MARTIN - G8JNJ - Comet CHA-250B https://g8jnj.webs.com/cometcha250b.

htm

MARTIN - G8JNJ

ECLECTIC AETHER - Adventures with Amateur Radio

Index E-Mail & Comments

Broadband HF vertical Comet CHA-250B / VA250 / HA-750BL / FALCON OUT-250-B /

GP2500F / JTV680

Also the Diamond BB6W & BB7V

Some time ago I started investigating broadband antennas that could be used without a tuner. My initial experiments were based on the principle of using an 8m
vertical, with a 4:1 impedance matching transformer at the base. This presents a reasonable match on most HF bands, but it still requires a tuner to bring it within
acceptable operating limits for modern HF transceivers. This problem can be overcome by adding a 3dB high power attenuator on the input of the matching
transformer. However the resulting losses due to the resistive attenuator, and the impedance mismatch it is masking, results in very poor performance on several
bands. Typically 6-12dB worse than when being fed with an Auto-Tuner.

These tests made me wonder if any of the commercial broadband antennas would work any better ?

Note:- if you are seriously interested in building an efficient broadband vertical antenna, please see this website which details a new type of design with
significantly better performance TC2M Antenna

Iain, VK5ZD, posted some interesting information regarding the internal construction of the Comet CHA-250B broadband vertical antenna. The notes can be
found here.

Following e-mail discussions with other amateurs, I now understand that the Comet HA-750BL Comet VA-250 use similar principles of operation, and are based
upon a design which originally apeared in the Japanese magazine CQ ham radio

The Diamond BB7V and BB6W (see lower down this page) also use a lossy Unun but incorporate a resistive load, rather than using part of the Unun winding to
provide this function.

Photo of inside the original Comet base matching unit

My conclusions at this early stage were that the commercial model used a lossy 6:1 impedance transformer, which was unlikely to produce much better
results than those obtained with my 4:1 balun and attenuator. However as can be seen from the chart such designs can work reasonably well on some
frequencies, and would permit contacts to be made, but at a level of approximately 1-2 S points (6 to 12dB) below that which could be achieved with a similar
sized resonant vertical. Optimisation of the antenna and balun may produce slightly improved performance, but it is unlikely to be noticed on the air.

Further analysis of the transformer revealed that it actually consists of two separate transformers with inter-coupled windings. This technique is used in
conjunction with a single ‘feedback’ winding on one of the transformers. This ‘feedback’ winding seems to be used in order to optimise the performance at the
low frequency end of the operating range. The overall result is a complex design which is quite difficult to interpret. The second transformer seems to form a
network, which in some way improves the match at specific frequencies, possibly by introducing an additional series impedance.

Owen, VK1OD, has performed his own analysis of the CHA-250 matching transformer, which can be found on his website

In operation the two separate transformer sections add loss at different frequencies. The low value of resistive shunt impedance present in the input
transformer (transformer two in the diagram below) adds loss on the low frequencies. The second transformer section (transformer one in the diagram below)
adds loss on the high frequencies.

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This can be clearly seen in this thermal image. Where a 50w CW signal has been applied on 3.6MHz (LF) and on 29MHz (HF).

In order to better understand how the antenna operated, I decided to build a copy of the transformer. Lots of correspondence was exchanged with Iain, most
of which he has documented here. I made several versions of the transformer used in the CHA-250B antenna with different transformer cores. I tested many
different types until I found a suitable material. Which I compared against Iain's measurements.

The original construction was based on a series of photos taken by Iain, VK5ZD, which can be found on his website

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Although I made my original copy from Iain’s photographs, I subsequently managed to borrow a Comet transformer and was able to more closely match the
characteristic curves of the original.

Photo of Comet transformer (Bottom) and my version (Top).

Here are some gain measurements I made of the CHA250 (1) and my version (2) feeding a 7m vertical and compared against a 1/4 wave vertical.

I made this measurement with all the antennas ground mounted and fed against 16 mixed length buried radials.

In order to minimise any slight mismatch problems with the transceiver across the wide frequency range I fed all the antennas via a 3dB power attenuator at
the base.

The CHA-250 was compared against 1/4 wave verticals cut for each band mounted in the same position (except for 1.9 and 3.6MHz where I had to calculate
the value from measurements made on a 10m antenna).

All levels were measured with a spectrum analyser connected to a 1m diameter balanced loop with a 3dB attenuator at the feed point, and mounted approx
10m away from the antenna under test.

Note that the gain figures at 28 / 29 & 50MHz are partially affected by the gradually increasing angle of radiation, due to the vertical element becoming much
greater than 1/2wave long. The gain figure at 50MHz is slightly improved by the transformer having about 2dB less loss than at 28/29MHz.

Note that these gain figures should only be used as a guide, as these measurements were made in urban environment, not on a professional test range. It is
worthwhile comparing them against the graph which appears further down this page, showing a gain comparison against the same length vertical fed with an
Auto ATU.

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Construction
Note - it is important to use the correct size of Type 33 Ferrite mix for this type of transformer. Other types of Ferrite such as Type 43 or 31 will not
provide the correct characteristic impedance and provide a much worse SWR at the feed point.

The construction is relatively straightforward. The main part of the transformer was made by threading two sets of three EMI suppression rings made of type
33 mix ferrite maunfactured by MULTICOMP part number 33RI 31.5X16X19 (which can be obtained from Farnell, part number 9640436 or Newark, part
number 98K8793)

These are threaded over two 60mm long lengths of 18mm copper pipe (or 11/16” brass tube sold by model suppliers). Three rings were placed on each
section of pipe. The rings were placed side by side and one end of the brass tube was joined together by soldering a 2.5mm earth strap between the two
parts. I had to use two 50w soldering irons to get enough heat to do this. The windings were formed by copying the drawings on Iain’s website.

Note that the first part of the secondary winding is on the outside of the core, and that the final winding is fed back on its self through the transformer core.

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Here's a slightly cheaper version to build. It's smaller but will only handle about 100watts of SSB.

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This graph shows the output impedance of the transformer, with the input terminated in a 50 ohm load. This was measured with an AIM 4170 and graphed
using ZPlots

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The impedance values of both the original Comet transformer and my version are very close to each other.

The Black curve shows the overall Impedance.

The Blue curve shows Resistive part of the Impedance
The Red curve shows the Reactive part of the Impedance

Next the loss through the Comet transformer. I obtained this by measuring two transformers back to back, and then halved the loss values to give the figure
for one unit. This was measured with a MiniVNA and graphed using ZPlots

Note that this loss is fairly high and would produce a VSWR of around 5:1 over most of the frequency range even with no antenna element connected.
I also wanted to see what the loss curve looked like when feeding a variety of different load impedances. In order to obtain these measurements I used the
MiniVNA connected to the transformer via a selection of different ratio Ununs.

The traces show the measured loss (including the Unun). Each colour represents different load impedance.

Red - 450ohm load

Yellow - 200ohm load
Green - 50ohm load
Blue – 12ohm load
Black - 6 ohm load

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It should be noted that the measured loss figures are only valid when terminated with suitable load. This is not the case when the transformer is connected to
an antenna element, which will have varying impedance across its operating range. In this case the loss could be much greater or less than the measured
values. So the only way to try and evaluate the performance is by making on-air measurements.

The next stage of the evaluation was to try and measure the transmit performance. For this is used a remotely controlled Icom PCR-1000 receiver and
Datong active antenna located about 2 miles away from the TX site.

The following graph shows the performance of various antennas relative to a reference antenna consisting of a 10m vertical connected to an auto-tuner at the
base of the antenna and fed against 10 random length buried radials. In addition to the Comet clone I also tested an improved version of the transformer
(which I’ll describe later) and also a good quality 4:1 Unun connected to a coax fed auto-tuner at the radio end of the cable (this is typical of how many
unloaded vertical antennas are configured).

As can be seen from the graph both broadband tuner-less designs work quite well. In fact it’s only at the low frequency end of the operating range that the 4:1
Unun and remote tuner are significantly better. My improved version of the transformer and antenna are described on this page

This was a real surprise, as most experts recommend using a 4:1 transformer when a tuner is used remotely in order to reduce the matching loss from the coax
under poor SWR conditions.

What I hadn't realised was just how much additional loss can be introduced when the secondary of the 4:1 Unun is not matched correctly, or when Iron powder
cores are used. See my general notes on balun construction and problems with Iron powder cores. This is effect is particularly noticeable at 1.9 and 3.6MHz
where the base impedance of the 7m vertical has a very low resistive component and a very large capacitive reactance, which results in significant additional
loss.

As a further part of this research I took another look at the reviews for the CHA-250 on eham, as I couldn't understand why some folks got good results with
the antenna and others seemed to have really bad ones.

My measurements seemed to demonstrate moderately good performance, so I thought I would model an elevated feed in EZNEC.

Note that the following gain / elevation plots do not include losses associated with the Comet matching transformer. They are shown to illustrate how different
mounting arrangements can affect the performance of the antenna.

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Elevation plot showing antenna mounted on top of 6m metal mast 50mm dia. Base insulated from ground.

It turns out that the support pole I used 6m long 50mm dia and standing on concrete (so partially insulated from earth) is almost ideal in terms of the radiated
elevation angles. This seems to be because the whole antenna operates in a manner similar to centre fed vertical dipole.

If you look at the plot below, showing the same antenna but with the bottom of the support pole connected to ground, you will notice that the angle of radiation
steadily increases with frequency, resulting in a lot of the transmitted power being wasted.

Elevation plot showing antenna mounted on top of 6m metal mast 50mm dia. Base connected to ground.

So grounding the base of the mast seems to makes matters worse. I guess I just got lucky with the arrangement I used for my trials. This data would suggest
that the length and type of support structure, plus decoupling of the coax at the correct length may have an important part to play in obtaining the best
results.

Schematic diagram of the basic antenna configuration as suggested by Comet.

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As further research I wrote emails to people who had posted bad reviews for the Comet CHA-250 on eham. The purpose of this was to try and determine if
there were any common factors associated with the antenna installation which could affect the performance.

From the replies I received and further analysis of reviews I concluded the following:-

The main problem would seem to be the suggestion that the antenna will work with no radials, ground plane or counterpoise wires. This means that if none of
these are installed, the antenna will use the coax cable as part of the radiating structure. This can result in very unpredictable results. I would strongly suggest
that some form of ground plane is used. Either ground mount the antenna and connect at least 4 radial wires to the outer screen of the coax at the base of the
antenna, or if the antenna is mounted on a pole, add a minimum of three sloping radials (at least 5m long) as this can dramatically improve the performance.

Many people had unrealistic expectations of antenna performance, especially on 3.6MHz where comparisons were made with dipoles, frequently for medium
distance contacts. The antenna is electrically short on 3.6MHz so even if an auto-tuner is used the performance will still be 3-4dB down on a 1/4 wave vertical
(20m high). The loss in the matching transformer at this frequency reduces the gain by a further 13dB, so the total gain at 3.6 MHz is about 17dB less than a
1/4 wave vertical. The other factor is the lack of NVIS coverage which makes a big difference for semi local contacts on 3.6MHz.

Other people made comparisons with vertical antennas such as the SteppIR BIG IR or Array Solutions Zero Five with these antennas the installation
instructions give advice regarding good practice. There is nothing magical about these antennas. But if the installation instructions relating to earth radials,
grounding, feed line routing etc. were applied to other vertical antennas perhaps more people would experience better results.

Another set of comparisons were made against antennas such as the Solarcon I-Max 2000 this is a 24 ft CB base station antenna which has a wideband
matching arrangement permitting operation over the 18-29MHz frequency range. I estimate that the Comet antenna has about 15dB less gain than the
Solarcon at 29MHz, 7dB less at 24MHz and 6dB less at 21MHz. This will result in a loss of some contacts, particularly on the higher frequency bands where
interference and other background noise is low, making weak signal operation possible. This is not the case on the lower frequency bands in an
urban environment, where noise tends to mask very weak signals. In some cases the received signal to noise ratio can appear to improve when using a
lower gain antenna. However in many instances this is just a psycho-acoustic phenomenon, which can be replicated by switching in a similar value of
attenuation on the receiver.

In conclusion I would say that the antenna is capable of reasonable performance, especially if some form of counterpoise or radials are deployed. Apart from
operation on 3.6MHz the performance is comparable to using the same height vertical with a 4:1 Unun coax fed from a remote tuner. The only way to further
improve the performance would be to use an auto-tuner at the base of the antenna, and add more radials.

If you are considering spending this amount of money on an antenna such a the Comet CHA-250 don't wish to build your own version. I would suggest that
vertical wire supported by a 10m fishing pole with something like a CG-3000 auto-tuner at the base, may be more cost effective and a better performer, especially
on 3.6MHz. However in some applications the advantage of having a broadband antenna and the ability to rapidly change operating frequencies may outweigh
other considerations. Personally I have found this type of antenna very useful for general monitoring purposes and WSPR operation where it has provided
exceptional results.

I’d be very interested to receive more information from other people who are trying similar antennas. I would also very much like to obtain a Maldol MFB-300
matching unit to experiment with. Damaged or broken ones would be considered, so please drop me a line if you can help.

Martin – G8JNJ 20/04/2012 V6.8

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Diamond BB6W and BB7V

I have now obtained more information relating to the Diamond BB7V and BB6W broadband antennas.

These use similar principles of operation to the Comet and incorporate a lossy 6:1 unun with a 600 Ohm resistive load connected across the secondary (antenna
side) of the Unun.

Here is a picture showing the internal construction of the matching unit.

The white objects are six Takman 3K6 Ohm 20 watt non-inductive wire wound resistors connected in parallel. These are very difficult and costly to obtain in the
UK.

The 6:1 Unun consists of ten turns of wire wound on two stacked 29mm (1.2") diameter type 61 (or similar) ferrite cores.

The 50 Ohm feed point is tapped at the fourth turn up from the end of the winding connected to ground.

When tested against the Comet in a vertical configuration and fed against a good radial system.

The performance is very slightly better than that of the Comet, although there are some dips in performance.

The Diamond on average provided about 1dB better performance on transmit, but the typical SWR was slightly higher than that of the Comet design.

Here is a very crude first attempt at measuring the relative field strengths of various antennas. These measurements are not absolute and should be treated with
caution. The traces only indicate approximate trends, actual results at any site will depend upon the location, quality of counterpoise or radial field and other
surrounding objects.

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The 0dB reference is a CG-3000 auto tuner connected to the vertical wire. All matching networks used the same length of wire fed against a series of buried
radials.

Green trace - Shows 10m wire with a 4:1 Unun at the base fed gainst buried radials. An auto-tuner is connected to the Unun at the base of the antenna.

Orange trace - Shows the same 4:1 Unun with a 50 Ohm dummy load connected in parallel with the Primary of the Unun. No tuner is connected.

Yellow Trace - Shows the Comet matching transformer connected to the wire. No tuner is connected.

Red Trace - Shows the Diamond matching transformer connected to the wire. No tuner is connected.

Blue Trace - Shows a 50 ohm dummy load connected in parallel with the wire and radial system. No tuner is connected.

In order to minimise any slight mismatch problems with the transceiver across the wide frequency range I used a 3dB power attenuator on the end of the coax
before it fed the matching network.

All levels were measured with a spectrum analyser connected to a 1m diameter balanced loop with a 3dB attenuator at the feed point, and mounted approx
10m away from the antenna under test.

Note that these gain figures should only be used as a guide, as these measurements were made in urban environment, not on a professional test range.

The 4:1 Unun was fed with a LDG Z11 Pro Auto-tuner connected directly to it at the base of the antenna. I also tested a 50Ohm load connected across the
primary of the 4:1 Unun with no tuner, and just a 50 Ohm load connected between the vertical feed point and ground radials with no Unun or tuner. This last test
was to demonstrate how badly a dummy load connected to a length of wire actually performs in comparison to the other methods.

I performed further measurements on the Diamond antenna 6:1 Unun, and found that the method of construction was less than satisfactory. The transformer had
been wound with side by side turns rather than the more usual bifilar style. Rewinding the transformer as a normal 4:1 Ruthroff Unun with an over wind at the end
produced the best results.

Heres the before and after loss as measured via another 6:1 transformer. The dark green trace is the original transformer.

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Wow what an improvement. I don't understand why they used a good quality ferrite material for the transformer and then used this style of winding.

The SWR figures are hardly changed by this modification but you get 2dB greater efficiency on the upper HF bands, That's about a 60% improvement in radiated
power.

Original winding New winding

Here's a copy I made which shows the winding method in more detail. It's wound on two stacked FT110-61 cores wrapped in PTFE plumbers tape and wound
with PTFE covered wire.

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Since my original experiments with this antenna, I have found a much cheaper way of obtaining similar results at much lower cost.

In the BB7V a resistive load is used to mask any excessively high impedance excursions so that a match can be achieved with an internal (to the transceiver)
or external (fed by coax) auto-tuner.

By careful choice of core material it is possible to add just enough resistive loss to produce the same results, without having to use an additional load resistor.
However care has to be taken that the core is of sufficient size to be able to handle and dissipate the wasted power. For operation on SSB with powers of up
to 100W T200-52 iron powder core is perfectly acceptable

A good cheap source of these cores is from scrap PC switched mode power supplies; they are used as storage inductors and are usually Lime Green in
colour. Sometimes with a Red or Blue band. If you can only find smaller cores then it is possible to stack them in order to obtain sufficient power rating. Do not
use any other types as they are unlikely to be suited to this purpose.

Ten bifilar wound turns connected as a 4:1 Ruthroff Unun seems to give the best results.

When feeding a 6.5m vertical radiator and using an LDG-Z11Pro auto-tuner.

Performance on 160m is about 3dB worse than using a similar Unun wound on a type 2 Iron power core. However the additional loss does make it possible to
achieve a match. With the type 2 iron powder no match was possible. This is similar to the performance achieved with the BB7V and the Comet CHA-250.

On 80m performance was about 4dB worse than using a similar Unun wound on a type 2 Iron power core. But once again the additional loss made it possible
to achieve a match. With the type 2 iron powder it was difficult to achieve a match. This is similar to the performance achieved with the BB7V and about 3dB
better than the Comet CHA-250.

On the other HF bands performance was almost identical to the BB7V. But on 50MHz it was considerably better.

Some other amateurs have ben experimenting with other types Ununs wound on similar lossy core material. See this thread and this web page

Note that Type 26 material (Yellow and White in colour) is very lossy when used for this purpose. However the low value of shunt impedance (especially on the
LF bands) can sometimes be advantageous, particuarly if the Unun is used as an antenna pre-match unit e.g. where the tuner is located in the shack and the
Unun is at the base of the antenna and fed by a longish length of coax. The additional loss through the type 26 Unun can be as high as 3 to 6dB, but if the
improved match at the antenna end of the coax helps to reduce any coax mismatch losses (which can also be quite high) so in some cases it is possible to
actually end up with more radiated power even though the Unun losses are higher than would normally be acceptable. The trick is to be careful about how you
manage the distribution of the overall antenna system losses. Although this technique is unlikely to ever beat a properly matched vertical antenna, it can be useful
in specific applications where the similicity and ease of finding a match outweigh concerns about the overall gain or efficiency.

For example I have used a 6.5m top loaded whip fed with a 4:1 unun wound on a very large double height type 26 core (that I obtained from a rally dealer several
years ago) for WSPR beaconing from my former works QTH. The antenna and Unun was roof mounted and fed via 200ft of satellite TV coax and driven by an
auto-tuner next to the rig in a ground floor equipment room. With this setup and just running 5 watts, I got spots from all around the world on all bands from 160m
to 6m. The best DX being two way spots with VK on 160m. However the success of this configuration was really due to the very good performance of WSPR and
the excellent antennas used by the other stations, rather than the efficiency of my antenna system.

G8JNJ - V1.5 - 20/07/2015

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All content is made freely available for personal use only. Please acknowledge the author if content is used elsewhere or contact me if you wish to make commercial use of
any material. © Martin Ehrenfried G8JNJ 2007 to 2018.

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