Harmonic Resonance Circuit’s Modeling and Simulation

Caixia Yang*, Kaipei Liu, Dongxu Wang

Department of Electrical engineering
Wuhan University
Wuhan, China
Email: ycx0625@hotmail.com

Abstract —Modeling and simulation is the important
means for people to know and remake the world.
Resonance is a special kind of working state of sinusoidal
stable circuits. Parallel resonance and series resonance
are the two more important parts of the harmonic
resonance problem. Parallel resonance phenomenon is
associated with the singularity of the node admittance
matrix. The singularity is due to the fact that one of the
eigenvalues of the matrix approaches zero. By analyzing
the characteristics of the eigenvalue, one can find useful
information on the nature and extent of the resonance.
Similarly, due to the affinity between series resonance and
loop, by analyzing loop impedance matrix instead of node
impedance matrix can obtain series resonance frequency
and corresponding branch information. Based on the
results, Resonance Mode Analysis can be used to analyze
parallel resonance and loop mode analysis is proposed to
analyze series resonance. Analytical and case study results
by Matlab have confirmed that the mode analysis method
is a valuable tool for power system harmonic resonance
analysis.
KEY WORDS: Modeling and simulation; Harmonic
resonance; Series resonance; Parallel resonance; Modal
analysis; Eigenvalue
I. INTRODUCTION
Harmonic resonance is one of the main
consequences of harmonics in power system. Under the
normal power system frequency, the inductance of
system is much lesser than its capacitance, so the
harmonic resonance will not take place. However, when
the system contains harmonic component, the
impedance will change and LC resonance will occur[1].
It will cause the distortion of voltage and current
waveform, even damage the power system devices and
disturb the normal operation of system [2-4].
Although the cause of harmonic resonance is well
understood, tools available to analyze this phenomenon
are very limited [5-6]. Frequency scan analysis is
probably the only viable method at present to identify
its existence and to determine the resonance frequency
[7-9], but it cannot offer additional information needed
to solve this problem effectively. Reference [10-13]
proposes a harmonic resonance evaluation system
based on mode analysis, which gets information about
resonance characteristics and levels from eigenvalue
analyzing. Mode analysis provides a new idea of
solving the problem, but the mode analysis proposed
according to reference [10-13] only considers the
parallel resonance, while failing to mention specific
analyzing method for series harmonic resonance.
However, according to [14], although parallel
resonance accounts for the highest proportion of
harmonic resonance in power systems, series resonance
cannot be ignored. With this considering, a loop modal
analysis based on the fundamental principle of mode
analysis is proposed to solve this problem.
This paper is organized as follows. The concept
of harmonic resonance modes is introduced in Section
II. The concept of mode analysis based on loop
impedance matrix is proposed in Section III. In Section
IV, Cases studies about parallel and series resonance
are presented to demonstrate the mode analysis method
proposed to be effective. The conclusions are
summarized in Section V.
II. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF RESONANCE MODE
Getting system parallel resonance frequency f from
frequency analysis, then it could be calculated out with
formula (2-1) that some elements value of the voltage
vector have large values at f.
V f = Y f−1 I f (2-1)
where Y f is the network admittance matrix at
frequency f . V f is the nodal point voltage and I f
the nodal current injection respectively. To simplify
notation, the subscript f will be omitted hereinafter.
A sharp harmonic resonance means that some nodal

978-1-4244-2487-0/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE

voltages are very high. This will occur when the and loop, the current formulation to identify series
Y matrix approaches singularity. Eigenvalue analysis resonance should be defined as the following equation.
method [15] could be used in discussing the matrix on
how to approach singularity. The Y matrix can be
decomposed into the following forms:
Y = LΛT
where Λ is the diagonal eigenvalue matrix; L and T
are left and right eigenvector matrix respectively.
L = T −1 .
Substituting (2-2) into (2-1) yields
V = LΛ−1TI or TV = Λ−1TI (2-3)
[ Z loop ][ I loop ] = [ E ] 
where Z loop is the loop impedance matrix. I loop is the
loop current matrix and E is the loop voltage
(2-2)
respectively. To simplify notation, the subscript loop
will be omitted hereinafter.
Defining the relative calculate formulation based
on the mode analysis[10-11]. The Z matrix can be
decomposed into the following forms:
Z = LΛT 
Defining U = TV as the model voltage vector and
where Λ is the diagonal eigenvalue matrix, L and T
J = TI as the model current vector respectively, the are left and right eigenvector matrix respectively,
above (2-3) can be simplified as
(L = T −1 ).
−1
U =L J Substituting (3-2) into (3-1) yields
or
I = LΛ−1TE or TI = Λ−1TE (3-3)
ªU1º ªλ−1
1 0 0 0 º ªJ1º Defining J = TI as the modal loop current vector and
«U » « »« »
« 2» = «0 λ−1
2 0 0 » «J2» U = TE as the modal loop voltage vector respectively,
(2-4)
«#» «0 0 " 0 » «#» the above (3-3) can be simplified as
« » « »« »
¬Un¼ «¬ 0 0 0 λ−n1 »¼ ¬Jn¼
ªJ1 º ªλ1−1 0 0 º ªU1 º
0
The inverse of the eigenvalue, λ−1 , has the unit of «J » « » « »
J = Λ−1U or « 2 » = «0 λ 0 0 »  «U 2 »
−1

impedance and is named modal impedance( Z m ) .

2 (3-4)
«#» «0 0 " 0» « # »
λ1 = 0 « » « » « »
¬Jn ¼ 0 0 λ−n1»¼ ¬U n ¼
From (2-4), if or the value is very small, a
«¬ 0
small injection of modal 1 current J 1 will lead to a −1
The inverse of the eigenvalue, λ , has the unit of
very high modal 1 voltage U 1 . On the other side, the admittance and is named modal admittance .
other modal voltages will not be affected as they have From (3-4), if λ1 = 0 or the value is very small,
no coupling relation with modal 1 current. So it is very
the application of a small modal 1 voltage U 1 will lead
easy to identify the resonance position in modal l state.
Resonance takes place only corresponding to some to a very high modal 1 current J 1 . On the other side,
specific mode; it has no relationship with some bus the other modal currents will not be affected as they
input, nor be caused by it. So the smallest eigenvalue is have no coupling relation with modal 1 voltage.
called critical mode of harmonic resonance, and its
left/right eigenvector is called critical eigenvector. IV. CASE STUDY AND RESULTS
A. Parallel harmonic resonance analysis
III. MODE ANALYSIS BASED ON LOOP The resonance mode concepts presented in Section II
IMPEDANCE MATRIX are illustrated with a simple system shown in Fig.1. The
A series resonance means that the circuit has a per-unit frequency is based on the fundamental
loop with very small loop impedance. If the loop is frequency and is equal to harmonic number. There are
applied with a voltage, a large loop current will be three buses in the system where harmonic resonance
produced. Due to the affinity between series resonance could be excited or observed. Figure 2 shows the bus
frequency scan results when bus 2 is injected with 1.0- (2 X L is very large and can be ignored when parallel
p.u. current. The results reveal that the resonance
phenomenon can be observed at all three buses. It is with X sys ). The approximate resonance frequency is
therefore difficult to identify the significance of each f= X c X sys = 47.14 p.u., which is very close to
bus in the resonance condition. The eigenvalue (or
modal impedance) chart Fig.3, on the other hand, the mode 1 resonance frequency of 48.03 p.u. For bus 3,
shows that only one mode experiences resonance at a the capacitor B2 is in parallel with the X sys +2 X L , the
specific frequency. The mode 1 has a resonance
resonance frequency is f = X c ( X sys + 2 X L ) =
frequency of 48.03 p.u. and mode 3 has a resonance
frequency of 8.998 p.u.. Mode 2 does not experience 8.962 p.u., which coincides with the mode 3 resonance
resonance. frequency of 8.998 p.u.. Table 1 documents the
resonance frequency, relative capacitance branch and
relative inductance branch.
Tab.1 Mode analysis results of the test system

resonance Relative capacitance Relative inductance

frequency/pu branch branch
48.03 B1 Xsys
8.998 B2 Xsys +XL

Fig.1. Three-bus system

B. Series harmonic resonance analysis
4500

4000
A large loop current will be produced when the series
3500
resonance loop is applied with a small harmonic
voltage. This paper takes three-bus system shown in
impedance magnitude(pu)

3000

2500 Fig.4 as an example. Fig.5 shows the bus frequency

2000
scan results. The results reveal that the harmonic
1500
admittances will be up to its maximum when series
1000
harmonic resonance occurs. The inverse of the
500
−1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
eigenvalues of the Y matrix shown in the chart of
frequency(pu)
Fig.6. Fig. 7 shows series resonance problem results
Fig. 2. Frequency scan results of the test system by using loop impedance modal analysis.
6000
X: 48.03
Y: 5829
5000
modal impedance magnitude(pu)

X: 8.998
Y: 3941
4000

3000

2000

1000
Fig.4 three-bus test system
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
frequency(pu)

Fig. 3. Modal impedances of test system

For bus 1, capacitor B1 is in parallel with X sys
 20 40
bus•
18 bus• 35
bus•
16
30
14
25

Admittance(pu)
Admittance(pu)

12

10 20

8
15

6
10
4
5
2

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency(pu)
Frequency(pu)
 
Fig. 5 Admittance frequency scan results of the test system Fig. 8 Results contrast of frequency scan and loop mode analysis

14
Fig.8 shows the difference between frequency
mode•
mode•
analysis and loop impedance mode analysis. The
12
mode•
clashed line shows result of frequency analysis while
10
the solid line shows results loop impedance mode
Admittance(pu)

8
analysis. There peak positions are very similar. This
6 result proves that loop impedance mode analysis could
4 be used to measure the series resonance frequencies.
2

0
V. CONCLUSION
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency(pu)
 Parallel harmonic resonance is caused by the
Fig. 6 Series resonance analysis results by using harmonic node inherent characteristics of a network. The resonance
impedance matrix
actually takes place at a specific mode. It is not
40
mode•
related to or caused by a particular bus current
35 mode•
mode• injection. The resonance mode can be found by
30
calculating the smallest eigenvalue of the network
25
admittance matrix.
Admittance(pu)

20
Due to the affinity between series resonance and
15
loop. In order to get the accurate series harmonic
10
resonance frequency, loop impedance matrix must be
5
used instead of node impedance matrix.
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
The study of the test system proves the correctness
Frequency(pu)

Fig. 7 Series resonance problem results by using loop impedance of the proposed method. Combining the content of
mode analysis paper [10-11] and this paper together, we can get that
mode analysis and now used frequency analysis are
to be the methods of solving resonance wholly.
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