TRINITY UNIVERSITY OF ASIA

Graduate School

CURRICULUM DESIGN AND INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS (NU 241)

I. COMMON CONCEPTS IN NURSING EDUCATION

A. Nature of Nursing Education
 TEACHING is an important aspect of the nurse’s professional role.
 Education in healthcare for both patient education and nursing staff/ student
education- is a topic of utmost interest to nurses in every setting in which they
practice
1. Common problems in cure of Nursing and its implication in curriculum
development and revision
 Increasing Diversity and changing demographics
 growing complex healthcare system
 Nurses’ core values are remoulded or eroded?
 Nursing faculty shortage
 Emerging technologies

IMPLICATION: The growing complex healthcare system is placing new challenges on

healthcare providers in the 21st century. These demands require a new education
paradigm. Trends in healthcare and nursing practice must be considered when educating
new nurses. Nurse educators are accountable to keep baccalaureate education responsive
to the ever changing healthcare delivery environment.

B. Factors affecting nursing practice and the implication to the preparation of a

nurse practitioner
1. Culture and Values
FACTORS: The “Purnell Model” for cultural competence represents a popular organizing
framework for understanding the complex phenomena of culture and ethnicity.
Primary Characteristics of Culture: Nationality, Race, Color, Gender, Age, and Religious
Affiliation
Secondary Characteristics of Culture: Socioeconomic Status, Physical Characteristics,
Educational Status, Occupational Status, and Place of residence (urban versus rural).
IMPLICATION: To keep pace with the society that is becoming increasingly more culturally
diverse, nurses need to have sound knowledge of the cultural values and beliefs of specific
subcultural ethnic groups as well as incorporate transcultural nursing into practice by
recognizing and appreciating differences in individual healthcare customs and preferences.
2. Socio- Economic Political Technological Factors
Factors: Shrinking of healthcare dollars/ spending, continuous shortages of staff,
dramatically shortened lengths of stay yielding rapid patient turn over
A. Direct Costs are tangible, predictable expenses, a substantial portion of which
include personnel salaries, time, employment benefits, and equipment
B. Indirect Costs- institutional overhead such as heating and air conditioning, lighting,
space, and support services of maintenance, housekeeping, and security.
IMPLICATION: Patient education is a nursing duty that is grounded in justice; that is, the
nurse has a legal responsibility to provide education to all patients, regardless of their age,
gender, culture, race, ethnicity, literacy level, religious affiliation, or other defining
attributes. The patient as a human being has a right to good quality care regardless of his or
her economic status.
3. Special policies and Health Care Delivery System National Health Plan
Policies, Standards and Guidelines for the Bachelor of Science in Nursing Program
>Republic Act (RA) No. 7722, known as the Higher Education Act of 1994- in pursuance of an
outcomes- based quality assurance system as advocated under CMO No.46 s.2012 entitled
“Policy Standards to Enhance Quality Assurance (QA) in Philippine Higher Education
through an Outcomes- Based and Typology- Based QA, and by virtue of Commission en
banc Resolution No. 231-2017
> Per Section 13 of RA No. 7722, the higher education institutions shall exercise academic
freedom in its curricular offerings but must comply with the minimum requirements for
specific academic programs, the general education distribution requirements and the
specific professional courses.
> PSG implements the “shift from competency-based standards to outcomes- based
education”
IMPLICATION: PSG also provides ample space for HEIs offering BS Nursing Program to
innovate in the curriculum in line with the assessment of how best to achieve learning
outcomes in their particular contexts and their respective missions.
Health Care Delivery System- the network of health facilities and personnel which carries
out the task of rendering health care to the people.
 In the Philippines, a few institutions measure up to the high international
standards for emergency services.
 Some facilities, however, are not capable of handling complex trauma and major
medical emergencies.
 The intensive care unit in some tertiary public facilities and in a number of
private hospitals meet international standards. Blood products in the country
are also generally regarded as safe.
 Most pharmacies in the Philippines provide medicines approved by the Bureau
of Food and Drugs.
 Professional pharmacists who studied in top medical schools in the country run
most of the standard pharmacies and they follow strict guidelines in drug
prescription. While pharmacists in some countries provide drugsto patients
even without a doctor’s prescription, pharmacists in the Philippines have to
follow strict directives on the sale of drugs.
 The government continues to make progress towards developing a universal
health care system to ensure that every Filipino will have easy access to every
type of medical procedure. The health insurance scheme is funded through
subsidies and contributions from employers and employees.
 In September 2017, Congress passed into law the Universal Health Coverage
(UHC) program, which aims to provide comprehensive health care and
insurance for all Filipinos.The UHC is expected to give citizens all health services
they need—disease prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation.
 The law mandates that the Philippine Health Insurance System (PhilHealth) will
be reorganized as the Philippine Health Security Corporation (PHSC). The PHSC
will then serve as the “national purchaser of health services.”
  The government’s National Health Insurance Program (NHIP) outlines the
government’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to attain the Universal
Health Coverage.The program aims to let Filipinos know their entitlements and
responsibilities so that they may availthemselves of effective health services.
They may reimburse their health care expenses through PhilHealth.
 The health care program redirects PhilHealth operations to widen coverage of
the insurance system. The DOH also pushes for the use of information
technology to speed up processing of PhilHealth payments.
 The Department of Health also has developed the Health Facility Enhancement
Program (HFEP) to provide funds for improving facilities for trauma and other
emergencies. HFEP aims to upgrade 20 percent of DOH-retained hospitals, 46
percent of provincial hospitals, 46 percent of district hospitals, and 51 percent of
rural health units.
 Another important DOHproject is the Philippine Medical Tourism Program,
which aims to make the country a global leader in “providing quality health care
for all through universal health care.”The program will further improve the
Philippines’ healthcare manpower capabilities and facilities in both public and
private sector to make the Philippines the country of choice for health care.With
the program, the local health care industry can generate substantial income to
boost the Philippine economy.

IMPLICATION: Nursing has a critical contribution in healthcare reform and the demands
for a safe, quality, patient-centered, accessible, and affordable healthcare system. To deliver
these outcomes, nurses, from the chief nursing officer to the staff nurse, must understand
how nursing practice must be dramatically different to deliver the expected level of quality
care and proactively and passionately become involved in the change. These changes will
require a new or enhanced skill set on wellness and population care, with a renewed focus
on patient-centered care, care coordination, data analytics, and quality improvement.
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE CURRICULUM
Higher education institutions offering the Nursing program should design the curriculum
that will effectively develop the expected program outcomes and institutional outcomes
appropriate to HEI’s horizontal typology. Higher education institutions offering BS Nursing
may exercise flexibility in their curricular offering, but should ensure that the minimum
requirements are met. Program innovations shall be subject to prior review by the
Commission. The Curriculum to be implemented should be aligned with the institution’s
vision, mission and goals.

References:

1. Bastable, S. (2019). Nurse as educator: Principles of Teaching and Learning for Nursing
Practice. 5th ed. 2019: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
2. http://jnep.sciedupress.com. (2017). Creating a new education paradigm to prepare
nurses for the 21st Century. [online] Available at:
http://www.sciedu.ca/journal/index.php/jnep/article/view/11279/7064 [Accessed
26 Feb. 2019].
3. Times, T. (2018). At a glance: The Philippine health care system | The Manila Times
Online. [online] The Manila Times Online. Available at:
HTTPS://WWW.MANILATIMES.NET/AT-A-GLANCE-THE-PHILIPPINE-HEALTH-CARE-
SYSTEM/395117/ [Accessed 26 Feb. 2019].
4. Working Nurse. (2019). Three Trends in Nursing Education. [online] Available at:
https://www.workingnurse.com/articles/Trends-in-Nursing-Education [Accessed 27
Feb. 2019].
5. CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 15. (2017). Retrieved from https://ched.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2017/10/CMO-15-s-2017.pdf

Reporter:

Geraldine Biron, RN