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There are two ways of reporting what speakers have said, direct and indirect. Direct speech is
used when we want to repeat the original speaker's exact words, while indirect speech is used
when we want to give the exact meaning of a speech without quoting the speaker's exact words.
Further, when the introductory verb (reporting verb) is in a present, present perfect, or future
tense (less common), the tense of the direct speech does not change. Study the following
examples:
1. He says,"I am unwell."
He says (that) he is unwell.
2. He has just said,"My master is writing letters."
He has just said (that) his master is writing letters.
3. He says,"I have passed the examination."
He says (that) he ahs passed the examination.
When the reporting or principle verb is in the past tense, all present tense or verb in the direct
speech have to be changed into the corresponding past tense. The changes are shown as follows:
1. Tenses
a.simple present goes to simple past
b.present continuous goes to past continuous
c.present perfect goes to past perfect
d.simple past goes to past perfect
e.present perfect continuous goes to past perfect continuous
f.present future goes to past future (conditional)
g.present future continuous goes to past future continuous (conditional continuous)
2. Adverbs
a.now - then
b.ago - before
c.today - that day
d.tomorrow - the next day/the following day
e.yesterday - the day before/the previous day
f.last night - the night before/the previous night
g.next week/year - the following week/year
h.the day before yesterday - two days before
i.the day after tomorrow - in two days' time
j.a year ago - a year before/the previous year
k.here - there
etc.
3. Others
a.this - that
b.these - those
c.come - go there/here
'that' is usually optional after the verbs "say, tell, think, believe", and is obligatory after the verbs
"mention, declare, report, state".
Source: http://ekamanis.blogspot.com/2006/08/direct-and-indirect-speech-in-english.html
Pengertian kalimat langsung adalah kalimat yang disampaikan kepada orang pertama kepada
orang kedua. Sedangkan informasi yang diterima oleh orang kedua disampaikan lagi kepada
orang ketiga dan seterusnya disebut dengan kalimat tidak langsung.
- I will visit you on holiday ( Saya akan mengunjungimu pada waktu liburan)
Cara merubah kalimat langsung menjadi tidak langsung ( DIRECT menjadi INDIRECT) yaitu
sebagai berikut :
Contoh :
The students say that they have done their homework very well.
Ketiga contoh di atas memberikan gambaran bahwa tidak terjadi perubahan pada Reported
Speechnya, namun yang berubah hanya subjek, dan possessivenya saja. Sehingga dapat
disimpulkan seperti pada table berikut :
DIRECT INDIRECT
I He/She
My His / Her
Your My
You Me
We They
Our Their
Maka akan terjadi perubahan tenses dan kata keterangan waktu pada Reported Speechnya.
Perubahan-perubahan tersebut yaitu sebagai berikut :
Now Then
Last……. ……..before
……ago ..……before
This That
These Those
Here There
Contoh Kalimat :
Nancy had said that she would visit my village the following December.
Tommy said that he had driven his new on the highway the day before.
The secretary said :” I have typed these contract letters for an hour”.
The secretary said that she had typed those contract letters for an hour.
Tony says:” I will give you a present if you get the first rank”, berubah menjadi :
Tony says that he will give me a present if I get the first rank.
Tony said :” I will give you a present if you get the first rank”, berubah menjadi :
Tony said that he would give me a present if I got the first rank.
Pada kalimat yang pertama Reporting speechnya adalah TONY SAYS ( Simple Pesent Tense ),
sehingga tidak terjadi perubahan tenses pada reported speechnya. Sedangkan pada kalimat yang
kedua Reporting Speechnya adalah TONY SAID ( Simple Past Tense ), sehingga terjadi
perubahan tenses pada Reported Speechnya.
Source: http://blockelevasi.blogspot.com/2010/05/direct-and-indirect-speech.html