Experiment Statement:

To study the profile of free and forced vortex.

Objectives of experiment:
 To obtain the depth profile in a forced vortex flow.

 To obtain the surface profile in a forced vortex flow.

Related Theory:
 Stream line:
Mainly there are three types of stream flow.
1. Linear
2. Turbulent
3. Vortex

Forced vortex flow:

When water flows out of a vessel through a central
hole in the base, a free vortex is formed, the degree of rotation being
dependent in initial disturbance. The water moves spirally towards the
center with stream line in motion, so that, neglecting losses caused by
viscosity, the energy per unit mass remains constant. If, while the mass
is rotating, the central hole is plugged.

Free Vortex flow:

Forced vortex flow can be generated by rotating a
cylinder containing water about its axis. Under steady conditions, each
particle will move with the same angular velocity and there will not be
any relative motion between fluid particles. Streamlines for such a flow
will be concentric circles and the total energy is constant along a
streamline butvaries from one streamline to another.
Apparatus:
 The unit essentially consists of the following parts:
 Two way ball valve Radius & Height gauge
 Inlet or outlet Height Gauge
 Tangential Inlet Clear Acrylic Tank
 Base Plate Interchangeable bottom
outlet
 Inlet Connection Globe Valve

(A)Forced Vortex
Procedure:
1. Cylinder is filled with water to a height lower than its half.
2. Cylinder is rotated with a constant speed until a parabolic free
surface is formed. Note the speed of rotation now.
3. After steady state conditions are achieved, surface profile readings
are taken by measuring
4. Different radiuses and the corresponding heights. The surface
elevation at r=0 is taken as the datum for all these readings.
i. Repeat the same procedure for two more speeds of
rotation.
 Observations & Calculations:
Height=Hmax=138mm N= 20 rev/min
Radius= 12 mm Volume=9 liters
Time= 40 sec Q=1*10-4m3/s

Table is given in which all the recorded values are written.

Radius 0 30 50 70 90 110
(mm)
Height 0 1.69 4.7 9.2 15.2 22.7
(mm)

graph :
Forced vortex Graph
25 22.7

20
15.2
15
h(mm)

9.2
10 Free & Forced vortex
4.7 Graph
5 1.69
0
 0
 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
r(mm)

Results:
 For all the values of speed plots obtained are prefect
parabolas.
 The plots also show the theoretical values and the total head
count which also shape of parabolas.
1. Precautions:
2. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
3. Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
4. Always Use Clean Water.
5. If the Apparatus is not in use for more than one month, drain the
apparatus completely, and fill pump with cutting oil.

(B)Free Vortex

When water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in

the base, a free vortex is formed, the degree of rotation being
dependent in initial disturbance. The water moves spirally towards
the center with stream line in motion, so that, neglecting losses
caused by viscosity, the energy per unit mass remains constant. If,
while the mass is rotating, the central hole is plugged, the flow of
water in the vertical plane ceases and the motion becomes one of
simple rotation in the horizontal plane, and is known as free
cylindrical vortex. Some more examples of free vortex flow are:
Flow of liquid through a hole provided at the bottom of the
container. Flow of liquid around a
circular bend in a pipe.
A whirlpool in a river.
Flow of fluid in a centrifugal pump casing.
Procedure:
1. Apparatus is cleaned and made dust free and then drain valves are
closed.
2. The tank is filled to ¾ of its height and then the open flow control
valve is opened.
3. All switches are checked to be on OFF position.
4. Now main power supply and pump are switched ON.
5. Flow control valve is now operated and the orifice at the bottom of
the tank is opened so that the water can be discharged outside at a
steady rate.
6. Now surface profile readings are taken when steady state is
reached and surface elevation at r=0 is taken as the datum for all
these readings.

Observations & Calculations:

Number of revolutions = 58 time=
1minute
ω= 2πN/60
Formula for calculations of heights of points on the surface of vortex is:
𝑤2𝑟2
ℎ=
2𝑔

Radius(mm) 0 30 50 70 90 110
Height(mm) 2 15.7 18 22 26 29
 35
Free Vortex Graph 29
30
26
25 22
18 20
15.7
15

10
Free Vortex Graph
5 2

0
-100 -50 0 50 100 150

Results:
1. The surface profile is shown clearly by the plot.

Precautions:
1. Dust free apparatus should be ensured.
Clean water should be used.
Oiling and greasing of the parts should be done at regular
intervals.
Impact of jet experiment

Principle:
An experiment to to perform the Impact of Jet.

Objectives:
(1). This experiment is performed to examine the impact of jet on
different targets.
(2). This experiment is used to find the force exerted by the jet on
different targets.

Related Theory:
 Impact of Jet Apparatus:
 An apparatus to allow students to investigate the forces produced
by a water jet striking a flat or a curved surface. To understand correctly
how a turbine (a Pelton wheel for example) works, students need to
understand how jet deflection produces a force on turbine vanes. They
also need to know how this force affects the rate of momentum flow in
the jet. The 120-Degree Conical Plate and 30- Degree Angled Plate
(H8a) are available separately. Impact of jet apparatus comprises a
transparent cylinder containing a vertically tapered nozzle and a test
plate. The cylinder is on legs and mounts on the top of the hydraulic
bench. The nozzle, supplied by the hydraulic bench, produces a high-
velocity jet of water which hits the test plate. The test plate connects to a
weigh beam assembly with jockey weight which measures the jet force.
A drain tube in the base of the cylinder directs water back into the
hydraulic bench, allowing accurate flow rate measurement. All test
plates are all easily interchangeable, taking only a few seconds and
needing no tools.
To perform experiments, students level the apparatus and zero the weigh
beam assembly. They set the flow from the hydraulic bench to
maximum, and measure the jet force. They reduce the flow from the
hydraulic bench in several increments. At each increment they record the
force of the jet on the plate and the flow rate. They then repeat the
experiments for different test plates. Students compare their
experimental results to those calculated from theory.
Hydraulic Tank:
Hydraulic bench is a very useful apparatus in hydraulics
and fluid mechanics. It is involved in majority of experiments to be
conducted e.g. To find the value of the co-efficient of velocity ‘Cv’,
coefficient of discharge ‘Cd’, to study the characteristics of flow over
notches, to find metacentric height, to find head losses through pipes, to
verify Bernoulli’s theorem etc. Followings are the parts of hydraulic
bench.
(1). Centrifugal pump
(2). Sump Tank
(3). Vertical pipe
(4). Control valve
(5). Connecter
(6).Channel
(7).Drain Valve
(8).Side Channels
(9).Drain Valve
(10). Dump valve

Procedure:
 First of all set the impact of jet apparatus on the hydraulic
bench.
 Diameter of the nozzle is 8mm.
 First target which is for measuring the impact of jet on it is 30
degree tilted.
 Measure the distance between the jet and the target.
 Switch on the hydraulic pump, opened discharge valve and
applied the discharge of 0.0003436m^3/s.
  The water will strike the target and it will move upward. Loads
are applied from upward and the jet is pushed down to its
original height from nozzle.
 Measured the weights applied and examined the force exerted
by the jet on the target.
 Then calculated the theatrical force by using the equation
Fth=ρQvi(1-cosϴ)
 Then repeated the experiment for other targets (90 o, 120o and
180o).
 Plotted the data in table.

Observations & Calculations:

We have calculated the experimental and theoretical
results and eliminated them in the form of tables.
Targ Volume Time( Q(m3/s) Mass( Fexp=m Fth=pQvi( %age
et (l) s) Vn(m/s g) g 1-cosѲ) differen
ce
30o 5 14.44 0.0003 150 0.38 0.32 2.5%
45 6.87
90 o 5 14.44 0.0003 250 2.5 2.4 4.1%
45 6.87
180 5o 14.44 0.0003 450 4.5 4.75 5.26%
45 6.87
120o 5 14..44 0.0003 360 3.5 3.57 1.9%
45 6.87

Precautions:
(1) Weights are applied until the target comes to its original
height.
(2) Discharge is applied at a constant rate during target.