Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
2 April 2019
INDONESIA
PT FIRST WAP INTERNATIONAL
Wisma Prima 4th floor
Jalan Kapten Tendean no. 34
Jakarta 12790
INDONESIA
Title
Technical Document – 3G Chanelization Page
Prepared by:
John Wiratama
Authorized by:
Thomas Schatz
Table of Changes
The following table contains all changes made since version 1.0. It is expected that any
change to the document is included in this table.
Changed Section Version Change Description Person in Charge Date of Change
As for all Documents, this document is strictly confidential. This document should not be
disclosed to any party other than members of staff of PT FIRST WAP INTERNATIONAL.
Reproduction of this document in part or in its entirety by any 3 rd party is strictly
forbidden
If you are not a member of PT FIRST WAP INTERNATIONAL, you should not continue to
read this document and should destroy it or return it to PT FIRST WAP
INTERNATIONAL immediately.
Table of Contents
Table of Changes...................................................................................................................3
1 Introduction........................................................................................................................6
1.1.1 Logical,transport,physical channels..................................................................................6
1.1.2 UMTS logical channels.....................................................................................................6
2 UMTS Transport channels.................................................................................................8
2.1 UMTS Frequency Bands Background........................................................................9
2.2 UMTS Physical channels..........................................................................................10
2.3 3G UMTS frequency bands - TDD...........................................................................13
3 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH).....................................................................................13
3.1 The CPICH RSCP (Received Signal Code Power)..................................................13
4 Primary CPICH Tx Power................................................................................................14
5 Pathloss Propagation Model............................................................................................14
5.1 COST- 231 Hata Model............................................................................................15
6 Time Difference of Arrivals (TDOA)..................................................................................18
7 Trilateration Concept........................................................................................................20
8 Latitude Longitude Coded to Number..............................................................................22
9 References.......................................................................................................................23
1 Introduction
As shown in the figure, there are three types of UMTS channels viz. logical channels(RLC
layer), transport channels(MAC layer) and physical channels(PHY layer). As they
tranverse between layers they map to other layer frames. For example logical channels
are mapped to transport channels and transport channels are mapped tp physical
channels.
As shown in the figure, UMTS/WCDMA logical channels are divided into control channels
and traffic channels(DTCH,CTCH). As the name suggests traffic channels carry
information(voice) annd control channels carry signalling information useful to establish
and maintain connection between UE and network(NodeB).Following are the functions of
each of these logical channels. Pls. note that DL stands for Downlink from network to UE
and UL stands for Uplink from UE to Network.
DTCH : (DL and UL, point to point)- Dedicated Traffic channel,carry user information.
CTCH : (unidirectional point to multi-point)-Common traffic channel.
BCCH(DL broadcast)- Broadcast Control Channel, carry SYSTEM INFORMATION
CCCH(Bidirectional)- Common Control Channel
DCCH(Dedicated Control Channel, point to point bidirectional)
PCCH(Paging Control Channel,DL)-carry paging information
SHCCH(Shared Channel Control Channel,Bidirectional)
UMTS/WCDMA Duplex
Function Direction
Logical Channel Mode
Dedicated traffic carry user plane data Uplink(UL)/Downli
FDD/TDD
channel(DTCH) (speech/packet data) nk(DL)
Dedicated control carry signalling messages used
Uplink/Downlink FDD/TDD
channel(DCCH) for control operations
Shared control
carry control messages Uplink/Downlink TDD
channel(SHCCH)
Common control It is used to carry control
Uplink/Downlink FDD/TDD
channel(CCCH) messages
Common traffic It is used to carry user
Downlink FDD/TDD
channel(CTCH) traffic(e.g.cell broadcast SMS)
Paging control It is used to carry paging
Downlink FDD/TDD
channel(PCCH) messages directed towards UE
Broadcast control It is used to carry broadcast
Downlink FDD/TDD
channel(BCCH) messages towards UE
UMTS/WCDMA Duplex
Function Direction
Transport Channel Mode
Random access It is used for initial access of the network
Uplink FDD/TDD
channel(RACH) by UE
Common packet It is used as contention channel for bursty
Uplink FDD/
channel(CPCH) data
Forward access It is used to transfer user data/control
Downlink FDD/TDD
channel(FACH) signalling messages
It is used as shared channel carrying
Downlink shared
dedicated user data/control messages in Downlink FDD/TDD
channel(DSCH)
the downlink
It is used as shared channel carrying
Uplink shared
dedicated user data/control messages in Uplink TDD
channel(USCH)
the uplink
Broadcast
Broadcast channel to all UEs in a cell Downlink FDD/TDD
channel(BCH)
Broadcast of paging & notification
Paging
messages,also allows UE to make use of Downlink FDD/TDD
channel(PCH)
sleep Mode
It is used as dedicated channel to transfer
Dedicated Uplink/Down
traffic/control messages in both the FDD/TDD
Channel(DCH) link
direction
UMTS uses wideband CDMA as the radio transport mechanism and the UMTS channels
are spaced by 5 MHz. The UMTS signal bandwidth is normally considered to be 5 MHz but
this figure includes the 0.58 MHz guard bands either side. Therefore when the two guard
bands, one either side, are excluded this leaves and effective signal bandwidth of 3.84
MHz within the flat response area of the signal for the transmission itself. It is also
necessary to consider the roll-off factor for the signal of 0.22. This roll-off factor is
determined by the Root Raised Cosine filter specified by 3GPP. This means that the total
signal bandwidth increasing the skirts is 4.68 MHz. It is also worth noting that the
bandwidth used for the TD-SCDMA variant of 3G UMTS used in China is 1.6 MHz.
1. The Synchronization Channel (SCH) is a down link channel used for initial
synchronization purpose and cell search. The SCH consists of two sub-channels, the
Primary and Secondary SCH.
Table 1: 3G UMTS Bands FDD
2. The Secondary CCPCH (SCCPCH) is used to carry the FACH and PCH.
Frequency bands 15, 16, 17, 18, 23 and 24 are now reserved frequency bands.
© 2019 PT FIRST WAP INTERNATIONAL
Confidential
Title
Technical Document – 3G Chanelization Page
WCDMA Physical Random Access Channel(PRACH).It mentions links for LTE PRACH
and GSM RACH channel basics.
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is an uplink channel used by UE for
connection request purpose. PRACH is used to carry the RACH transport channel data.
The following steps are carried out during a random access burst:
1. The terminal decodes the BCH (PCCPCH) of the target cell to find out the cell specific
spreading codes available for preamble and message parts, the signatures and access
slots available in the cell, the spreading factor allowed for message part, the PCCPCH
transmit power level.
2. The mobile randomly selects the signature and access slot to be used for the RACH
burst.
3. The mobile estimates the downlink path loss and calculates the required uplink transmit
power to be used for the random access burst.
5. The terminal decodes the AICH to see whether the base station has detected the
preamble.
6. In case no AICH is detected, the terminal increases the preamble transmission power by
a step given by the station, as a multiple of 1 dB and transmits in the next available access
© 2019 PT FIRST WAP INTERNATIONAL
Confidential
Title
Technical Document – 3G Chanelization Page
7.If AICH is received with the signature S of the PRACH, then the message part is sent.
Structure of the random-access message part radio frame is mentioned in the figure2
above.
Spreading of PRACH message part is mentioned below in figure3
Table 2: 3G UMTS Frequency bands TDD
It is also noted that several of the UMTS frequency bands overlap or share similar
frequencies. This is because the allocations are different in different areas, and each
frequency band definition is given a new band number for that particular band.
Table 3: Convert CPICHRSCP to dBm Value
In urban areas where in-building coverage is taken care of by in-building installations, the
CPICH may sometimes go as low as 5%.
• The coverage area is small since users are close to the site, and
If the area is urban and dense urban, the CPICH power can be set down to 28-30 dBm
range (less than or equal to 5% of Power) and the sector still work fine. It also can go
down to 26 dBm and the sector still works fine.
This is the pathloss between the cell and UE. It is calculated by comparing the UE's
measurement of CPICH RSCP and the value of Primary CPICH Tx Power.
Pathloss ::=
INTEGER (46..158)
-- Unit: dB;
Okumura - Hata collected measurement data and plotted a set of curves for path loss in
urban areas around 900 MHz. Okumura-Hata propagation model works frequencies below
1500 MHz and thus not work e.g. the 2100 MHz band. Okumura’s propagation curves
The Okumura-Hata or the COST231-Hata can be used as an estimate for Path loss for the
Ugbor Avenue suburban region. The deviations can be considered as negligible. The
Okumura-Hata model is independent of Receiver antenna height hence the path loss for
this particular region in experiment is also independent of the antenna heights. Research
by IISTE find that the Okumura-Hata model pathloss values were closest of all the outdoor
propagation models considered classifying the environment into consideration. Thus, the
performance of Okumura-Hata model shows its suitability for path attenuation loss
prediction in UMTS networks, the effect of different parameters, such as distance from
base stations was studied and it is observed that path loss increases with distance due to
a corresponding decrease in field strength. The observed results have been compared
with various prediction methods. They find that the Okumura-Hata model pathloss values
were closest of all the outdoor propagation models considered classifying the environment
into consideration. Thus, the performance of Okumura-Hata model shows its suitability for
Figure 1: Result 1 Comparison 3G Pathloss Model
Figure 2: Result 2 Comparison 3G Pathloss Model
Figure 3: Result 3 Comparison 3G Pathloss Model
To show the COST-231 Hata model in a simpler form, the model (Ray, sxpt, 2007) is
expressed as
If we have data for pathloss, BTS antenna height, MS height, frequency (ARFCN), then we
can find distance, d.
RoundTripTimeInfo ::=
ue-RxTxTimeDifferenceType2
roundTripTime
Figure 4: Base stations and mobile station transmit and receive timing diagrams for (a) BS1, (b)
BS2, and (c) BS3
RTT = tp + UE Rx-Tx + tp
tp = ( RTT - UE Rx-Tx)/2
7 Trilateration Concept
Local Positioning System (LPS) and GPS (not just the US system) both use several
transmitters to enable a receiver to calculate its geographical position. Several techniques
are possible, each with its advantages and drawbacks. The important thing in all these
techniques is the notion of a direct path (line of sight, or LoS). In effect, if the transmitter
signal has not taken the shortest path to the receiver, the distance between them
calculated by the receiver will be incorrect, since the receiver does not know the route
taken by the radio signal. Three mathematical techniques are usually used for calculating
the position of a receiver from signals received from several transmitters: triangulation,
trilateration, and multilateration. The last two are very similar, but should not be confused.
Triangulation can be used when the positions of the reference points are known, it is
hence possible to construct a triangle where one of the sides and two of the angles are
known.
Trilateration requires the distance between the receiver and transmitter to be measured.
This can be done using a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), or else from the time
of arrival (ToA) or time of flight (ToF) of the signal, provided that the receiver and
transmitter are synchronized.
Figure 5: Triliteration with 3
Distance
Figure 6—The length of the arrows corresponds to the arrival time at receiver P of the
signals broadcast by three transmitters A, B, and C. It forms a measurement of the
distances between the transmitters and the receiver.
Thus, when receiving a signal from a single transmitter, we can situate ourselves on a
© 2019 PT FIRST WAP INTERNATIONAL
Confidential
Title
Technical Document – 3G Chanelization Page
Figure 6: 2D trilateration. In 3D, another
transmitter has to be added in order to determine a
position unambiguously.
When we extend trilateration to three dimensions, the circles become spheres. Now we
need to add one more transmitter in order to fi nd the position of the receiver, as the
intersection of two spheres is no longer at two points, but is a circle (assuming we ignore
the trivial point when they touch). This explains why a GPS needs to “see” at least four
satellites to work.
If we have data latitude and longitude of the point, we convert first that data to cartesian
coordinate then after we find coordinat, we convert again to latitude and longitude.
y = R * cos(lat) * sin(lon)
z = R *sin(lat)
For 2D
From there equation, we will get coordinat (x,y) for 2D and (x,y,z) for 3D. After we get
coordinat then do back conversion:
lat = asin(z / R)
lon = atan2(y, x)
except for N=223-1, for which the range is extended to include N+1.
9 References
• http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Tutorials/UMTS-logical-transport-physical-
channels.html
• Radio Wave Propagation Guideline, Ericsson WCDMA Radio Access Network,
Ericsson Radio Systems AB 2007.
• Kurner, T. (1999). Propagation Models for Macrocells, Section 4.4 of Cost Action
231, “Digital Mobile Radio. Toward Future Generation Systems: Final report”,
European Commission Technical Report EUR 18957
• https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joseph_Isabona2/publication/280253811_Radi
o_Field_Strength_Propagation_Data_and_Pathloss_calculation_Methods_in_UMT
S_Network/links/57b17fba08ae0101f17980b3/Radio-Field-Strength-Propagation-
Data-and-Pathloss-calculation-Methods-in-UMTS-Network.pdf
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228627037_On_Propagation_Path_Loss_
Models_For_3-G_Based_Wireless_Networks_A_Comparative_Analysis
• https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wcm.536
List of Figures
Figure 1: 3G Spectrum IMT2000 Frequency Band............................................................................9
Figure 2: Result 1 Comparison 3G Pathloss Model..........................................................................16
Figure 3: Result 2 Comparison 3G Pathloss Model..........................................................................16
Figure 4: Result 3 Comparison 3G Pathloss Model..........................................................................16
Figure 5: Base stations and mobile station transmit and receive timing diagrams for (a) BS1, (b)
BS2, and (c) BS3................................................................................................................................19
Figure 6: Triliteration with 3 Distance..............................................................................................20
Figure 7: 2D trilateration. In 3D, another transmitter has to be added in order to determine a
position unambiguously......................................................................................................................21
List of Tables
Table 1: 3G UMTS Bands FDD.......................................................................................................11
Table 2: 3G UMTS Frequency bands TDD.....................................................................................13
Table 3: Convert CPICHRSCP to dBm Value..................................................................................13