Smoke

Detector
Using
SCR
Power Electronics –

TY B.Tech Electrical
Chaitanya Sukre - 161030037
Abhishek Sonone - 161030041
Prajwal Patil - 161030042
Akshay Thite – 161030044
The first automatic electric fire alarm was patented in 1890 by Francis Robbins
Upton, an associate of Thomas Edison. George Andrew Darby patented the first
European electrical heat detector in 1902 in Birmingham, England. In the late
1930s Swiss physicist Walter Jaeger tried to invent a sensor for poison gas. He
expected that gas entering the sensor would bind to ionized air molecules and
thereby alter an electric current in a circuit in the instrument. His device did not
meet its purpose: small concentrations of gas had no effect on the sensor's
conductivity. Frustrated, Jaeger lit a cigarette and was soon surprised to notice
that a meter on the instrument had registered a drop in current. Smoke particles
from his cigarette had apparently done what poison gas could not. Jaeger's
experiment was one of the advances that paved the way for the modern smoke
detector. In 1939 Swiss physicist Ernst Meili devised an ionization chamber
device capable of detecting combustible gases in mines.

Circuit Diagram
Components:

1. MQ5 – Smoke Detector

Description:

Sensitive material of MQ-5 gas sensor is

SnO2, which with lower conductivity in clean
air. When the target combustible gas exist, the
sensors conductivity is higher along with the
gas concentration rising. Please use simple
electro circuit, Convert change of
conductivity to correspond output signal of
gas concentration.

MQ-5 gas sensor has high senility to Methane, Propane and Butane, and could
be used to detect both Methane and Propane. The sensor could be used to detect
different combustible gas especially Methane, it is with low cost and suitable
for different application.

Character:

1、High sensitivity to Combustible gas in wide range

2、High sensitivity to Methane, Butane and Propane

3、Fast response

4、Wide detection range

5、Stable performance long life low cost

6、Simple drive circuit

Selection Guide

Part Number Sensitive Gas Application

MQ-135 Gas
benzene, alcohol, smoke Air quality monitor
Sensor

MQ-2 Gas Sensor LPG, propane, hydrogen Gas leakage detector

Car alcohol alarm,

MQ-3 Gas Sensor alcohol, ethanol
breathalyser

LPG, natural gas, coal

MQ-5 Gas Sensor Gas leakage detector
gas

Absolute Ratings
Application :

1) Domestic gas leakage detector

2) Industrial Combustible gas detector

3) Portable gas detector

They are used in gas leakage detecting equipments in family and industry, are
suitable for detecting of LPG, natural gas , town gas, avoid the noise of alcohol
and cooking fumes and cigarette smoke.

2. SCR

SCR is actually a thyristor which is used to control

the high voltage supply as compared to the
conventional transistors. It is a four layered P-N-P-
N semiconductor three terminal device, such that
the entire four segments arranged in a single array.
It has an anode, cathode and a gate terminal.

Modes of Operation
There are three modes of operation for an SCR depending upon the biasing
given to it.
 Forward blocking mode
 Forward Conduction mode
 Reverse blocking mode
3. NOT Gate

Input Output

false true

true false

Inverting NOT gates are single input devices which have an output level that is
normally at logic level “1” and goes “LOW” to a logic level “0” when its single
input is at logic level “1”, in other words it “inverts” (complements) its input
signal. The output from a NOT gate only returns “HIGH” again when its input
is at logic level “0” giving us the Boolean expression of: A = Q.
Then we can define the operation of a single input digital logic NOT gate as
being:

“If A is NOT true, then Q is true”

4. LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-

lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n
junction diode that emits light when activated.When a
suitable current is applied to the leads, electrons are able
to recombine with electron holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence, and the colour of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined
by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less
than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape
the radiation pattern.

5. Buzzer

A buzzer is a small yet efficient component

to add sound features to our project/system.
It is very small and compact 2-pin structure
hence can be easily used on breadboard,
Perf Board and even on PCBs which makes
this a widely used component in most
electronic applications.
There are two types are buzzers that are commonly available. The one shown
here is a simple buzzer which when powered will make a Continuous
Beeeeeeppp.... sound, the other type is called a readymade buzzer which will
look bulkier than this and will produce a Beep. Beep. Beep. Sound due to the
internal oscillating circuit present inside it. But, the one shown here is most
widely used because it can be customised with help of other circuits to fit easily
in our application.

This buzzer can be used by simply powering it using a DC power supply

ranging from 4V to 9V. A simple 9V battery can also be used, but it is
recommended to use a regulated +5V or +6V DC supply. The buzzer is
normally associated with a switching circuit to turn ON or turn OFF the buzzer
at required time and require interval.
Working:

Smoke Detectors are amazing devices as they are small, cheap yet very useful.
In this project, we implemented a simple Smoke Detector Circuit with
adjustable sensitivity.

We used a Smoke Sensor MQ-5 as the main sensory device. The working of the
circuit is simple and is explained below.

TYN604 acts as a switching device in this circuit. The gate terminal of TYN604
is connected to Digital Output of MQ-5 so that the sensitivity of the circuit can
be adjusted.

The output of TYN604 is given to an LED as an indicator although a buzzer can

be used as an alarm. The gate terminal is connected with output of smoke sensor
through NOT gate.

Initially, when the air is clean, the conductivity between the electrodes is less, as
the resistance is in the order of 50KΩ. So the output of MQ-5 is active high,
which transferred to SCR through NOT gate.

In the event of fire, when the sensor is filled with smoke, the resistance of the
sensor falls to 5KΩ and the conductivity between the electrodes increases.

This provides a lower input to IC 7404 which gives a high input to the gate
terminal of SCR and the output of SCR is high. The alarming LED is turned ON
as an indication of presence of smoke with Buzzer Alarm.

Note

 The heating element in the Smoke Sensor must be preheated before it can
sense any smoke or gas.
 The sensor gets hot because of the heating coil and it is advised not to
touch the sensor while it is switched on.
 The sensitivity of the circuit to different concentrations of smoke can be
adjusted by using the POT.
 The output LED can be replaced with a loud buzzer for effective alarm.
Advantages

 Ideal for detecting dense smoke.

 Less prone to nuisance/false alarms generated from cooking fumes and
shower steam.
 Does not contain radioactive material making these smoke detectors safer
for use.

Disadvantages

 Sensitive to dust particles and insects which means that maintenance of

optical smoke alarms becomes an issue.
 Expensive to maintain.
 Require more current to operate (they are typically wire to 110-volt
power source).

Conclusion

Smoke detectors are great because they save lives. You should place a
smoke detector at least 6 to 12 inches away from a wall. Smoke detectors
should always be in a house or an apartment. There are different shapes
of smoke detectors, but the ones that are a circle shape are those that are
in most homes. There are also smoke detectors shaped as noses, to smell
for smoke. There should be at least 2 or 3 smoke detectors in your home.
You should install a smoke detector on every floor of a house. Always
have a smoke detector in your home for your own safety.