Vocational Training

Report
On
“Study of Boiler and Thermal Plants”
At
NPTC & KBUNL
Kanti, Muzaffarpur, Bihar.

For the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
Mechanical Engineering
By
SAWAN KUMAR
(Roll No: 16900714088)

Under the Guidance

Of
Mr. Suraj Kumar Santosh (Deputy-Manager).
(Deputy Manager).
Mechanical Maintenance Department (KBUNL&NTPC).

From: 24 June 2017 to 21 July 2017

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Academy of Technology
Adisaptagram, Hooghly, West Bengal, India.

2017-2018
 Vocational Training Report
On
“Boiler and Thermal Plants”
At
National Thermal Power Plant, Kanti, Muzaffarpur.

Under the guidance of:

Mr. Suraj Kumar Santosh (Deputy - Manager),
Mechanical Maintenance Department,
NTPC & KBUNL, Muzaffarpur.

Submitted by:
Name: Sawan Kumar.
Roll no: 16900714088.
College: Academy of Technology.
Duration: 24.06.2017 – 21.07.2017.
 Certificate

This is to certify that this Vocational training Entitled “Study of

Boiler and Thermal Plants” at NTPC, Muzaffarpur from 24 June
2017 to 21 July 2017 , is a bonafide record presented by Mr. Sawan
Kumar, Roll no: 16900714088, in fulfilment of Vocational training
under B.Tech Curriculum in Mechanical Engineering of Academy of
Technology, Hooghly, West Bengal – 712121.

__________________________
Mr. Suraj Kumar Santosh
Deputy Manager,
Mechanical Maintenance Department,
NTPC, Muzaffarpur.

(I)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With profound respect and gratitude, I take opportunity to convey my

thanks to Mr. Vakil Ahmad Sir, for permitting me to complete my
training in NTPC Ltd. and to be the part of this esteemed
organisation.

I extend my heartfelt thanks to Mr. Suraj Kumar Santosh Sir, for

providing me the proper guidance during my training period.

I am extremely grateful to all the operation and guidance that has

helped me a lot during the course of training. I have learnt a lot under
them and I will always be indebted to them for this value addition in
me.

At last I would like to convey my thanks to all the members of

Mechanical Maintenance Department, and my parents for their
cheerful encouragement, unfailing patience and consistent support.

Sawan Kumar.
Vocational Trainee
24.06.2017 – 21.07.2017

(II)
 Abstract

Any thermal power plant is converting the chemical energy of fossil fuel (coal)
into electrical energy. The process involved for this conversion is based upon
the Modified Rankine Cycle. The major components that are used to accomplish
the modified Rankine cycle are:

 Boiler feed pump,

 The steam generator water walls (evaporator),
 Steam generator super heaters,
 Steam turbine,
 Reheater,
 Condenser,
 Regenerative feed heaters etc.

All components of a power generating cycle are vital and critical in operation.
In Modified Rankine Cycle, the two most important aspects that is added are
reheating & regenerative heating. By reheating we used to send the steam
coming from exhaust of the turbines back to the reheater of the boiler so that its
enthalpy increases and more work can be done by this steam the other purpose
is to make steam dry so that no harm will be done to the blades of the turbine.

In NTPC, Kanti, we have three turbines in Tandem coupling namely one H.P
Turbine, one I.P Turbine & one L.P Turbine coupled with the generator to
which is synchronized with the grid to produce electricity at 50Hz.

In all my modesty, I wish to record here that a sincere attempt has been made
for the presentation of this project report. I also trust that this study will not only
prove to be of academic interest but also will be able to provide an insight into
the area of technical management.

(III)
 Contents
1. Certificate (I)
2. Acknowledgement (II)
3. Abstract (III)

4. Introduction (1)
5. History of Boiler (2-3)
6. Types of Boiler and its classification (3-7)
7. Basic components of Boiler (8)
(i) Economiser (9)
(ii) Pre-heater (10)
(iii) Super-heater (10)
(iv) Re-heater (11)
(v) De-super heater (11)
(vi) Condenser (12)
(vii) Cooling Tower (13)
(viii) Fan & Draught system (13)
(ix) Ash handling system (14)

8. Thermal Power Plant

(i) Block diagram of Thermal power plant (15)
(ii) Working principle (16)
(iii) Modified Rankine cycle (17)
(iv) Process of generation of Electricity (18)
(v) Light up process (19)
(vi) Component of coal Fired Thermal power station (20-21)

9. Type of Pumps (22)

10.Type of Turbine (23)

11.Important control loop in Thermal power plant (24-226)

12. Unit control desk & panels (27)
13. Advantages & Disadvantages (28)
14. Conclusion (29)
15.References (30)
Introduction

 Boiler: A Boiler or steam generator essentially is a container into

which water can be fed and steam can be taken out at desired pressure,
temperature and flow. For that the boiler should have a facility to burn a
fuel and release heat. Thus the function of a boiler can be stated as:-
 To convert chemical energy of the fuel into heat energy.
 To transfer this heat energy to water for evaporation as well to
steam for superheating.

 Block diagram of Boiler:

[Image by: www.mechanicalengineerings.wordpress.com]

(1)
 History of Boiler
The steam-generating boiler’s roots go back to the late 1700s and early
1800s with the development of the kettle-type boiler, which simply boiled
water into steam. The water was placed above a fire box and then boiled
into steam. It wasn’t until around 1867, with the development of the
convection boiler that the steam-generating industry began.

It may be debated who developed the first steam-generating boiler;

however, most will agree that George Babcock and Steven Wilcox were
two of the founding fathers of the steam-generating boiler. They were the
first to patent their boiler design, which used tubes inside a firebrick-
walled structure to generate steam, in 1867, and they formed Babcock &
Wilcox Company in New York City in 1891. Their first boilers were
quite small, used lump coal, fired by hand, and operated at a very low rate
of heat input. The solid firebrick walls that formed the enclosure for the
unit were necessary because they helped the combustion process by
reradiating heat back into the furnace area.

The Stirling Boiler Company, owned by O.C. Barber and named for the
street (Stirling Avenue) the facility was on in Barberton, Ohio, also began
making boilers in 1891. Their eighth Stirling boiler design was called the
H-type boiler (“h” being the eighth letter in the alphabet) and had a brick
setting design. The Stirling boiler was much larger than the Babcock &
Wilcox boiler and used three drums to help circulate the water and steam
flow throughout the boiler.

In 1907, the Stirling Boiler Company merged with the Babcock & Wilcox
Company. They renamed their boiler the H-type Stirling, and it became
one of best-selling boilers of its time, probably because of its ability to
produce up to 50,000 pounds of steam per hour.

(2)
 However, they were not the only boiler manufacturers during the late
1800s. The Grieve Grate Company and the American Stoker Company
were also making boilers of similar all-brick-wall design. They both used
a travelling or screw-type grate at the bottom of the boiler to transport the
fuel (lump coal) across the inside of the boiler. As the fuel traveled across
the inside of the boiler, it was burned and the ash or un-burned fuel would
drop into a hopper. These two companies later formed the Combustion
Engineering Company in 1912. The new Combustion Engineering
Company offered their version of the Grieve and American Stoker boilers
and called it the Type E stoker boiler.

 Types of Boiler and its classifications

There are two general types of boilers: ''fire-tube'' and ''water-tube''.
Boilers are classified as "high-pressure" or "low-pressure" and "steam
boiler" or "hot water boiler." Boilers that operate higher than 15 psig are
called "high-pressure" boilers.

A hot water boiler, strictly speaking, is not a boiler. It is a fuel-fired hot

water heater. Because of its similarities in many ways to a steam boiler,
the term ''hot water boiler'' is used.

 Hot water boilers that have temperatures above 250° Fahrenheit

or pressures higher than 160 psig are called ''high temperature hot water
boilers''.
 Hot water boilers that have temperatures not exceeding 250° Fahrenheit
or pressures not exceeding 160 psig are called ''low temperature hot water
boiler’s.

Heating boilers are also classified as to the method of manufacture, i.e.,

by casting (cast iron boilers) or fabrication (steel boilers). Those that are
cast usually use iron, bronze, or brass in their construction. Those that are
fabricated use steel, copper, or brass, with steel being the most common
material.

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Fire-tube Boilers
In fire-tube boilers, combustion gases pass through the
inside of the tubes with water surrounding the outside of
the tubes. The advantages of a fire-tube boiler are its
simple construction and less rigid water treatment
requirements.
The disadvantages are the excessive weight-per-pound of
steam generated, excessive time required to raise
steam pressure because of the relatively large volume of
water, and inability to respond quickly to load changes,
again, due to the large water volume.

The most common fire-tube boilers used in facility heating

applications are often referred to as ''scotch'' or ''scotch
marine'' boilers, as this boiler type was commonly used for
marine service because of its compact size (fire-box
integral with boiler section).

The name "fire-tube" is very descriptive. The fire, or

hot flue gases from the burner, is channelled through tubes
that are surrounded by the fluid to be heated. The body of
the boiler is the pressure vessel and contains the fluid. In
most cases, this fluid is water that will be circulated for
heating purposes or converted to steam for process use.

Fire-tube boilers are:

 Relatively inexpensive
 Easy to clean
 Compact in size
 Available in sizes from 600,000 btu/hr to 50,000,000 btu/hr
 Easy to replace tubes
 Well suited for space heating and industrial process applications

Disadvantages of fire-tube boilers include:

 Not suitable for high pressure applications 250 psig and above
 Limitation for high capacity steam generation

(4)
Water-tube Boilers
In a water-tube boiler, the water is inside the
tubes and combustion gases pass around the
outside of the tubes. The advantages of a water-
tube boiler are a lower unit weight-per-pound of
steam generated, less time required to raise
steam pressure, a greater flexibility for
responding to load changes, and a greater ability
to operate at high rates of steam generation.

A water-tube design is the exact opposite of a

fire-tube. Here, the water flows through the
tubes and is encased in a furnace in which the
burner fires. These tubes are connected to a
steam drum and a mud drum. The water is
heated and steam is produced in the upper
drum.
Large steam users are better suited for the water-
tube design. The industrial water-tube boiler typically produces steam or hot
water primarily for industrial process applications, and is used less frequently
for heating applications. The best gauge of which design to consider can be
found in the duty in which the boiler is to perform.

Water-tube boilers:

 Are available in sizes far greater than a fire-tube design , up to several

million pounds-per-hour of steam
 Are able to handle higher pressures up to 5,000 psig
 Recover faster than their fire-tube cousin
 Have the ability to reach very high temperatures

Disadvantages of the water-tube design include:

 High initial capital cost

 Cleaning is more difficult due to the design
 No commonality between tubes
 Physical size may be an issue

(5)
Other types of Boiler are:
1. Cast iron boilers.
2. Steam and Condensate boiler system.
3. Hydronic (Hot water) boiler system.

Cast Iron Boilers

Cast iron boilers are made in three general types: horizontal-sectional, vertical-
sectional, and one-piece. Most of the sectional boilers are assembled with push
nipples or grommet type seals, but some are assembled with external headers
and screw nipples. Horizontal-sectional, cast iron boilers are made up of
sections stacked one above the other, like pancakes, and assembled with push
nipples. Vertical-sectional, cast iron boilers are made up of sections standing
vertically, like slices in a loaf of bread. One-piece cast iron boilers are those in
which the pressure vessel is made as a single casting.

Steam and Condensate Boiler System

Boilers are generally used to provide a source of steam or

hot water for facility heating and process needs.
In steam and condensate systems, heat is added to water
in a boiler causing the water to boil and form steam. The
steam is piped to points requiring heat, and as the heat is
transferred from the steam to the building area or process
requiring heat, the steam condenses to form condensate.
In some very low-pressure saturated steam heating
applications, the steam distribution piping may be sized
to slope back to the boiler so that the steam distribution
piping also acts as the condensate return piping (single-
pipe system).

In other low-pressure applications, there may be steam

supply piping and condensate return piping (two-pipe
system), although the condensate system is open to the steam system. In typical
packaged steam boiler operations, the boiler system may generate steam at
about 150 psig for distribution throughout the facility and may be lowered to the
operating pressure of equipment supplied through point-of-use pressure
reducing stations. As heat is transferred from the steam, condensate is formed
which collects in discharge legs until enough condensate is present to operate a
trap that isolates the steam distribution system from the condensate system.

(6)
In common facility heating applications, the condensate system is at
atmospheric pressure and the system is arranged to drain the condensate to a
central condensate receiver, or into local smaller receivers that pump the
condensate back to the central condensate receiver.

Hydronic Boiler System

A boiler is used to heat water that is circulated through a

closed loop piping system for general facility and service
water heating. Low-temperature systems generally
operate below 200° Fahrenheit Medium-temperature
systems generally operate at temperatures between 200
and 250° Fahrenheit.
A feature of hot water systems' is an expansion tank to
accommodate the expansion of the water in the system as
the water is heated. The expansion tank, when piped into
the system on the suction side of the circulating pumps,
also pressurizes the system to prevent flashing in the
circulating pump, piping, and piping components. In
many low- and medium-pressure systems, pressurization
is maintained by flash steam in the expansion tank. In a
few hot water systems, pressurization is maintained by
maintaining a compressed gas blanket above the water
level in the expansion tank.

High-temperature hot water systems, which operate

above 250° Fahrenheit, are basically the same as hot water systems that operate
below 250°F. High-temperature systems are generally installed when a process
requires the higher temperature, a number of locations require small quantities
of low-pressure steam that the high-temperature hot water can generate in a
local converter, or high-temperature drop equipment can be used at end use
points to minimize the size of water circulation piping required.
Most facility boiler systems are fired using a combustible gas (typically natural
gas or propane) or fuel oil. In many facilities, the boilers are designed to fire
both a combustible gas fuel and a fuel oil. In these facilities, the combustible
gas fuel is generally natural gas that is considered the primary fuel, and fuel oil
is considered to be the backup fuel.

(7)
 Basic components of Boiler are:
 Furnace
 Economiser
 Air – Preheater
 Super Heater
 Re-heater
 De-Super heater
 Condenser
 Cooling tower
 Fan or draught system
 Ash handling system

 Furnace: A boiler furnace is the first pass of the boiler in which the
combustible products pass to the super heater
and second pass of boiler. The
combustion process is a
continuous process, which
takes place in the first pass of
the boiler and control by the
fuel input through coal
feeders. It is a radiant type and
water cooled furnace and
enclosure is made up of water
wall.

The furnace is open at the

bottom to allow ash linkers to
freely into the furnace bottom
ash hopper (through a furnace
throat) and at the top of its rear
wall, above the arch, to allow
hot gases to enter rear gas
pass.

[Image by: http://wiki.zero-emissions.at]

(8)
Requirement should be satisfied by the furnace:
1. Proper installation, operation and maintenance of fuel burning equipment.
2. Sufficient volume for combustion requirement.
3. Adequate refractoriness and insulation.

 Economiser:

[Image by: Cleanboiler.org]

It is located below the LPSH in the boiler and above pre heater. It is there to
improve the efficiency of the boiler by extracting heat from flue gases to heat
hot water and send it to the boiler drum.

Advantages:
1. Fuel economy: It is used to save fuel and increase overall efficiency of
the boiler plant.
2. Reducing size of the boiler: A the feed water is preheated in the
economiser and enter boiler tube at elevated temperature. The heat
transfer area required for evaporation reduced considerably.

(9)
  Air-preheater: The heat carried
out with the flue gases coming out of
economiser are further utilize for
preheating the air before supplying
to the combustion chamber. It is
necessary equipment for supply of
hot air for drying the coil in
pulverized fuel system to fascinate of
fuel in the furnace.
[Image by:slideshare.net]
 Super-heater:

[Image by:slideshare.net]

The steam generated by the boiler is usually wet or at the most dry saturated
because it is in direct contact with water. So, in order to get superheated
steam, a device known as super heater has to be incorporated with the boiler.
The function of the super-heater system is to accept dry saturated steam from
the steam drum and to supply superheated steam at the specific final
temperature of 540°C by means of a series of heat transfer surfaces arranged
within the boiler gas passes.
A super-heater is a surface type heat exchanger generally located in the
passage of hot flue gases.
The dry saturated steam from the boiler drum flow inside the super-heater
tubes and in this way its temperature is increased at same pressure.
Types of super-heater:
1. Primary super-heater
2. Secondary super-heater
3. Final super-heater

(10)
  Re-heater:
heater:
Power plant furnaces may have a
re-heater
heater section containing tubes
heated by hot flue gases outside
the tube. External steam from the
high pressure turbine is re-routed
re
to go inside the re-heater
re tube to
pick up more energy to go drive
intermediate or lower pressure
turbines.
[Image by: cleanenergysystem.org]
 De-super
super heater:

[Image by: mechanicalengineerings.wordpress.net]

(A) Super heater – De super heater:

super heater is fitted after 10th coil to control the super
The super heater de-super
heated steam at the specified terminal temperature of 540°C. The maximum
design temperature reduction at the super heater de-super
de super heater is from
446°C to 388°C.
(B) Re-heater de-super
super heater:
The re-heater de-super
super heater is only brought
brought into use when the re re-heater
outlet temperature rises above the normal temperature.

(11)
  Condenser:

[Image by: ohio.edu]

The condenser condenses the steam from the exhaust of the turbine into the
liquid to allow it to be pumped. If the condenser can be made is reduced and
efficiency of the cycle increases.

Functions:
1. To provide lowest economic heat rejection temp for steam.
2. To convert exhaust steam to water for reserve thus saving on feed water
requirement.
3. To introduce make up water.

We normally use surface condenser although there is one direct contact

condenser as well. In direct type exhaust steam is mixed with directly with De-
mineralized cooling water.

(12)
 Cooling tower:

[Image by: power-eng.com]

eng.com]

The cooling tower is a semi-enclosed

enclosed device for evaporative cooling of
water by contact with air. The hot water coming out from the condenser
is fed to the tower on the top and allowed to tickle on form of the thin
sheets or drops. The air flows from bottom of the tower or perpe
perpendicular
to the direction of water flow and then exhausts to the atmosphere after
effective cooling.

The cooling towers are of four types:

1. Natural Draft cooling tower.
2. Forced Draft cooling tower.
3. Induction Draft cooling tower.
4. Balanced Draft cooling tower.
tower

 Fan or Draught system:

In the boiler, it is essential to supply a controlled amount of the air to the
furnace for effective combustion of fuel and to evacuate hot gases
formed in the furnace through the various heat- heat transfer area of the
boiler. This can n be done using a chimney or mechanical device such as
fans which acts as a pump.

(13)
 Ash handling system:
The dispersed of ash from a large capacity power station is of same
importance as ash is produced in large quantities. Ash handling is a
major problem:
1. Manual handling: While barrows as used for this. The ash is collected
directly through the ash outlet door from the boiler into the container
from manually.
2. Mechanical handling: Mechanical equipment is used for ash disposal,
mainly bucket elevator, belt conveyer. Ash generated is 20% in the
form of bottom ash and next 80% through flue gases so called fly-ash
and collected in ESP.
3. Electrostatics precipitator: From air pre-heater, this flue gases (mixed
with ash) goes to ESP. The precipitator has plate blanks (A-F) which
are insulated from each other between which the flue gases are made
to pass. The dust particles are ionized and attracted by charged
electrodes. The electrodes are maintained at 60KV.

(14)
  Thermal Power Plant

 Block Diagram of Thermal Power Plant

[Image by: electrical4u.com]

(15)
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
Coal based thermal power plant works on the principal of Modified
Rankin Cycle.
 Process 1-2
 Working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure.
 Process 2-3
 High pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at constant
pressure by an external heat source to become a dry saturated
vapour.
 Process 3-4
 The dry saturated vapour expands through a turbine, generating
power.
 Process 4-1
 The wet vapour then enters a condenser where it is condensed at a
constant temperature to become a saturated liquid.
 Process 3-3’
 After the vapour has passed through H.P. it is reheated before
passing through I.P. turbine.
 this prevents the vapour from condensing during its expansion
which can seriously damage the turbine blades, and improves the
efficiency of the cycle

[Image by: en.wikipedia.org]

(16)
Modified Rankine cycle means reheat rankine cycle or regenerative
rankine cycle. The efficiency of modified Rankine cycle is improved.

Reheat rankine cycle means after the steam expanded from turbine again the
steam is reheated and sent to another turbine for expansion. The remaining
cycle is similar to normal rankine cycle.

Regenerative rankine cycle means, a small quantity of mass of steam is

extracted from turbine and is sent to feed water heater which is placed in
between pump and condenser in order to heat the water before entering the
boiler. The remaining cycle is same as normal rankine cycle.

[Image by: en.wikipedia.org]

(17)
PROCESS OF GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
NTPC, Kanti is a Thermal Power Plant. The functioning of every thermal power
plant is based on the following processes: -

1. Coal to Steam.
2. Steam to Mechanical Power
3. Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution.
STEP-1
 Coal To Steam
Coal and Water are primary inputs to a
thermal power plant. This process of
conversion of water to steam by using the
heat energy produced by burning coal for
producing heat takes place in the boiler
And its auxiliaries. Coal burns in a furnace
located at the bottom part of the boiler. Feed
water is supplied to the boiler drum by boiler
Feed pumps, where water is heated and
converted into saturated steam
This is further superheated in the super
heaters.
[Image by: power.eng.com]
STEP-2
 Steam To Mechanical Power
This is the most important process of a power plant. The superheated
Steam produced in the boiler at high pressure and temperature is feed
to the turbine. The steam expands in the turbine giving up heat energy, which is
transformed
rmed into mechanical energy on turbine shaft. Thus,
Mechanical power is obtained from the turbine shaft.

STEP-3
 Power Generation, transmission & Distribution
Mechanical power produced at the shaft of the turbine is used to
Rotate the rotor of an electrical generator that produces electric
power. The electric power produced by the generator is boosted to a
higher voltage by a generator transformer to reduce the transmission
losses.
This power at EHV i.e. 400 kV is transmitted and distributed by EHV
transmission lines.

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  LIGHT UP PROCESS
STEP-1

 A controlled quantity of crushed coal is fed to each bowl mill (pulveriser)

by its respective feeders and primary air is supplied from the primary air
fans which drives the coal as it is being pulverized and transports the
pulverized coal through the coal piping system to the coal burner.

STEP-2

 The pulverized coal and air discharge from the coal burners is directed
towards the centre of furnace to form fire ball.

STEP-3

 The secondary air heating system supplies secondary air for combustion
in the furnace around the pulverized coal burners and through auxiliary
air compartments, directly adjacent to the coal burner compartments.

STEP-4

 Above a predictable minimum loading condition, the ignition becomes

self-sustaining. Combustion is completed as the gases spiral up in the
furnace.

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 Components of Coal Fired Thermal Power Station:
 Coal Preparation
 Fuel preparation system: In coal-fired power stations, the raw feed
coal from the coal storage area is first crushed into small pieces and
then conveyed to the coal feed hoppers at the boilers. The coal is next
pulverized into a very fine powder, so that coal will undergo complete
combustion during combustion process.
 Pulverizer: is a mechanical device for the grinding of many different
types of materials. For example they are used to pulverize coal for
combustion in the steam-generating furnaces of fossil fuel power
plants. There are six mills located adjacent to the furnace at 0 m level
.These mills pulverize coal to desired fineness to be fed to the furnace
for combustion. The main structure of the pulverisering mill is
fabricated from mild steel in three cylindrical sections, the bottom
section (the mill housing support )which support the entire unit and
encloses the mill drive gear unit, a center section (the mill
housing)that contains the rotary grinding element and upper section
(the classifier housing )comprising an accommodate the gas loading
cylinders of the mill loading gear .A platform around the upper section
provide an access to an inspection door and to the top of the mill
routine maintenance and is served by detachable ladder . The grinding
element comprises of 3 rotatory rollers.
 Types of Pulverisers:
 Ball and Tube mills
 Ring and Ball mills
 MPS; Ball mill
 Demolition

 Dryers: They are used in order to remove the excess moisture from coal
mainly wetted during transport. As the presence of moisture will result in
fall in efficiency due to incomplete combustion and also result in
CO emission.
 Magnetic separators: Coal which is brought may contain iron particles.
These iron particles may result in wear and tear. The iron particles may
include bolts, nuts wire fish plates etc. so these are unwanted and so are
removed with the help of magnetic separators. The coal we finally get
after these above process are transferred to the storage site.
Purpose of fuel storage is two –
 Fuel storage is insurance from failure of normal operating supplies to
arrive.

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 Storage permits some choice of the date of purchase, allowing the
purchaser to take advantage of seasonal market conditions. Storage of
coal is primarily a matter of protection against the coal strikes, failure of
the transportation system & general coal shortages.
 There are two types of storage:
 Live Storage (boiler room storage): storage from which coal may be
withdrawn to supply combustion equipment with little or no remanding is
live storage. This storage consists of about 24 to 30 hrs. of coal
requirements of the plant and is usually a covered storage in the plant
near the boiler furnace. The live storage can be provided with bunkers &
coal bins. Bunkers are enough capacity to store the requisite of coal.
From bunkers coal is transferred to the boiler grates.
 Dead storage- stored for future use. Mainly it is for longer period of
time, and it is also mandatory to keep a backup of fuel for specified
amount of days depending on the reputation of the company and its
connectivity.
 There are many forms of storage some of which are –

1. Stacking the coal in heaps over available open ground areas.

2. As in (I). But placed under cover or alternatively in bunkers.
3. Allocating special areas & surrounding these with high reinforced
concerted retaking walls.

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 TYPES OF PUMP

 Condensate Extraction Pump (CEP) : The function of Condensate

extraction pumps is to pump out the condensate to the desecrator
through, LP heaters. The steam from the LP cylinders exhausts into the
condenser shells where it is constrained to flow across the water tubes,
through which cooling water is circulated.
There are two 100% duty extraction pumps, one remains in duty and one
remains stand by. The thrust bearings in the driving motors have
temperatures sensor, which can trip the motors automatically. The pump
discharge the condensate to the LP heater system with a pressure
increased to approx. 18 kg/sq. cm from 70-75 mm of Hg.

 Air Extraction Pump (AEP): The function of the air extraction pump is
to raise and maintain the vacuum conditions in the turbine main
condensers, and to remove air and other non-condensable gases vented to
the condenser from various parts of the turbine and feed water heating
system.

 Boiler Feed Pump (BFP): Boiler feed pump is the most critical
component of a power plant. It is a rotary machine, which is coupled to a
motor through variable speed coupling or turbo coupling.
Feed water supplied to the boiler drum should have high pressure which
is achieved when passed through boiler feed pump. Whenever the
pressure of water is to be raised, BFP is used. The discharge pressure of
a boiler feed pump is approx. 150 kg/sq. cm.

[Image by: mechanicalengineerings.wordpress.com]

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 TYPES OF TURBINE

 High pressure turbine

 It is of single flow design with eight stages of blading.
 Each stage has moving and stationary blades.
 Superheated steam (at 1100⁰c) from boiler drum enters in to it.
 Speed-3000rpm

 Intermediate pressure turbine

 Double flow design with seven stages of blading on either side.
 Each stage has moving and stationary blades.
 Reheated steam (at 535⁰ c) from H.P turbine outlet enters in to it.
 Speed-3000rpm

 Low pressure turbine

 It is also of double flow design with 6 stages in front and rear flow
paths.
 Each stage has moving and stationary blades.
 Stem out of I.P. turbine directly enters in to it.
 Speed-3000rpm

[Image by: slideshare.in]

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  IMPORTANT CONTROL LOOPS IN A THERMAL
POWER PLANT

 Basic Block Diagram Of Any Closed Control Loop :

[Image by: en.wikipedia.org]

 Process: The equipment whose present level, pressure and other values is
to be measured is known as process.

 Set Point: The required value of parameter is set by the manual which is
to be maintained in order to protect the process from damage.

 Measurement: The present value of parameter in process is measured

here. Generally, capacitance type of measurement is used. Two tapping
from the process, one at high pressure & other at low pressure, is taken
and transmitted through isolating diaphragm and silicon oil fill fluid to a
sensing diaphragm in the centre of the differential pressure cell. The
sensing diaphragm deflects in response to differential pressure. The
position of the sensing diaphragm is deflected by capacitor plates on both
sides of the sensing diaphragm. The differential capacitor between the
sensing diaphragm and the capacitor plate is converted electronically to a
4-20 mA signal and transmitted to comparator. This measurement
sometimes also known as transmitter.

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  Comparator: It compares the signal between set point and measured
value. If the two values differ from one another, an error signal is
generated and sent to the controller.

 Controller: It is an electronic card which, according to the error signal

sent by comparator, gives a current signal between 4-20 mA to final
control element.

 Final Control Element: It is that portion of the loop which directly

changes the value of the manipulated process variable and finally do
some work to maintain the set point of the process.

Drum Level Control:

The required drum level is set at the set point. The present drum level is then
measured which is done by capacitor type transmitter. Two tapping, one at the
bottom in water while other at the top in steam, is made and allowed to flow to
the transmitter. Since, the two elements are in different states, steam is
condensed and collected in a constant head unit (CHU) before going to the
transmitter where the present drum level is measured and converted to current
signal between 4-20 mA. This set value and measured value are then compared
in a comparator and an error signal, if any, is generated and sent to controller
which finally directs the final control element to control the drum level. Here,
the final control element is a control valve through which a fluid passes that
adjusts the size of the flow passage as directed by a signal from controller to
modify the rate of flow of the fluid. Hence, the drum level is controlled.

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D.P. Across Feed Control Station:

[Image by: idc-online.com/slideshare]

In order to maintain the linear characteristics of the feed regulating valves under
different loads, the differential pressure (D.P.) control loops maintains a fixed
differential across the regulating valves and BFP discharge pressure is varied by
changing BFP motor speed through hydraulic scoop tube device which is the
final control element here. The D.P. across feed station (comparator) is sensed
and is fed to the controller. The controller are automatically adjusted as function
of steam flow to achieve stable condition. The reserve Boiler Feed pump scoop
tube automatically follows the running pump scoop tube and the change over to
the reserve BFP takes place with the scoop tube in the same position of the
scoop tube.

Combustion Control :
The combustion control proposed for this boiler comprises of the following
loops:
a. Master pressure control
b. Pulverized coal flow control
c. Combustion air flow control
d. Oxygen trim control
e. Mill temperature and air flow control

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 UNIT CONTROL DESK & PANELS

 The operation of each unit is envisaged from the central unit control
room. It is located in the control bay at 9.0m TG floor. It is
adequately illuminated and is centrally air conditioned. For
operational convenience, the control room front wall has complete
glass paneling for TG hall view and the two double doors for entry
from TG hall.

The control board has a special profile with three sloping surfaces for
mounting a large fascias, instruments and controls. The automatic
control station and drive control switches & Indications are located on
the first sloping surface. The process indicators/recorders and
ammeters are mounted on the second sloping surface and the alarm
annunciation window fascias are mounted on the top i.e. third sloping
surface.

The unit control boards are arranged in logical operating sequence

from the left to right starting with

 Air & Flue Gas

 Fuel oil
 Bowl Mills
 Steam & Feed water
 Regenerative System
 Turbine
 Generator

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 ADVANTAGES OF COAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANT

 They can respond to rapidly changing loads without difficulty

 A portion of the steam generated can be used as a process steam in
different industries
 Steam engines and turbines can work under 25 % of overload
continuously
 Fuel used is cheaper
 Cheaper in production cost in comparison with that of diesel power
stations.

 DISADVANTAGES OF COAL BASED THERMAL POWER

PLANT

 Maintenance and operating costs are high

 Long time required for erection and putting into action
 A large quantity of water is required
 Great difficulty experienced in coal handling
 Presence of troubles due to smoke and heat in the plant
 Unavailability of good quality coal
 Maximum of heat energy lost
 Problem of ash removing

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 Conclusion

Industrial training being an integral part of engineering curriculum provides not

only easier understanding but also aspect of all things which differ considering
from theoretical models.

During my training, I gained a lot of practical knowledge which otherwise could

have been exclusive to me. The practical exposure required here will pay rich
dividends to me when I will set my foot as an engineer.

The training at NTPC, Kanti was altogether an exotic experience, since work,
culture and mutual co-operation was excellent here. Moreover fruitful result of
adherence to quality control, awareness of safety and employees were fare
which is much evident here.

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 References
 Modern power station practice-Volume B & Volume C.

 Power plant engineering- by PK Nag.

 Control and Instrumentation

 Operation & Maintenance Manual (MTPS) – Volume H.

 www.ntpc.co.in

 http://indianpowersector.com/home/powerstation/thermal-power-plant/

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_station

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cycle

 nptel.ac.in/courses/112106133/Module_5/2_Rankinecycle.pdf

 en.wikipedia.org

 www.mechanicalengineerings.wordpress.com

 www.electrical4u.com

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