOH c. Na2SO4 d. cannot be determined

33. Which of the following nuclear reactions is incorrect?

34. Acid catalyzed esterification of carboxylic acids produces which of the following as its final
product?

O O

a. R --- C - OR' d. R --- C - Cl

O O

b. R--- C- NH2 e. R--- C - NH R'

c. R --- C –Br
35. Which one of the Grignard reactions below could give rise to CH 3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3?

a. Propanone and Methyl Grignard

b. Butyl Grignard and Acetaldehyde

c. Ethyl Grignard and Propionaldehyde

d. Methyl Ethyl Ketone and Methyl Grignard

e. Crotonaldehyde and Ethyl Grignard

Problems 36 to 37 are based on the following information:

Formaldehyde is made by the catalytic air oxidation of methanol. When the process is operating
properly, there is 30% conversion of the methanol to formaldehyde and 70% to formic acid.

CH3OH + O2 HCHO '+- H2O

CH3OH + O2 HCOOH + H2O

Suddenly, the supervising engineer noted a drop in the formaldehyde production. An analysis of
the sample taken at this time showed 63.1% N 2, 13.4% O2, 5.9% H2O, 4.1% HCHO, 12.3%
CH3OH, and 1% HCOOH.

36. Determine the percent conversion of methanol to formaldehyde the engineer reported after
analyzing the product.

a. 25 b. 27 c. 21 d. 23

37. What is the % excess air based on the complete conversion of methanol to formaldehyde?

a. 92 b. 89 c. 75 d. 80

38. A company buys its paper at a contract price of P450/tonne (FOB) on the specifications that
it must contain 5% moisture with a price adjustment if the moisture content differs. If the
freight rate is P450/ton and paper with 8% moisture is delivered, what price should the
purchaser pay for 10 tons of paper?

a. 4,348.58 b. 4,500.00 c. 4,692.62 d. 4,428.36

39. A hot solution containing 35% MgSO4 and 65% H2O is cooled to 60°F. During cooling, 4%
of the total H2O in the system evaporates. How many kg of epsom salt crystals are obtained per
MT of the original moisture solubility if MgSO4 at 60°F is 0.245 g MgSO4 solution?

a. 0.52 b. 0.48 c. 0.36 d. 0.64

40. A mixture of non-volatile oil (MW = 290 g/mol) and butane is fed to a packed tower. It
contains 4% mol butane. Superheated steam at 140°C is fed at the rate of.1 kmol/30
kmol of butane free oil is used. The outgoing stream contains the fraction of butane on the exit
gas stream.

a. 0.385 b. 0.321 c. 0.543 d. 0.457

41. The formula of the saturated HC in HC – N2 mixture was determined by burning a sample of
the mixture with 30% excess air. The combustion gases were analyzed and showed an Orsat
analysis of 8.95% CO2, 0.99% CO, 1.99% H2, 6.46% O2 and 81.61% N2.The formula of the HC
is

a. C2H6 b. C4H10 c. C3H8 d. CH4

42. The density of a gas mixture of O2 and N2 is 1.1705 g/L at 27°C, 750 mm. The % of N2 in
the mixture is

a. 70% b. 68% c. 30% d. 32%

43. A. (CH3)2CHCOOH B. CH3CH2COOH C. (CH3)3CCOOH

Arrange the above compounds in their order of relative ease in the acid-catalyzed esterification
of ethyl alcohol (easiest first, most difficult last).

a. C, A, B d. C, B, A

b. A, B, C e. none of these

c. B,A,C

44. Ortho and para-orienting substituents enhance the rate of electrophilic substitution
reactions except in the case of

a. isoprophyl group d. phenyl group

b. hydroxyl group e. bromo group

c. acetamide group

45. Which of the following air H2O mixture has the highest quantity of dry air?

a. dew point at 18°C b. 45% RH

c. absolute humidity = 0.03 d. molal humidity = 0.02