An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals W. A. DEER Fas erating ad Rl, Come Unersty R.A.HOWIE, rofetiofnetalor, Kings Coe, Unser London J.ZUSSMAN tenor of Geology, Manchester Uaiesy LBS) as onsom Fatal price bccnLongman Sette & Toe Congran fe, Barat Mi, Harlow Este CMa SE, Egan ‘Assoc companies throught he world ©W-A. Dee, R.A, Howie and J Zaman ‘Ben Allis reserved no pt of is epitome fp odo ogy any mean, Secon mechan fine por wrt peson othe is pubes 1956 ‘Sccond dito 190 LBS tin rt bet 18 ETBSStno cod Soa 92 ISBN osx 0562, ede iy Longan Coup (FE Lad Contents refce to Second Eton wa Preface to First Eton ‘x Acknowledgements ‘Abbreaionsand Symbols ‘Orthos aad Ring Setes Olin groupe” ‘Otviee, moataite Ham group Zircon “Sphene (ante) (Care sraup Vesueante(doerase) Stine Mallee “Andale Krante Topas Stourolte Chiortad amt Mertate Spuonte Endilyte-eucote Epidoe grow Lawson Pampeite ‘Meilte gow Ronkote Titeyte Bel Corie ~ Toma. Aatnte (Cala Sieater Pyroxene group -/ 8 "Enstatle-orthoferosite, pisonite, Aiopside-hedenbergit,suge-froaugt, omc, {adele nog seproe supa spodamens assBhadonine 20 Periclase, casiterite, corundum, hematite, ikmenite, Brstamiie 22 ‘rutile, anatase, brookite, perovskite 532, Sane if = eoaoreee ante mtn wren ni “ ‘Sheet Silicate Carbonates 60 sani a a “a bariaed sm Appendix 1: Caleulation of a chemical formula from & ae z toe te = “ nei atti a e ‘hp i pe en a Ce 2 cae x xPreface to Second Edition “This jr revision takes pase some 25 years afer the publiation ofthe fit edison. The trveing years have sera great changes in all aspects tthe Farth Seleces, incoing suseralogy. Thre have teen many proved and now techniques for ivestignig mira, producing & ‘ow body of data ad often 4 beter ebdeslandig of tec nature, Property and vlatooshpe,Soch changes are evident in each ection der hich we tet each rsjr mera "Cra stractres ave far ter Known through the development of automatic Yay diffraction methods supplemented by spectroxopi Stocis (neared, Xray, Mester, tc) of ste preference and high colton deetron misromopy revealing Goeseale departures fom Feyulaniy of rete “Te chemical vations in minerals ate beter apreciated through the evelopment of eetton probe mictonalyss whch i rapid and is done ‘Tout partion of aera tom terck. New echaigues have ret ‘tended he range of pesure sod temperatura which pase ransom one can be studied in the lborsory. Geothermomety has bern ‘Sevelope considerably arhasthe ws aidincasions to give infomation ‘Se temperatures of envtalizaon and geetc uence. ‘Wheres we azo 20w aot so dependent on optical propery for érmining chemical compotion, Haht mictesopy remains the base ener tool saderponing sll ctr metho, sod the study of sob tcroscopc ature (bubs and intergrowths) enhanced by the use Ctscennng or tanamition ett microscopy. The nrese atenton| {veo fo opaaue minerals by both dente and researchers i recogni Sod we now gve data on properties in elected light Inthe new edition Ste include some lates showing a secon of intresting microscopic ‘Extres, bu recommend the mote comprehensive set of micrograph in the ls of Kock-Forning Minerals (W. 5. MacKenzie & C. Gulord, Coogan)» wefl companion vole Tohe paragenesi sections of ur new ction we are abet relate the occrtente of ome mineral ther enionments ner ofthe moders oncepte of plate tectonics We ate aso able to incude the Moon a8 8 inert lca Although ox text was, and sil prima tended for university snoent fhas gined us ako at 4 reerence book for researcher abet Stl detail level than the original five volumes frm which it was aGeel rte pero los We sno emi i it lig meen ule Si tho or tia fence Sta acne ‘opens te yf mira at abo some wie rope ‘eho rtcr mel up chy nel es ro ee oe ie work sii isd son expansion as ben et acny for sone mejor Boos ery Sit pine he tac he aan 9 msg cove of Soe erbueiten eap asas January 1991 Preface to First Edition “The authors gan about tn years gp to write ook for univers ‘Modem, bt th aim was gray Yebagubed as the text grew ito ihefive volumes of Roc: Forming Minerals We ave now reverted to ost ‘inl purpose by condensing te ater work into this single volume, ‘inch is imende to provide 8 short account of the more important UDoerals countered im many underpraduate courses in riaeralogy and [etlogy, Wehaveatenpted o present the base data which are eeatl {She understanding of minerals expel i elton vo the envionment of thei foration “The stody of mines commonly presented largely as tinting of optiatand physical properties which ante eed or mineral entiation ‘hie ths witout doubt an eseaual aspet ofthe subject the tay ‘rmetals partelary in elation operons, reqs als the detailed Comideraion of syst strvturechemsty and paragenai and we make toapolope forthe prominence we have gven th topic "yo thee lamas withthe Bve volumes of Rack Fermang Mineral the reset volume wl be sen to Be Based esentialy onthe pattern of he Eire work Thu he more commen mira are each considered under fhe hecdgs! Suture, Chemistry, Optial and Physical Propet, Disinguishing Fenture and Parapenes. Sections on chemistry show ‘pial sormpositons and ilstrate the major eto replacement which ‘leu inthe yarous miperals Inthe sections on optical and phil ‘ropes te vations of thse properties wih chemistry are dctsed Sad ae in many eaves presented graphical ‘We have ted fo make the ox ell loa 9 laboratory mancal by siving tabulated data and optic onentatonskeches atthe head of ach Thincrl scion and by icleding the parsgaphs on dstngushing features, ‘Sektedrefrnces re given fr most minerals and have been chosen, ot so much inorder to augient the dan presented, but ater to dam [tention tothe varourtpesof information avaiable relating to parbelar ‘ninrals, Moreover, by denwing the atestion of the student to some of the original data on whieh thie work is based hoped to stimulate a theyre the ay of minerals Minera of ese importance are given shorter treatment. A he niners eat with in Reck-Forming Minerals ae lncloed inthe presen ‘fork, and in addon multe, rome ofthe rarer but type minerals of ‘Slosiiate rocks, andthe sccusory micas of nephlinesyentes and ‘slated rocks have been cluded.‘Tocca peting oespar has een hinged ofa in accor. withthe 62 eormendaton of th New Miners nd al Nees Commision ofthe Interetional Merlo Asouiaton 2 scion ofthe meth of clsting strc Emule ssn ante given In Append com ctaber 1965 Acknowledgements We are indeed to the allow nae foc permision to reproduce copytight “American Journal of Science tod the respective authors for Figs 26 (totes 1971), 35( Apt & Lina, 983,38 (Boles & Coombs 1977 (4 Kitano a, 1966, 7 (Bey, 1969), past 90 (Ems, 1966 part Tost Yoder & Kushiro, 1969} 17a Boles Coombs 1977) 199(Schaier 22 Bowen 1935}, 149 & 150 (Tat, 1952, pat 155 (Bowen, 191) 164 rob Krol 1975), 179 (Tate & Sith, 1958), 174 (Greg & Bact, {938}, 179 (Goranson, 19381 231 (Goldsmith & Newton, 1969), 224 (tant tle, 1956) Arseriean Tstitate of Physi for Fig. 218 (At {e Ronde 1958) blsckwell Scente Publications Lidfor Fig 228 (Powel, Condfe’ & Conde, 1964) Cambridge University Press and the ferpectvesuthors for Figs 1 (Koso, 1968) 197 & 214 (Eas, 1968), (Citege tsituon of Washington or Figs 4 (Kushiro & Yoder, 1969), Sb (Hodge 1973, 13 (Boyd & Eaglad, 196 part 57 (Boyd & Eneland 15), (ode, 196) Tay (Cs, 197) 83 (Boyd & England, 1962, par [55 (Vode al, 195) the eitor, Boonie Golgy foe Fis 208, Phenol, 1952), 210 (Curtis & Spears. 1968); Elsevier Soace Publishers (Physi Senos & Engineering ie) andthe respective authors fo Figs 19 Wood, 1973), 54 (Zuseman, 1968) 185 (Hogarth and Gris, 1976), 192 Liou, 1971; The Geolopeal Sovty of America and the espetve suthors for Figs 18 (Coleman el, 1965), 170 (Tue & Bowen, 1958), {0 (Fada, 1943) the author, FC. Hawthorne fr Fig 219 (Hawthorne {& Ferguson, 1973) International Union of Cystallography for Fis 28 (ieny. Seats & Savane 1958) Min (Brindley & Harvson, 1952, 47 (Bucrge et oly 1960) 81 (Liha, 1959) 111 (Woodrow, 1967), 17 (Lin {e Burley. 1995) & Plate Ye Yada 1971: theeior, Journal of The Reset Sovey for Fig 257 (Howe, Pepram & Walsh, 1982), Kluwer Academie Publishers for Fig 171 (Merino, 1984); Longman Group UK Lid for {ack ever audio! cover lstestions om Als of Igneous Rocks and ‘Thee Textures (McKenzie 1982); Pro W.S. Mat Kenzie for Plates In To, 2 Ss dy 3, 3,3, 36 a, Ae, 4, Se & 54; Mineralogie Record for Pat $a Sanders Darragh, 1971) Mineralogical Socket (Qondon) for Figs 14 (alate, 1979), 5, 31 & 56 (Morimoto, 1988), part 93 (Mul, 1951), 74 (Wass, 1973}, 109 (Sith & Yoder, 1956). 116 [iey. 1984, 118 (Zussina, 1954, 120 (Briley & Robinson, 166,121 ast heknowlagrmets (Bendy, 1981). 11 & 151 (Bown & Patsons, 1999) 142 (Ai & Green, 1989}: Mineralogical Society af Ameria for Figs 2(Heen 116) (eee Premal, 1975), 9 (Robison el, 1971) 10 (Taylor & Brow, 1970) 11 & 12 (Novak Gi 1971), 29 (to & Aten, 1970), 26 (Ribbe Gibbs 1971, 27 (Ribhe & Rosenberg. 971), 3 (Dole 19} oe Se (Seth, 1983, 42 (Wood & Nasir 1968 44 (Coben, Row & Gibbe 1999) 61 (Caton 1988) 65 (Huber & Turnoc, 198), 56, 685-8 98 Linsey, 19891 part 73 (Hess, 1949), 15 (Clark & Pap, 150, 7 ea ‘& Rovchoom, 1969), 82 (Cantilo ro 171), 93 (Cert ee, ISB) 400 (tewit & Wones, 1988), 110 (Guegeeim & Fapeton, 1987) 113 (Evans & Gupgenbe, 1988, 18 (Brown & Bay, 3) ise (Cha Fawcet, 1986) 5b Uenkis & Cherntky, 1980, 12) (Mathioos Water, 988), 124 (Chao, 1971. 125 (Fubsnan & Lindley 98h) 13h (Orv. 1967), 148 (Sut, 984,159 (Goldsth, 1980) 155 (dont 1981), 186 Lesing & Grout, 971 188 Hasan & Boeck Otay 1) (Chamber et ai, 1985), 190 (Goldsmith & Newtons 197)" 200 (Cindsey, 1976), 206 Haggerty, 1976), 225 (Kennedy, 967), 290 & 292 {Speer 1883), 21 (Caton, 1960) 233 (Speer & Hersey Dun, 1976) 234 (Balsa & Speer, 1979) copyright [94 1984196, 156, 10h 1963, 1970, 1971, 195, 1996, 1977, 1973, 1980, 198,198, 1984 98S 1986, 1987, 1988 Mineralogical Soiety of America, Oxford Univer res for Figs 16 (Gustason, 1974) 39a (Ganguly, 1972, 38 (Detee & Holdaway, 1988) 31 (Greve & Facet 1974), part 3b (Joy, 1900) ‘art ab (Coombs a, 1976), 4 (Ser, 170), 9 (Sa.ea 1946 408 (Eugster& Wont, 196), 172 (Hamilton & MssKenn, 1960, (ye & Tt, 1960, 26,227 & 229 (Anovite & Ewen SET the author, Dr RG. Pat for Fig. 175 (Sood Platt Edgt 197): Petgonon Pres PLC for Figs 46 (Struts, Tennyson & Usbel, 191i), per Sores 1860), 191 (Aitken, 198) 196 (Gotan, 1978223 (Goldin & Goss, 1957) conyieht 1957, 1971, 97,1983, Bergumon Press PLC: The Revel Sosity andthe respite authors for Fi pt 19 (Wood 19078 Poe (Gare: & Falconer, 1856; Th Royal Sosy of Chem for Fig, 198 (Barrer & Ker, 1959), E:Schwotztarche for Fig 33 (Store ook 1982), 3 (Teich & Athans, 1988] 37 (Hinvchen &Schurman 19005, 438 (Saxena, 1968), 56 (Cameron & Papike. 19%); yore Vorb (Heietere) and the sespectve author for Figs 6b (Behance ean tk (Rutwim & Green, 1974) 306 Halen, als 1981),.32 (Revo 913) 6% (Prsall tal, 1979, 16 (Carpenter, 1980, 84 (Achecmeed eae 197567 Akela & Winker, 1866) 88 (Fonare & Korltow 1900) 0 96 (Hofman 19721, 97 (Bore 1967, 108 (Chateje & Johannes, sy, ‘ast 106 (Bohlen el, 1983), 117 (Francnhel ea, 989) 130 193 ‘£153 (Smith & Brown, 1985), 154 (Nakajima, Morimoto & Kitarare 1977 pat 155 & 156 Johannes, 1989) 181 (Burton & Hamiton 978), 194 (Gourd & Gal, 1985); Springer-Verlag (Wen) for Ee 33 ec, ange = 199 Spiga Journal or F199 Nia Sb 1) Ss ein XG 992 or 1) en ther i (Tec a 92) eat Tom fete ihren a Te Vane och Pt (owt Tl 950 158 Alig 138 copa 19981950, 90 The Unverity of Chicago Pes, Jobe Wiley & Sone Le or into a on iy St ah ity © on Infor prt Fi 90 (oy) cyt 198 oka gy & Son os tee lrtharbeen made ttre te omer cfcoprigh me Ine sw ca theta proved inom ad we he fr opporny {Sater or apology copy hls whos ike we ay be ‘uwitingy iningAbbreviations and Symbols A Angstrom writs (10° em) . calledge in the ceecton : ‘Sty (ol sbetace inated by subsrpt) Soa nals ‘Mom percent tom per cent, percentage on an atomic basis * ‘ivedge i hej ection By feate bse . tellegge nthe = direction fal Sslesited| D specie raity 2 ierplana spacing bra ‘erential thermal analyse = redou potential f ogc (ol eubeanoe indented by subscript) fe total Fest Fe a ‘ardoes (Mohs scale) 1,0" Sorted wate 10° ‘rater drive fom mineral breakdown fee (subscript) Reagonal Ke ‘trbtion coeticient M sollte ‘meg, eq, illguvelnts miroegivatents fmol per cet moecls per eet perentage on a molecular basis : rere inde for euble mineral) Oar. ‘optic axial plane P reste (sce note below on wits of pressure) i per formula unit, Pom ans per milion te arts pr mile (arts per thousand) K meat on RE, REE fare earth, are earth clement ‘P< o(orr>) opicasil anglenred pats ies than(or greaterthan) ‘h(oubsept) thombobeteal r temperature T tetisodra sitesi Abbnitons ad yale VHNice _ttoindentaton hardness, Vickers Hardoss Number 4 100g load st percent eghtpr cen peteatage a wight Basis Bye ywallgraphic ees 2 mber of formal units per uit ell wv pte ail ahr Jeet intermediate and greatest relative indie; the ‘ivan direction ofthe ft intermediate a slow ‘ys alo thee aby Sng betwen the postive Sieetons ofthe yan, s ‘bretongence o ordinary ray, refractive index aM ematte-mageetite NNO. nickel nike oxide OFM (Geartsfayate- magnetite vn tie-magpette nit of Presure 1 variety of units fr presure are found In use in current peolope theratare Thar eiionship area follows: "haror tat = pressure of one atmosphere [~185 ps. (pounds per gue loch] 1 kbar ~ 1000 ba 1 Pa (pascal = 1 N/in? = 10°* bar (100 sal therefore not used) MPa (eeeapsscal = 10° Pa = 10 bar GPs (peapascl) = 10 Ortho-, Di- and Ring SilicatesOlivine Group “The members ofthe olivine group estaliz with erthorbombi symmetry, thevtrctre consisting ofndependent Si, ietabedra linked byl! ‘ows in sicfol ordination nthe (MFe)otivines thee compete Sold sohtion between MeySiO, (forsterie) and. FeSO, (aya), Similarly the (Fe Mayolvines form a continuous seis. The CaMSSOy ‘nthosisite (monde) does ot sbow any appreciable variation fom theideal composition Altbough thon analopseCaFeSi0, Octet) is known Irom lags, the most roo-ch eaturalycecursag member of the CaN gSi0,-CaFeSi, sees contin some er eat ofthe CaFeSiO, component Olivine Orthorhombie (+=) Forserte Ma,SiO,_ Fayalite FesS10, wy vital * 163s tex a vest bse ? 610 19 5 als 0082 bv, © ne * Voc ie ing tingn and 2¥ eect mambo oielFolné aOvienution — a= y. P= sy aan banyes o'AP cai) OAP. (05) Disperion re laver rs torera) Go a a Cleavage {10} moderate, (100) weak “Twinning {011}, (0 Colour Grete Pale yellow, greenish ‘olouresinthinsecton yew, sellow-amber, bale yellow in thin Pleochroi 27 pale sellow B orange ylow, red trowe Uniteel ——0475A.010204,0598A oA 82 Ab 1048 Ac GOA 1S; apace 10up Pham Special estar Cristina io HCL ‘The structure const of individual slcon-ogygen ttaheda ike by (Mige) toms each of which hs st nearest oxygen aightouts The ‘xggens ein shets purl! tote (100) plane and ave aerengad in ‘pprotimailyhetagonal ary. ta acoréance wit fal otorbonbie Symmetry the Si-O tetrahedra point arty che wy slong each of thes and y dectioos Half ofthe valable octahedral vids are secapicd by Afatoms (MF) and oteighth ofthe avaiable tetrahedeal ids ‘5 Siatoms The atoms do not ecru a singlet of eqivlet aioe postions: half are located at ects of symmetry. MT ymmety, ad Fallon refeston planes, m symmetry M2 (Figs 2) Each open Sonded to one sicon and trex ectahedrly coordinated atte The dstibuton of Mg? and Re!” vn MI and M2 ses shows vying eae ordering wit thelarer Fe” cation commonly sn pratoxcaly ‘Showing a small peeenc forthe smaller Mt ste ‘Cellparamces vary linearly withcompcetion andlivine compositions a eadly determined from Xray powder diftaction dnt. The equation forthe determinative curve, based on dq ales (Active ed pote fect 276898, ayaite 28338 AL Sen Oy Fo (mol pe cent) = 423391 149499 olivines adopt he dese structure fs spinel For Dy tbe transformation to a stored spinel (phase oetur at Fig 1 eszed line sretre part (10) pase 8 atoms a ee ai ea ethown‘ peieo Me ‘Sfoymmecy; a oo eect pane ier Braga Wt & Brown, GB oy 26 88-30} ie 2 lie uu pu 10 plane owing aon of (Shit bengal do ukog tel) ssl coe ake 3p coun cere se epee orton Aires to compoation wh Mgy(M 4 Fe) ce wear thon O85 The ef ph pest on re och aie se ‘tsa shown nig Te papy sal pra fe sine ins pmo frat ose i or ‘Beontooe te nal aneFeySi0, at 800°C nd 1200°C (afer Akimotn, Set al, 1976, Phys (Chm Mineral an Rake BA RG 1S 9-8 Chemiatey Olivine: vary in composition fom MgSO. (Corset) to FeSO. (Gaal there being complete dadochybeeneen Mig’ and Fe in the structure (Table 1) The name orsterit and fayalite ae restricted to the ompostons Foy. ahd Fo especively the omencntare of the intemmeiate memes of the sents seven ia Fi 7 Il. In any rar erysas and parila in more on-eholivines thea ile replacement of (MgiFe) by Mn and Ca. Nike! and chromium ace ‘orion reseat is Mpc livres but the hrm seu in minute ‘exsolved plates of chromite. Some Fe" ie ually present and any may berlated to small solved grains of magnetite or moe leguenty {oan exiation product formed by alteration of the line. Relatively Small amounts of calc ae petnt in the majority of olvins, the ‘normal range being 00" Ost percent C40, Phorora nace mouats (up t0 400 ppm) oceurs ia some vines, the charge alan being "Mlntaige by octahedral ste vacanien te'Si-zP +2 ‘The meng point of forsterite 190 © 20°C. The mating point of forsterite under ankydrous conditions increases with pres, ad under rterstuatd conditions decease ith pressure (Fig 4a) The miner in addition to its occurrence im many experimental syatery has been ‘thesized in boules upto em i lengthy from stoichiomet xa ofits oxide in the presence of wate at temperstarer as lw ss 00°C a "Foi maine Dees Gk a Mand New Zan (Cap AF, 2 tnt ti ste Serr ron, at Cand (Vote, 2 Fai Gs lit Pmt Mant-On, UA (Fon, 3 Pa, cing Nob S07 Yoni Cryo ave oe poe na pressure betmeen 0.13 and 266 kbar, ad by soi tate reations between gO and S10; at temperatures between 1100 nd {400°C the systems Me,S10,-Si0, at Lae (bar, oat reacts with the ged to fom potoentate a he petectic point a abou 560°C (Fig 3) AL higher pesure estate ne longer melts acongrnlly and Fortecte and sostaite have enter relatomhip; the eutectic Ics fecome less SiOysich asthe presye incense. The pesure ot which (Be pelea reson Ww replaced by ovtstis relationship cao! be* ° Fe (0) Maing cae of oie ner eons a we fatsratad codon (af Keer You W'S. 196) Carmege Tin Was Ase Rese Di Grohe’ tats pest (Sse reo ae ey Nyy 0 20 td 3 Ka tte Sie Nha Be 8 mofo FL] ‘be stan hig, S0, S10, (aber Chen CH & Pana D. Gs 197, ‘Ano Min ti 394-205, Fo, fcc; Of, chore PED, rote: ph gure: Ce enable; yg applied diecty 10 natural magmas sine ie “lumina inenstae increases the presure “The Mg-Fe ovine form a compiz so slution vere, The thermal ‘behaviour ofthe sei lurtrates the eect on melng temperate im i olivine reduc and iadchie series of replacing fn of smaller ras by one of large {dive The extion-orygen Bonds are weaker forthe larger ation ofthe Sine chaege and at more ofthe larger ations ene beste thee [Ra prope reduction nthe meng posto ermediae compositons. "Thus tbe it olivines to separate om a gid of gen eomposiion richer in Me then thos of ltr ersallontion, apd in consequence the lager Fe!" sons ate concentrated nthe reas! Bguds. The Beats sl ssluion for forsee and fayaite are a Kea function ofthe molt ompostion indenting 2 8f0 heat of tomorphoes mixes apd the Insttena of pest hema eiriom during the replacement of Mi Fayalie occurs asa stable phe in many synthetic ptems, ad as se bean produced us nrg clourlss ery using eroilcon alloys ‘Sr ferou chloride and ethyorthoricate at stating mixtures. Faye tes ieongroctiy at 1505 at fatto gd pls ion ‘livin every scepte to bydrothermal alteration, to the eels of ‘wenterng and to low-grade metamorphism. The product of aeaton Iie varied, Inlodng terpertine and mstues described ab ings, owlgte and chlorophaste. Lida ia redsh brown substance (RL-~'1 76-189) and consists of specie, chloe and getter. "The aheraton moshanim involves The ifusion of Bydrogea ions ito the alive stuctore nee thet temporary attachment to oxyBe ons releases Me, Fe" and’ St lous fom thei stem thas permiing their Teplacement by Fe, Aland Ca, Bowing isthe ren ype of aleation Product snd consis of smectte-chorit together with serpentine and Tigor amounts of ti, mica and. quart The relalontip between lings and bowlgle is esently dependent onthe oxidation sate bisa ibe green can be converted o the brown aeration product by eating in air at 600°C) Cloropbucte does not ifr greatly fom dings is more verabl a ealouy, consis ls Fe” and more Fet™ tnd hs slower reactive nde Tis components ice corte, smectite, poethte and ele Serpentinition ete most widespread form of oie alteration and ‘ne mort common proasofmetaorphiam in alive ch rocks (dunt toa perdotte) The aula aeration produce, prualy of Mg-ich Slvine ate the thie serpentine polymers, Hearts, chrysotile and Snsgoit, together with brut, tle sod earboates.Serpentnization tay be expressed bythe reactions 2Mg.S10, +3H,0 =Mg,Si0,0H},+Mg(OH), (0) SMg:SIO, + 41,0 + 5:0, = 2ME,S,040F 2 “The reversibility ofthe frat reaction hss been demonstrated exper ‘hentai, PT Coordinates se appronimately 878 and 425°C at 2ndkbar, especively fn he pretene of CO, tale and magnesite may aso be formed 2Mg,Si,00H), + 3CO, + Me,Si.0,4OHs 43MgCO,+3H,0 3) and 3 forterserpeniniation reaction may be #Mg,510, + MgSO, (0H), + 91,0 ~ 5Mg,Si040H), (4) “The elect of Mg-Fe replacement onthe equiibrum crv for eection (i) istarate bythe P-Tsarst desing te muni eral aby [€ Foyn dd Fong (Fig 6) 70) Pig 6 Reaction cues (A) fr 10M Fe 8104+ 43H SMES,040M) + 33(MEpysFeshOMhy © O4%e{0. + bal, (ater Boog 1.1375 Condon i126 dermis om "ane fe apd (Bor 2,51, 48,0 = gy Sc0.(0H Nq(Ot ater Joanne, Wes, Cour tin Pts 1.908150 (Optical and Physi! Propertion ‘The cfractive indices var lncaty wit composition, both a ines increasing by aboot 0002 per mol per cent Fe,S10y (Fig 7), The optic {al angle IMewise varies tytematcly om 2V, 82° for MaySi0y 19 2,134" for FeSiO,, the ign changing at about Fy. Zoned olivines sith es iton-ich cores and more iro-nh marge re comme in otne tase voleanie and hypabyseal rocks (computbonal range Fayy-Fasy reported) Zoning may be detected by diferencs in extinction anges a sections approximately normal to an optic a, Le. sections showing low I, Lae ome 5 ongte + Fe? + Fe 8a) ig. 7. Vaiaton of opt! popeies aod deny with chia Componion nthe Mg Feyetins. birefringence. Beate ofthe rapid change in the pail birefringence iip'and Pre stnghy zoned crystals depny A marked variaon In Polceaton colours Olvins exhibit a umber efiflreat baits ean, {bul alae aad dead that can genera be elated to tented fate of cooling of the hqud dering cystallaion. The formation of longsted and dendritic ones is dplaed in many slrabase lavas (omtites) giving rie to the spas habit of thse volenic rocks. Diivinesparculay of sitabase rocks commonly aplay unduloe ‘tinction, ain translation amelie (spans) and Kink bands (eo Inhomogeneous ‘randaton gliding) The commen glide mechani is ‘To {0101 = (100) and [01] the exterea oaton ai Diatiguishing Festres Magnesium rich olivine distinguished rom diopside by tspor cleavage, large opie ial angle and higher buetingence.Chondrosice hs low Fetectve nfs and tretngence and oblique extinction; hunt lower Shretingence and op asia angle, Te opi anal pane in humite abd ‘noha paral with he cleavage; monteelite has lover eracive Indies aod bttingence. Fayalte we datingushed rom epiote by the Sellow_greer pleochoim, larger opi ata ange and oblique extinction stibe tater,Olivine i « mje constituent of dante and perdotie and in these "tabaric rocks varies im composition Between Rye and Foy aBough ‘may be ae ronch as Foye io tome spinel Ura and gart peridot Inthe trate nodule In uss apd hinbelies, coe Smpostionrange tween Foy, 3nd Foy, Olivera he compostinal {ange Foye Fong ze common consents in gabbroisvecke, More ‘tomich vines do our in bse rocks but in general ae rested to Ferodiontes and mangers, the ovine: of which say ented to yale ‘ompostons, Olivine cour Ins wide varity of voonc reds, both at ‘henocrysts und asa groundmass costtuent The moet magnesimech Iminerals(Foy,-Foy) out Inthe ulirabase Komatite lavas though ‘lvine mcrophencests, Foe» So composton, eee in the basalt of Kiftesay onthe extension of the Mid-Atlantic ridge between Tesland and Jon Mayen. The exienaly low Fa component of tht liane = probaly else tothe tery high cniton st of the magmas atthe time of primary cystattation that resid indepen of Fe" inthe Iwi. Teoh vines occurin both alain an si platonic and hypabystl roils hey ar relatively common constituents uel associated with ‘dente and alvedsonite amphiboles in quart sjeier Faye ‘reset inarvdsontelayalte-heseerpie grates esa aout Iaimany acdandslkaie volcan rocks eq obsidian rhyoltes aches bd phonoltes ‘Olvies of metamorphic ran oscur principally in rocks fram composition, in impure carboaaes and In sronich sediment In cous {quence mont ofthe ovine ae citer highly magnesium ov itonnch ‘The most extensive devopmen! of ovine found in the vackus mineral assemblages formed during theprogesive metamorphism ofsepeatiaies, by teats such a SMg,Si0,(OH, + 2CaMgSi:0, = 64,510, ‘eee Som teat + CaMES4O,{0H), +910 (3) SMpsSi,00H), = 6Mg,810, + Ms,Si,0dOH), + 98,0 enine ete ry © MgsS40.4OH), + Mg(OH), ~ 2Mg,Si0,+ 38,0 (7) ‘Anguilla temperature of about 485°C has been calculated for ‘reaction (3) t Py Piya = 2¥bsr Te formation of magnesivnich ‘livines in metamorphosed impure earbonate semester sahyarous condition etl 2CaNg{CO,), + S10; -+MB,SI0, + 268C0, +260, (t)- by the reaction Under more hydrous opdtions i which remote appear as product (tthe mtanorpiem, line fe formed. by # razon betwen he Srophibae and dolomite! (Ca,Me,Si,0, OH), + 11C2MBiCO,),= Me, SIO, - +13eaco, 49C0,+H,0 Feyaite, often estoised with ferroaugite and ernest, occurs in medium grade thermally metamorphose sich sediment andin rocks ‘fore chery composition formed by the reaction: 2FeCO, + S10, +Fe,Si0, + 200, eo In many bai igneous rocks in high-grade metamorphic terrains, the lvoe surrounded by 4 number of uooerve halls consisting various ‘Sombiaatons of orthopyonene clinopyroxene spit, amphible aod fart’ Described ar corona, reaction ‘ms, crrosion mantles and epic borders, thee see formed dering cooling from subsodus ‘gpecustrpertutes at eatively high pressures. Retereness tom ana 9% Una i fo Kinley vi ou hh Gc Coma ee cst ssl coon temo Con cums ws Geet coronas anor of te uper Jotun nape, ounnorsoe,rabacan a, 1989 Theunvrant cure iid =f ¢ ln’ ph nn CHAS md oon nk Site Gini bs eto at vet raf 7 Oban he ‘Minne Mente he Cestepl Scr ofa 5 25-6 sues onto 9, Das nt te weer of mae “anaccn sues t Aatropctente: ps tos sper offen 00'S, HO“COy ar Pe