Biodiversity Park-Indigeneous Plants PDF

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1 Acacia catechu (L.F.) Willd. Mimosaceae KHAIR 1

2 Acacia nilotica L.Syn. A. Arabica Mimosaceae BABOOL 1
3 Acacia pinnata L. Mimosaceae ARAR 2
4 Acalypha wilkesiana Ceylon
Acalypha wilkesiana tricolor Euphorbiaceae ACALYPHA 2
5 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae APAMARG 3
6 Adina cardifolia Roxb. Rubiaceae KARAM 3
7 Aegle marmelos L. Rutaceae BEL 4
8 Albizia stipulata Boiv. Mimosaceae CHAPUT 4
9 Alstonia scholaris R.Br. Apocynaceae CHATWAN 5
10 Antidesma acidum Retz. Euphorbiaceae MATHA 6
11 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae KANTHAL 6
12 Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Moraceae BARHAR, DAHU 7
13 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Liliaceae SHATAWAR 7
14 Azadirachta indica
Syn. Melia azadirachta Meliaceae NEEM 8
15 Bauhinia tomentosa L. Caesalpiniaceae KACHNAR 9
16 Bauhinia purpurea L. Caesalpiniaceae KOINAR 9
17 Buchanania lanzan Spreng Anacardiaceae PIAR 10
18 Butea monosperma Lamk.
Syn. B. frondosa Roxb Fabaceae PALAS 10
19 Calliandra hybrida Mimosaceae CALLIONDRA 11
20 Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Asclepidaceae AKWAN 12
21 Carissa carandas Apocynaceae KARAUNDA 12
22 Casearia graveolens Flacaurtiacea RERI 13
23 Cassia fistula L. Caesalpiniaceae AMALTAS 13
24 Cassia Javanica Caesalpiniaceae JAVA-KI-RANI 14
25 Cassia nodosa Ham. Caesalpiniaceae CHAKUNDI 14
26 Cassia siamea Lamk. Caesalpiniaceae KASSOD TREE 15
27 Cedrela toona Roxb.Syn.Toona Meliaceae TOON 15
28 Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees. Lauraceae TEJPATRA 16
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29 Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. Syn.

Cinnamomum verum J.S. presl. Lauraceae DAL CHINI 16
30 Citrus limon (L) Berm.F. Rutaceae KAGZI NIMBU 17
31 Clerodendrum viscosum Verbinaceae GHANTO 17
32 Croton oblongifolius Roxb. Euphorbiaceae PUTRI 17-18
33 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Fabaceae KALA SHISHAM 18
34 Dalbergia sissoo Linn. Fabaceae SHISHAM 19
35 Datura sp. Solanaceae DATURA 19
36 Delonix elata Linn Caesalpiniaceae GULMOHAR (Yellow) 20
37 Delonix regia (Boj.ex. Hook) Raf
Syn. Poinciana regia. Caesalpiniaceae GULMOHAR 20
38 Derris indica Lamk.
Syn. Pongamia glabrata Vent. Fabaceae KARANJ 21
39 Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Ebenaceae KEND 21
40 Elephantopus scaber L. Asteraceae MAYURJHANTI 22
41 Erythrina variegata L. Fabaceae PHARAD 22
42 Euphorbia ligularia Roxb. Euphorbiaceae SIJ, SIDH 23
43 Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae BARGAD 23
44 Ficus cunia Ham. Moraceae PERA DUMAR 24
45 Ficus hispida L. Moraceae DUMAR 24
46 Ficus racemosa Moraceae GULAR 25
47 Ficus religiosa Linn. Moraceae PIPAL 25
48 Gardenia latifolia Rubiaceae PAPRA 26
49 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbinaceae GAMHAR 26
50 Helicteres isora L. Sterculiaceae AITA 27
51 Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. Periplocaceae DUDHLAR 27
52 Holarrhena. pubescens (Buch-Ham)
Wall ex G.Don
Syn. Holarrhena antidysentrica Wall Apocynaceae KUDA 28
53 Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb. Ulmaceae CHILBIL 28
54 Kirganelia reticulata Euphorbiaceae PITHOR 29
55 Lagerstroemia indica L. Lythraceae PHARASH 29
56 Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Lythraceae SIDHA 30
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57 Lagerstroemia speciosa Linn.

Syn. L. flos-reginae Retz Lythraceae JARUL 30
58 Leucaena leucocephala Lam Mimosaceae SOOBABUL 31
59 Litsea glutinosa Lour Lauraceae MAIDHA, POJO 31
60 Madhuca longifolia (Koening) Mac
Bride Sapotaceae MAHUWA 32
61 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae AAM 32
62 Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae BAKAIN 33
63 Michelia champaca L. Magnoliaceae CHAMPA 33
64 Miliusa velutina (Roxb.) Anonaceae GANDH PALAS 34
65 Murraya koenigii (L)(Spreng) Rutaceae KARIPATTA 34
66 Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.)
Bosser Syn. Anthocephalus
cadamba (Roxb) Rubiaceae KADAMB 35
67 Nerium oleander Mill. Apocynaceae NERIUM 35
68 Nyctanthes arbor tristis L. Oleaceae HARSRINGAR 36
69 Odina wodier Roxb. Anacardiaceae DOKA 36
70 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC)
Baner ex Heyne
Syn. Peltophorum ferrugineum Benth Caesalpiniaceae PELTOPHORUM 37
71 Peucedanium dhana Ham. Apiaceae BAN DHANIA 37
72 Phyllanthus emblica L
Syn. Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae AMLA 38
73 Phyllanthus niruri L. Euphorbiaceae BHUMI AMLA 38
74 Polyalthia longifolia Thw Anonaceae DEODAR 39
75 Polyscias fruticosa.
Polyscias balfouriana Araliaceae POLYSCIAS 39
76 Prosopis spicigera Mimosaceae SHAMI 40
77 Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Fabaceae PAISAR 40
78 Pterocarpus santalinus Fabaceae LAL CHANDAN 41
79 Pterospermum acerifolium Wilid Sterculiaceae KANAK CHAMPA 41
80 Punica granatum L. Punicaceae ANAR 42
81 Santalum album L. Santalaceae CHANDAN (White) 42
82. Sapindus emarginatus sapindaceae RITHA 43
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83 Saraca asocaSyn. S. indica Caesalpiniaceae SITA ASOK 43

84 Schefflera venulosa Harms. Araliaceae BAN SEMAR 44
85 Schleichera oleosa Lour. Sapindaceae KUSUM 44
86 Securinega obovata (Rox. Ex Willd)
Pax & HoltSyn. Flueggea obovata Euphobriaceae PITHOJI 45
87 Sesbania grandiflora
Syn. Robinia grandiflora Fabaceae AUGUSTA 45
88 Shorea robusta Roxb. Dipterocarpaceae SAL 46
89 Sida acuta L. Malvaceae BARIYAR 46
90 Smilex zeylanica L. Acanthaceae RAM DATWAN 47
91 Solanum fexox Solanceae KUTMU 47
92 Solanum surattense Burm. F. Solanceae RENGINI 48
93 Stereospermum chelonoides Dc. Bignoniaceae PADER,
KATSAGWAN 48
94 Syzygium cumini Linn.Syn.
Eugenia Jambolana Myrtaceae JAMUN 49
95 Tabernaementana divaricata Linn. Apocynaceae CHANDNI 49
96 Tectona grandis Verbinaceae SAGWAN 50
97 Terminalia arjuna Roxb. Ex. Dc. Combretaceae ARJUNE 50
98 Terminalia belerica Roxb. Combretaceae BAHERA 51
99 Terminalia chebula Retzr. Combretaceae HARITAKI 51
100 Thespesia lampas Dalz. Malvaceae BANKAPAS 52
101 Tinospora cordifolia Miers Menispermaceae AMRITA 52
102 Urena lobata L. Malvaceae BHIDI JANETET 53
103 Vitex negundo L. Verbenaceae SINDUAR 53
104 Vitis quadrangularis Viteceae HADJORE 54
105 Ziziphus mauritiana Lamn.Syn.
Z. jujuba Rhamnaceae BER 54
Indigenous Plants found in Situ in Lal Khatanga Forest
Species identified in sample grids.
Survey of rest area is in programme
TREES
Common Name
1. Accacia Catechu Mimosaceae Khair

2. Accacia pinnata Mimosaceae Arer
3. Adina Cardifolia Rubiaceae Karam
4. Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Bael, Bel
5. Albizia Stipulata Mimosaceae Chaput
6. Anolgeissus latifolia Combritaceae Dhautha
7. Antidesma diandrum Euphorbiaceae Matha
8. Artocarpus lakoocha Moraceae Barhar, Dahu
9. Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem
10. Bridelia retusa Euphorbiaceae Karka
11. Buchanania lanzan Anacardiacea Piar
12. Butea monosperma Fabaceae Palas, Tesu
13. Casearia graveolens Flaucourtiaceae Reri
14. Cassia fistula Ceasalpiniaceae Amaltas
15. Chloroxylon swietenia Flindersiaceae Bhorhul
16. Croton oblongifolius Euphorbiaceae Putri
17. Dalbergia sisoo Fabaceae Shishum
18. Desmodium triflorum Fabaceae
19. Diospyros melonoxylon Ebenaceae Kend, Biri
20. Elaeodendron glaucum Celastraceae Ratan Gaur
21. Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae Amla
22. Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Burgad
23. Ficus hispida Moraceae Dumar
24. Ficus religiosa Moraceae Pipal
25. Ficus virens Moraceae
26. Gardenia latifolia Rubiaceae Pepra
27. Gmelina arborea Verbinaceae Gamhar
28. Lagerstroemia parviflora Lythraceae Sidha
29. Madhuca longifolia Sapotaceae Mahuwa
30. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Aam
Common Name
31. Melia azederach Meliaceae Bakain

32. Milusa velutina Anonaceae Kari
33. Odina woodier Anacardiaceae Doka
34. Ougeinia dalbergioides Fabaceae Ponan
35. Pongamia Pinnata Fabaceae Karanja
36. Schleichera oleosa Sapindaceae Kusum
37. Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae Bhelwa
38. Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae Sakhuwa
39. Syzygium fruiticosa Myrataceae Kat Jamun
40. Tamarindus indica Ceasalpiniaceae Imli
41. Terminelia belerica Combritaceae Bahera
42. Terminelia alata Combritaceae Asan
43. Wendlandia heynei Rubiaceae Tilai
44. Ziziphus jujuba Rhamnaceae Ber
GRASSES
Common Name
1. Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Dub

2. Cyperus rotundus Cypraceae Motha
3. Fuirena ciliaris Cypracea
4. Heteropogon contrortus Poaceae
5. Hygrorhiza sp. Poaceae
6. Perotis indica Poacea
7. Physanolaena maxima Poaceae Jhadu ghans
8. Rottboellia exaltata Poaceae
9. Scoenoplectus supinus Poaceae
10. Settaria glauca Poaceae
CLIMBER
Common Name
1. Asparagus racemosus Liliaceae Satawar
2. Celastrus paniculata Celastraceae Kujari
3. Coccinia indica Cucurbitaceae Bon kundri
4. Cryptolepis buchananii Periplocaceae
5. Hemidesmus indicus Asclepidaceae Dudhlar
6. Smilex zylanica Liliaceae Ramdatwan

HERB
Common Name
1. Anacyclus pyrethrum Asteraceae Akarkara

2. Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae Kalmegh
3. Centella asiatica Apiaceae Brahmi
4. Cheilanthes farinosa Polypidiaceae Silver ferh
5. Chlorophytum borivillianum Liliaceae Safed musli
6. Crotolaria albida Fabaceae Van snai
7. Curculigo orchioides Hypoxidaceae Kali musli
8. Dolichos trilobus Fabaceae Van Kurthi
9. Drosera indica Droseraceae
10. Eriocaulon Oryzetorum Eriocaularaceae
11. Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Dudhi
12. Grangea Modraspatana Asteraceae
13. Guiyotia abyssynica Asteraceae Van surguja
14. Hedyotis pinifolia Rubiaceae
15. Launia asplinifolia Asteraceae
16. Lindernia antipoda Scrophularaceae
17. Mazus pumilus Scrophulariaceae
18. Oxalis latifolia Geraniaceae Oxalis, amrul
19. Phyllanthus niruri Euphorbiaceae Bhumi amla
20. Rottala Densiflora Lythraceae
21. Rotala rotundifolia Lythraceae
22. Sonchus launifolia Asteraceae
23. Spermacoce articuloris Rubiaceae Pitua arak
24. Tridex procumbens Asteraceae Tridex
25. Vernonia anthelmintica Asteraceae Somaraj
26. Vicoa vestita Asteraceae
27. Wahlenbergia marginata Companulaceae
SHRUB
Common Name
1. Achyranthus aspera Amaranthaceae Apamar

2. Alandia biflora Rubiaceae
3. Bauhinia retusa Caesalpiniaceae Katmauli
4. Bauhinia vahili Caesalpiniaceae Mahulan, Gongle
5. Calotropis procera Asclepidiaceae Akwan
6. Carissa carandas Apocynaceae Karaunda
7. Cassia tora Ceasalpiniaceae Chakor
8. Cisampelos pareira Menispermaceae Akanandi
9. Clerodendrum viscosum Verbinaceae Ghanto
10. Crotolaria sericea Fabaceae
11. Cyda acuta Malvaceae Bariyar
12. Elephantopus scaber Asteraceae Mayur jhanti
13. Flacourtia indica Flacourtiaceae Baichi
14. Flamingia strobilifera Fabaceae Galfudi
15. Holarrhena antidysentrica Apocynaceae Kuda
16. Hyptis suaveolens Labiateae
17. Ipomoea Carnea Convolvulaceae Thethar
18. Jasminum auriculatum oleaceae Juthika
19. Lantana camara verbinaceae Putus
20. Ludwigia perennis Onagraceae Ban Laung
21. Mucuna pruriens Fabaceae Alkusi
22. Nyctanthes arbortristis Oleaceae Harstingar
23. Stachoitarpheta jamaicensis Verbinaceae
24. Thespesia Lampas Malvaceae Van kapos
25. Triemfeta rhomboidea Tiliaceae
26. Vitex negundo Verbinaceae Sindwar
27. Woodifordia fruticosa Lytheraceae Dhatki
GLOSSARY
Common Name Page No.
A Aam 32-33
Acalypha 2
Aita 27
Akwan 12
Amaltas 23
Amla 38
Amrita 52
Anar 42
Apamarg 3
Arar 2
Arjune 50
Augusta 45
B Babool 1
Bael 4
Bahera 51
Bakain 33
Bankapas 52
Ban semar 44
Bargad 23
Barhar 7
Bariyar 46
Ber 54
Bhidi janetet 53
Bhumi amla 38
C Calliandra 11
Chakundi 15
Chilbil 28
Champa 33-34
Chandan 42
Chandini 49
Chaput 4
Chatwan 10
D Dal chini 16
Datura 19
Deodar 39
GLOSSARY
D Doka 36
Dudhlar 27
Dumar 24
G Gamhar 26
Gandh palas 34
Ghanto 17
Gular 25
Gulmohar 20
Gulmohar (Yellow) 37
H Hadjore 54
Haritaki 51
Harsringar 36
J Jamun 49
Jarul 30
Java-ki-Rani 14
K Kachnar 9
Kadamb 35
Kagzi nimbu 17
Kala shisham 18
Kanak champa 41
Kanthal 6
Karam 3
Karanj 21
Karaunda 12
Karipatta 34-35
Kassod tree 15
Khair 1
Koinar 9
Kend 21-22
Kuda 28
Kusum 44
Kutmu
L Lal-Chandan 41
M Mahuwa 32
Maidha (Pojo) 31
GLOSSARY
M Matha 6
Mayurjhanti 22
N Neem 8
Nerium 35
P Pader 48
Palas 10-11
Paisal 40
Peltophorum 37
Pepra 26
Pera dumar 24
Pharad 22
Pharas 29
Piar 10
Pipal 25
Pithor 29
Pitojhi 45
Polyscias 39
Putri 18
R Ramdatwan 47
Rengini 48
Reri 13
Ritha 43
S Sagwan 50
Sal 46
Shammi 40
Shatawar 7
Shisham 19
Sidha 30
Sidh 23
Sinduwar 53-54
Sita asok 43
Soo babool 31
T Toon 15
Tejpatra 16
V Van Dhania
Botanical Name :- Accacia catechu (L.F.)Willd.
Family :- Mimosaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Khair, Kattha.
A small tree with dark black, coloured, rough bark upto height of 12m. branches slender, dark brown or purple,
glabrous, armed with hooked spines. Leaves bipinnate, 10-15 cm long, rachis pubescent, with accouspicuous gland
near middle of petiole & a few glands between pairs of pinnae. Stipular thorn hooked. Flowers small white or pale
yellow, crowded in pubescent spikes, 5-10cm long, auxiliary on the young shoots. Calyx 1.2–1.5mm long, hairy teeth
deltoid, ciliate, corolla 2.5–3mm long, white or pale yellow, stamen in 5 bundles, filaments. Ovary glabrous stipitate.
Pods flat, irregularly constricted with a triangular beak at apex & seed 3-10.
Flowering :- March - May.
Fruiting :- July - October
Distribution :- Throughout a drier part of India usually in dry forest, usually mixed with Sal.
Common in road side.
Uses :- Woods are very valuable & strong used for houseports, agriculture
implements, oil & sugarcane crusher, plough, furniture, stocks & felloes of
wheels, tool handles etc. The wood yields by boiling a chips the well known
katha used for chewing with betal & in medicine & catchu used for tanning &
also used for printing & dyeing. Katha is a valuable astringent.
Ref.- Indigenous acc to forest flora of Melghat 146, 1985. Flora of Palamu district 167, 2002. Flora of Hazaribagh
district 1:278, 2002. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3: 329,1922.
Botanical Name :- Acacia nilotica L

Syn. A. arabica.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Babool, Kikar.
Small tree to 10m tall with black bark, branchlets grey-pubescent when young. leaves alternate, 2-pinnate, 5-10cm
long, main rachis dowry. petiole 2.5-5cm long, stipular thorns straight, 0.6-1cm long, sharp, white, pinnae 4-7 pairs,
glabrous 4-5mm long. flowers yellow, 2 or 3 together in an axillary cluster. puduncle pubescent. bracteoles 2, broadly
ovate, acute. calyx 1.5mm long, teeth very short. corolla 2.2-2.5mm long, lobes short, triangular. stamen basally
connate. ovary stipitate. pod stipitate, moniliform, compressed, constricted at sutures between seeds, grey pubscent,
horned at apex. Seed 10-12.
Flowering :- August – December
Fruiting :- January – April
Habitat :- Found in river bank, along road sides, waste land.
Distribution :- Through out India, Pakistan, Arab, Egypt, Tropical Africa.
Uses :- The gum is used medicinally & by the calico-printer, & also form an inferior
substitute for true gum Arabic. The barks & supply a valuable tanning
materials. the green pods, young shoots & leaves form an excellent fodder. the
timber is hard & durable & extensively used for wheel, well curbs & fuel.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:324,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:279,2000. Flora of
Palamu district 167,2002.
1
Botanical Name :- Acacia pinnata L.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Biswul
Santhal – Arar, Nali konti
Scandent shrub armed with numerous stout, straight or slightly hooked prickles. Leaves bipinnate, alternate, 7 –
14cm, petiole 1.5 – 2cm, with a gland near middle or base, sub-sessile, pinnal 8 – 14pairs, usually curved. Flowers
white or pale yellow, in globose head of 1 – 1.2cm across. Bracts linear, lanceolate, to 8mm long. Calyx glabrous, to
2.5mm long, lobes linear lanceolate, acute. Petals 4mm long. Stamen basally connate. Pods stipulate. Flat, thin,
horned. Seeds 8 – 14 ovoid oblong, compressed, dark brown.
Flowering :- June – August
Fruiting :- November – February
Distribution :- Through out India. Common in forest, along road sides.
Uses :- Wood is used for agricultural implements. Bark – extract is used tanning
fishing nets. Decoction of leaves is used as febrifuge.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh 1:280,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3:327,1922. Flora of
Palamu district 168,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 148,1985.
(A) Botanical Name :- Acalypha hispida

Family :- Euphorbiaceae
Vernacular Name :- Cat's tail, kuppi, khokli.
Shrub, upto 1.5m high. Leaves green, slightly pale beneath, flowers bright red or reddish pink on drooping spike, 20-
40cm long, spikes arise in large number in summer & rains.
Flowering :- August – December.
Fruiting :- August – December.
Distribution :- Native of Mayanmar. Also found in West Indies, India.
Uses :- Planted as a garden decoction & hedge plant. It is laxative & vermifuge.
Ref.- Indigenous according to flora of Palamu district 542.2002. Flora of Hazaribagh 1:453,2000. Haines Bot. of
Bihar & Orissa 2:113,1921.
Genera Acalypha Have Following Species in this Zone
(B) Botanical Name :- Acalypha wilkesiana macrophyla

Large leaves, russet-brown, blotched with metallic bronzy green & copper.
(C) Acalypha Sp. :- Leaves red, blotched bronzy crimson.
(D) Botanical Name :- Acalypha wilkesiana tricolor
The most colourful variety, compact growth, bright variegated foliage with shades of pink, red, orange &
white, red being the predominant colour.
(E) Botanical Name :- Acalypha wilkesiana tahiti
Leaves twisted green variegated yellow & white margin pink.
Ref.- Indigenous according to tropical garden plants by Bose, Chowdhury & Sharma 90,2001.
2
Botanical Name :- Achyranthes aspera L.
Family :- Amaranthaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Apamarg, Chirchiri
Bengali – Apang
Santhal – Chirchira, Laljira
A erect rather stiff, annual perennial, subscandent herb, 20-100cm long with simple or ascending branches. Stem &
branches angular ribbed. Leaves 1-5” long, acuminate, long spikes of green polished deflexed flowers. Exceedingly
troublesome in fruit from the spinous bracteoles & pungent printed perianth run into the hand & adhere to the
clothes. Bracteoles ovate, appressed, against base of parianth, spinescent, 2-3mm long, stamen , filamentous, 2-
3.5mm long, connate at base into a short cup, style 1-2.5 mm long. Stigma capitate, utride ellipsoid, rounded at base,
2.5-3mm long. Seed cylindrical, smooth, 2-5mm long.
Flowering :- October – January
Fruiting :- October – January
Distribution :- Common in vicinity of villages, probably in all districts. Found throughout
India, Asia, Africa, Australia & America.
Uses :- Stems are used as Datun for toothache. Decoction of leaves is diuretic, used in
renal dropsies. Young leaves are served as spinah. Plants are used to prepare
green manure.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:767,1924. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:108,2002. Flora
of Palamu 514,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 277,1968.
Botanical Name :- Adina cardifolia Roxb.

Family :- Rubiaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Karam, Kumba
Santhal – Halanda
A large deciduous tree with brownish grey & terete branches. Young parts pubescent. Leaves opposite 10-20 cm
across, obribular, cordate, acuminate, petiole 8 – 10cm long, stipules 1 – 2cm long, flowers yellow, numerous in
globose axillary heads 1 – 3 together. Calyx tube 5 angled, limb 5 lobed, corolla tube selender. Stamen 5, inserted at
the mouth of the corolla tube. Ovary bilocular many ovuled. Style much exerted. Fruit capsular.
Flowering :- June – July
Fruiting :- February – March
Deciduous :- February – March
Distribution :- Through out India. Common in forest.
Uses :- Wood is durable & take a good polish. It is used for agriculture implements,
furniture & construction. It is mainly used for making bobbins & coat hangers,
silk. Clothe sticks & combs are manufactured out of the rejected pieces.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 178,1985. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:420,1922. Forest flora of
Melghat 178,1985. Flora of Palamu district 229,2002.
3
Botanical Name :- Aegle marmelos L.
Family :- Rutaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Bel
Santhal – Sinjo, Lohagasi
A medium size deciduous, glabrous tree with 1-2 strong thorns from the leaf axile. Spines are 3cm long, straight,
auxiliary, leaflets usually 3, elliptic or ovate-, lanceolate, 2-4” long, serrile with rhachis 0.5-1” long & petiole 1-2.5”
long, gland dotted. Flowers 1” diameter, upto 2cm across, greenish white, sweet-scented. Pedicels & calyx pubescent,
petals 4-5, imbricate, stamens numerous, inserted round an inconspicuous disk. Ovary avoid with a stout axis & 8-20
cells short style & deciduous stigma. Fruit large, several celled & many seeded, rind woody, fleshy. Fruits are 4-7 cm in
diameter, globose. Seeds embedded in a clear mucilage & yellow sweet aromatic pulp.
Flowering :- May – June
Fruiting :- May – June
Distribution :- Throughout India also ascending 4000 ft. on the Western Himalaya,
Maynmar, Thailand to Vietnam, Malaysia, wild in the hills of southern &
central trovets & also common in the scrub forest. In Jharkhand commonly
found in the dry hill slopes & also it is cultivated.
Uses :- The fruits are edible when ripe, the unripe fruits are used as an astringent,
stomachic & in the treatment of diarrhea. The medicines of stomach troubles
are prepared from the pulp of ripe fruits. The mucilaginous substance secreted
round the seeds is used as a cement & is used as a varnish. The pulp of the fruit
is a good laxative. The pulp is often used to strengthen mortar. The seeds yield
a dye. The leaves are used as fodder. The pulp of the ripe fruit is eaten as food
or when diluted with water it makes a refreshing drink. The leaves are
employed in the worship of Lord Shiva by Hindus.
Botanical Name :- Albizia stipulatae Boiv.

Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Chapot, Kera serom
Santhal – Ghora lenja, Kala siris.
A large evergreen handsome tree with feathery foliage. Leaves hairy, pubescent, semi lancolate, mature pubescent at
base margin & corta. Stipules large, caduceus. Flowers 1-1.25” long on 1-5 nate, peduncles, breacts in panicles. Pods
3.5-6” long broad dehiscent.
Flowering :- May – June.
Fruiting :- October – April.
Distribution :- Common in damper forest usually near river. Found in all over India. Also
found in road sides.
Uses :- Wood is used for building & for wheels. Also used for cattle fodder.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:334,1922.
4
Botanical Name :- Alstonia scholaris R.Br.
Family :- Apocynaceae.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Satwin, Saptaparni, Satium
English – Devil's tree, Dita bark tree
Bangla – Chhatim
Kol – Kunumung
Santhal - Chatni
In latin scholar is mean belonging to school. A large evergreen tree of 15-20m high with milky juice, branches
whorled. Stem long, base of which often butresed, branches spreading in tiers or whorks. Bark rather rough dark grey
crown slender, rather conical. Leaves in whorls of 4-7, cariaceous, 10-20cm long 4-6cm broad, dark green & shining
above, pale & covered with whitish bloom beneath. Flowers greenish white, in many flowered peunculate cymes born
from the terminal point of branches, pubescent, peduncle 2-6 cm long, stout, pedical very short. Calyx sepal 5,
pubscent, about 3mm long, obtuse, lobes oblong, ciliate. Corolla tube finely hairy on the outside, about 7mm long,
throat with a ring of hairs, lobes upto 5mm long, oblong, rounded at apex. Petal – 5, shorter than the tube &
overlapping each other. Stamen 5, inserted the corolla tube. Fruits consisting of a pair of selender follicles, about 30-
50 cm long, hang in cluster, from near the tip of the branches, present a peculiar but beautiful look, pendulous, ripe
follicles split open to release numerous narrow, about 1cm long, flattened hairy seeds that are carried away by wind to
distant locations, ends rounded, with a fringe of hairs, seeds many.
Flowering :- November – December.
Fruiting :- Rainy season.
Distribution :- It is native of the plains of India, China, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Africa, Australia.
It is found in forest & common as an avenue trees in parks & garden.
Uses :- Its wood is quite light & used for carving. In Maynmar the black boards are
prepared from its wood. Wood also used for packing box, tea box, minor
furniture, plywoods, match splints, wood pencil & in paper industry. Wood
charcoal used for gum powder. The bark possesses medicinal properties. Bark
gives bilter tonic, febrifuge & anthelmintic, extract is sued for chronic diarrhea,
asthma & cardiac troubles. Leaves used in beri-beri, dropsy & congested liver,
latex applied to sores, ulcers, tumerous & rheumatic swellings. It is also used in
fever & skin diseases. Its latex is applied to ulcers.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 219,1985. Flora of Palamu district 379,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh
district 2:572,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 4:539,1922.
5
Botanical Name :- Antidesma acidum Retz.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Amari, Amti
Santhal – Matha arak
A large shrub or small tree, young part pubescent, hairy. Leaves sinuate toothed, lower large, ovate, often palmetly, 3-
5 lobed, upper small, lanceolate. Flowers in axillary racemes or contracted panicles, all male or few female below.
Perianeth lobes 5, ovate, acute. Capsule obovoid, hairy, red. Seed slightly compressed.
Flowering :- April – June
Distribution :- Found in India, South China, Java, Sri Lanka, Myanmar. In India on sub-
Himalayan tract, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, bank of streams & forests etc.
Uses :- Leaves are used as vegetable & made into a preserve. Seeds yield a fatty oil
which is used for making soap. Fruits are eaten by local people.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Flora of Hazaribagh District 1:454,2000. Flora of Palamu 542,2002. Haines Bot. Bihar &
Orissa 2:138,1921. Forest flora of Melghat 292,1968
Botanical Name :- Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

Family :- Moraceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Kanthal

English – Jack fruit
Gujrati – Phanas
Santhal – Kanther
A large evergreen cauliflorous tree, 10mm tall with reddish brown bark. Leaves elliptic to ovate, obtuse to
subactuminate at apex, cuneate at base, margin entire, 10-20cm long petiolate, dark green, rough beneath, main
nerve 5-8 pairs, stipules large. Flowers solitary, auxiliary on short stout leafy twigs from trunck & main branches.
Male head narrowly clavate, covered with flowers, with few sterile bract like perianths. Female head as like as male.
Fruiting parianth yellow, firm or soft, juicy, fleshy seeds upto 3.5x2.5cm, cotyledons unequal.
Flowering :- December – February
Fruiting :- February – May
Distribution :- Native of south India. Cultivated through out tropic. Found in forest, upto
Netarhat. Planted along the road side.
Uses :- Unripe fruits are used as vegetable, pickles. Ripe one are eaten fresh or
preserved in syrup. Seeds are eaten after roasting or boiling. Wood is used for
high class furniture. Leaves are eatten by cattle.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:825,1924. Flora of Hazaribagh 1:81,2002. Forest flora of
6
Botanical Name :- Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.
Family :- Moraceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Barhar
Santhal - Dahu
A moderate size deciduous tree upto 15m tall with broad dense crown, villosely tomentose branchlets, large elliptic or
ovate, obtuse or shortly acuminate leaves. 6-10” long, pubescent or toentose beneath, entire. Receipts auxiliary. Male
subsesile from previous years. Females short penducled from current year's axile. Male receipt orange-yellow,
spongy, ovoid, 0.75-11” long closely covered with a minute peltate bacts perianths & scarcely exserted stamens,
fruits 5-8cm in diameter, lobulate, velvety, yellow when ripe, seeds oblong, 1-1.2cm long.
Flowering :- December – April
Fruiting :- May – October
Distribution :- Through out India, Myanmar. Commonly planted in garden, along road sides,
forests.
Uses :- Fruits are edible. Timber is popular for house construction work & boat
building.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5,824,1924. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:82,2000.
Botanical Name :- Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Family :- Liliaceae.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Satawari, Shatavari
Santhal – Shatmuli
Subscandent, perennial, spinous, branched, undershrub with tuberous root stock. Leaves linear, acuminate, 4 – 6 mm
long, cladodes 2 – 6, acicular, falcate, divaricate, 1.2 – 2.5cm long. Flowers 5 – 6mm across, borne in shortly
branched racemes of 5 – 15 cm long rachis triquetrous. Pedicels 2 – 3 mm long filiform. Perianth white, linear oblong,
obtuse, 2.5 x 0.8mm. Style very short stigma spreading. Bery 3.5 – 6mm in diameter, scarlet when ripe, seeds 3 – 6,
2mm in dia
Flowering :- August – October
Fruiting :- October – December
Distribution :- Throughout tropical & sub tropical part of India, South Africa, Asia, North
Australia. Very common in forests, also cultivated in garden.
Uses :- Plant is used as tonic & diuretic. Root juice is mixed with honey & is given in
dyspepsia. Roots are also used for nervous & rheumatic complaints.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 6:1089,1924. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:1160,2000.
Forest flora of Melghat 322,1985. Flora of Palamu district 606,2002.
7
Botanical Name :- Azadirachta indica
Syn. Melia azadirachta.
Family :- Meliaceae.
Vernacular Name :- Bengali & Hindi – Neem
English – Margosa.
This is a large tree upto 20m tall. Leaves 20-30 cm long, crowded at the end of branches, alternate, exstipulate
imparipinnate, lenceolete, closely clustered towards the ends of branches. Serrate margine, green, oblique at base,
acuminate at apex lateral ones sessile to sub sessile terminal one with long petiolule upto 4cm. flowers white upto 0.8
mm diameter. Inflorescence – axillary cymose panicles ore present. Calyx lobes obtuse, petal upto 5mm long, linear,
oblong, obtuse at apex, drupe up to 1cm long, oblong, yellow when ripe & green when ripe. Seeds ellipsoid,
catyledons thick, fleshy & oily. Bark-thick, rough, brown in colour, longitudinally obliquely furrowed. Internally
starchy white, laminated with characteristic smell of neem & bitter in taste.
Flowering :- March – May
Fruiting :- June – July
Distribution :- It is a native of Mayanmar, also found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri
Lanka, Thailand, Fiji, Malaysia, South Africa & East Africa. In Jharkhand it is
widely found, cultivated & planted at road sides.
Uses :- The neem oil is extracted from the pulp of the fruits, which is used in the
manufacture of margosa soap & several skin ointments. The oil cake obtained
from the seeds, is used as a fertilizer & manure. Almost all the parts of the tree
are of medicinal value. The leaves are placed in the suitcases to repel insects &
to preserve woollens. Decoction of leaves is antiseptic & used to wash ulcers
wounds. An extract of the leaves is used in the manufacture of toothpastes &
soaps. The seed oil is used as an antiseptic. The oil is also burnt in the earthen
lamps. Dry flowers are used as a tonic. The bark is used as antiseptic. The
young branches are used as a datum. The gum bark, leaves and seeds, are used
in snake – bite. The wood makes a good timber. The branches are burnt as
fuel. In summer people take shelter under the shade of neem tree.
Ref.- Haines, Bot. Bihar & Orissa 12:182:1921. Flora of Palamu district (B.S.I. 2002), Forest flora of Melghat
(1985), B. P. Pandey (1999), A book of Pharmacognosy (2003). Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:524,2000.
8
Botanical Name :- Bauhinia tomentosa L.
Family :- Caesalpiniaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Kachnar.
A large shrub or small tree with young parts tomentose. Leaves orbicular, broader than long upto 4.5 x 8cm, 7 – 9
nerved, glabrous above, tomentose beneath. Flowers yellow or white, shortly bluntly beaked in bud, usually short
penduncled, leaf-opposed pairs, bracteoles linear, persistent. Calyx spathaceous. 5” long, pubescent, spathaceous.
Petals upto 5cm long, obovate-spathulate, yellow, upper one with red blotch on face of stomens 10. pods upto 15 x 2
cm, glabrous, slightly beaked & brown.
Flowering :- July - August
Fruiting :- January - February
Distribution :- It is found in India, Sri Lanka, China, Malay, Tropical Africa. In Jharkhand it is
found in forest or frequently cultivated in garden.
Uses :- Used as a medicine. Decoction of root bark used in inflammation of lever.
district 1:291, 2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3: 309, 1922.
Botanical Name :- Bauhinia purpurea L.

Vernacular Name :- Hindi, Bengali – Deva Kanchan, Sona

Sanskrit – Koinar
Marathi – Koilari, Koliar
Santhal - Sinhara
A medium size trees, young parts covered with brown pubescence & is tomentose. Leaves 8 – 15cm long, deeply
lobed, roundish, as broad as long, 9 – 11 nerved, cordate at base coreaceous, glabrous, lobes subacute, reaching upto
middle, inner edge often overlapping, cleft about half the way down, petiole 2.5 – 4cm long. Flowers fragrant, deep
rose in terminal or oxillary few blowered corymbose or paniculate racems, pedicels small, 2-bracteolate, calyx tube. 8
– 1cm long, 5 toothed at the apex, cariaceous, split into 2 segments, lower one emarginated the outer 3 toothed. Petal
deep rose rosy purple or pink coloured, upto 4 – 5 cm long, oblanceolate glabarous, clowed, stamen usually 3 or 4.
stipitate, style long, stigma large, oblique, staked, grey-downy. Pods 15 – 30cm long linear flat, pointed at both end,
decurved, 12 – 16 seeded. Seeds are brown in colour. Wood is reddish brown in colour.
Flowering :- September – November.
Fruiting :- January – April.
Distribution :- It is found in India, Srilanka, China. In Jharkhand it is frequently found in all
districts, especially in valleys, forest & cultivated in villages for its flowers.
Uses :- The barks gives a fibre. The leaves & flowers are eaten as vegetables. Bark
used in Diarrhoea & dysentery.
District 1:290, 2000, Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3:310, 1922.
9
Botanical Name :- Buchanania lanzan Spreng.
Family :- Anacardiaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Piya
Bangla – Piyal
Santhal – Tarup
English – Chironji
Gujrati – Char, Achar, Charoli, Tarab
A moderate sized almost evergreen tree with rough bark. Leaves alternate, stiff, strongly nerved, oblong or ovate-
oblong, simple, thickly coriaceous. Upto 21x10.5cm, secondary nerve 12-17 pairs, rounded emarginated at apex,
petioles swollen upto 1cm long. Flowers in dense pyramidal panicles, 5-6mm across, bisexual, serrile, small, greenish
– white in terminal & auxillary pyramidal panicles. Sepal 5, free, petals 5, ovate elliptic, upto 3mm long, cliate, petals
5, oblong. Disk fleshy 5-lobbed, stomens 10, inserted at the base of the disc, erect, as long as spreading petals. Disc
orbicular, 5 lobed, villous. Carpet 5, hairy. bark dark grey or black with oblong bosses. Drupe 1cm long, green, small
when unripe & black after ripe, fleshy, globose upto 50mm diameter, hairy with mucronate tip.
Flowering :- January – March
Fruiting :- April – May
Distribution :- Throughout India & Thailand. In India it is found in hilly tract & towards the
west. In Jharkhand it is found in forest & cultivated.
Uses :- The fruits & seeds are edible. Chironji are obtained from seeds which are used
in sweets. The bark is used for tanning. Gum obtained from stem, is employed
for printing cloth & dyeing. The gum is used medicinally for diarrhea.
Ref.- Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:229,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:517, 2000. Flora of Palamu district
159,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 90,1985.
Botanical Name :- Butea monosperma Lamk.

Syn. B. frondosa Roxb.
Family :- Fabaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Palas, Dhak, Tesu, Paras

Santhal – Murup, Morud
Bangla – Porasu, Polas
English – Flame of the forest, parrot tree
Butea is named after a botanical authority John stuart, Earl of Bute. Monosperma in Greek meaning with one seed &
in latin frondosa means 'covered with leaf'.
It is a small or moderate size deciduous tree with irregular branches, exuding a red juice when cut. It have
usually crooked trunk, black nodose or thick branchlets, untidy in growth & rugged in shape, bark fibrous & light
brown or grey in colour. Young shoot downy tomentose. The height of the tree is about 10-15 m. leaves trifoliate,
stipellate, petiole 10-25cm long, stipules tomentose. Leaflets coriaceous, rhomboid or broadly obovate from a
connate base, the lateral ovate or elliptic oblique, all obtuse, 10-20 cm long, 15-20cm, broad, leathery, finely silky
below when young, truning glabrous with age, nerves conspicuous, terminal glabrous with age, nerves conspicuous
terminal leaflets obovate, broad, hard, leaves falls off during winter. Flowers large, scarlet & orange about 5 cm long
on racemes, upto 15 cm long. Pedicels brown, velvety, flowers borne in great profusion on the usually leaflets the
colour of the flower may be yellow, orange, red, orange scarlet in variety of shades branches. Calyx velvety, black,
componalate, coriaceous, calyx teeth short, the upper 2 connate, upper lip sub-emarginate, lower with three deltoid
teeth, calyx 1.2 cm
10
long, silky white within. Petal colour variable, standard flaming orange, outside grey-silky, pubescent, lateral petals
similar to the standar, but narrower, the keel petals united to form a beak, wing falcate. Stramen 10, diadelphous, 9
jointed & 1 free, ovary stalked, 4 ovuled, style curved, stigma capitate, pods profuse, ligulate, style curved, stigma
capitate. Pods profuse, ligulate, silky tomentose, 10-15 cm long, 2-4cm broad, pendulous, strongly nerved, pale
green, 1 seeded, dehiscent upto the seed, curved with slivery hairs & give the impression of foliage, yellowish grey
when ripe.
Flowering :- February – April.
Fruiting :- May – July.
Deciduous :- Winter season.
Distribution :- Found in India, Maynmar, Sri Lanka, Very common in central & southern
areas of Palamu, Hazaribagh, Ranchi. It is found wildly & planting along
medium sized roads & also in parks & gardens, specially in groups.
Uses :- This serves as a host for the lac insect. It is one of the principal tree for lac
cultivation. Lac is cultivated on its branches. The flowers give a yellow dye.
The leaves are used for fodder, manure & as a substitute for plates, chiefly on
festive occasions. The ripes fruits are edible. The root bark give us fibre & used
for piles, tremours & female disease. The root extract is used in medicine for
urinary problem. The wood is durable under water hence used for well curbs &
piles. On blazing the trees a red juice issues which hardens into a red astringent
gem used in diarrhea & in the indigo – beating vats. It is said to increase the
outturn of indigo by 30-40%.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 115,1985. Flora of Hazarbigh district 1:239,2000. Haines Bot.
Bihar & Orissa 3:279,1922. Flora of Palamu district 180, 2002.
Botanical Name :- Calliandra hybrida

Vernacular Name :- Calliandra
A tall much branched shrub upto 2.5m high. Leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 6-9 pairs, oblique elliptic or linear,
1.5-3.5cm long. Flower many in axillary powder puff like cluster about 6-7 cm. Filament numerous, deep pink. Lower
portion white.
Distribution :- Throughout India.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Bose, Chowdhury & Sharma Tropical garden plants 100,2001.
11
Botanical Name :- Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br
Family :- Asclepidaceae.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Akwan, Ak

Santhal – Akona
Bengali – Madar
A large or medium shrub 0.9 – 2 m high. Young parts covered with a ppressed, white floccose tomentum. Leaves
sessile or subsessile elliptic obovate to oblong. With a cordate & semi amplexicaul base, appressed white, fluccose
tomentose beneath up to 15x9 cm flowers upto 1.3cm across. Calyx lobes lanceolate, upto 4 x 2mm, pubescent
without corolla pink with purple blotch, lobes upto 1 x 0.6cm, erect, corona lobes upto 6mm long, glabrous. Follicle
6.5 – 9.5 x 2 – 5.1cm recurved, sausaged shaped. Seeds ovoid, 5 – 6mm long, coma silk, 2.5 – 3cm long.
Distribution :- Thoroughout country, India, Pakistan, Afganistan, Omman, Grow in waste
places, road sides.
Uses :- Root bark is used in leprosy. The root is applied in snake & scorpion bite. Bark
yields a fibre, which is used by local people for fishing nets, bow & twine.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to flora of Palamu district 394,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:593,2002. Haines Bot.
Bihar & Orissa 4:550,1922. Forest flora of Melghat 223,1968.
Botanical Name :- Carissa carandas

Family :- Apocynaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Karaunda
Bengali – Karamcha
Large shrub or small glabrous tree to 5m tall having 2-3 dichotomously branched, thorns 3, strong, leaves broadly
elliptic oblong. 3-6x1.5-3cm, rounded or obtuse at both ends, apiculate at apex. Petioles upto 5 mm long. Flowers
interminal lax cymes, peduncle to 2cm long, puberulous, calyx-lobes linear lanceolate, sepal upto 2mm long, orate
lanceolate. Corolla tube 0.7-1.5 cm long lobes, narrowly oblong, fruits ellipsoid, 1-3cm long, 4-8 seeded.
Flowering :- April – June.
Distribution :- India, Sri Lanka, Mayanmar, Malaysia & Indonesia. Common is scrub jungles.
Uses :- Ripe & unripe furits are edible. Used in prickle, suitable for jellies, root is
stomach & anthelmintic, decoction of leaves is given in remittent fevers.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to flora of Palamu district 382,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:574,2000. Haines Bot.
Bihar & Orissa 4:535,1922. Forest flora of Melghat.
12
Botanical Name :- Casearia graveolens
Family :- Flacaurtiaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Reri, Chilea

Bengali – Maun.
A shrub or small tree to 8m tall. Young branches angular, glabrous. Leaves broadly elliptic, cariaceous & hard with
age, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, reticulately veined, prominent beneath. Petiole 0.6 – 1.2cm long. Stipules
lanceolate. Calucous, 6 – 8mm long. Flowers greenish, in dense cluster from leafless axis. Sepal – 5, oblong, gland
dotted, 3 – 4mm long, petal absent, stem 6 – 8, filament glabrous. Ovary 1 celled, ovules few, parietal, style as long as
stamens. Stigma discoid. Fruits ellipsoid, yellow, smooth, 3 valved. Seeds about 12, ovoid, compressed.
Fruiting :- June – August
Distribution :- Found in India, Myanmar, Very common in slopes of low hills, forests etc.
Uses :- Wood is used in carving, fruits are used as fish poison. Bark used for dropsy,
fever & snake bite.
Botanical Name :- Cassia fistula L.

Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Amaltas, Sonari
Bengali – Bandarlathi
Santhal – Bandarlari
A small or medium sized deciduous trees, leaves upto 45cm long, leaflets 4-8 pairs, 2 to 7” long, ovate-lanceolate or
ovate-oblong, acute at apex, cuneate at base, coriaceous, shining above, clothed when young with caduceus, silvery
pubescence. Flowers bright yellow, 1.5 – 2.5” diameter, upto 45cm long drooping racems, pedical upto 4.5 cm long,
bracts minute, caduceus, calyx 5-parite, petal upto 2cm long, veined obovate, nearly equal shortly clowed. Flowers
succeeded by long cylindrical, drooping pods, which is 1 – 2 feet long & 1” diameter, many seeded, indehiscent. Bark
smooth pale or white, hard, strong & heavy.
Flowering :- May – August
Fruiting :- Nearly round the year
Deciduous :- March – April
Distribution :- In all district of Jharkhand wild or planted, throughout India, Srilanka, Malaya
& China.
Uses :- Wood is used for house ports, in carts & agricultural implements. It gives a
good fire wood & charcoal. It is also used for tanning bark & medicine.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Flora of Hazaribagh District 1:300, 2000.
Hacins Bot. Bihar & Orrisa. 3:302, 1922.
Forest flora of Malghat. 131, 1968
Flora of Palamu District. 233, 2002.
13
Botanical Name :- Cassia Javanica
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Java-ki-rani.
Small deciduous tree, to 15m tall, branches numerous, spreading, glabrous. Leaves bifarious, rachis 20-30cm long,
stipule lunate, caduceus. Leaflets 5-15 pairs, short petioluled, dull below, racemes erect, arising laterally from
branches. Peduncle 2-3cm long. bracts ovate sepal ovate, dark red. Petals pink than dark red. Stamen 10, 7 perfect &
3 formed staminodes anther opening by basal pores. Ovary pubescent, recurved. Pod terte, glabrous, black. Seed 5-
80 brown, embedded in flat disc.
Fruiting :- August – February
Habitat :- Common in waste land, forests, road sides, garden etc.
Distribution :- Through out India, Malesia, Indonesia, throughout Tropics.
Uses :- Plant is grown as an ornamental for its pink flower.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:302,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:302,2000.
Botanical Name :- Cassia nodosa Ham.

Vernacular Name :- English – Pink Cassia, Pink Mohur.
A small evergreen tree of 12-16m in height with knotted trunk, grayish or yellowish brown bark having narrow deep
horizontal clefts & weeping branches, umbrella like crown some times touches the ground towards this periphery if
grown in open space. Young shoots silky leaves about a foot long 9-15” with 11-14 pairs of oblong or some what
lanceolate oblong leaflets 2-3” long but sometime smaller towards the base of the rachis. Flowers bright pink on erect,
pendunculate racemes rising prominently from the nodes or leaf scars almost along the entire branching system,
bracts narrow, lanceolate, pubescent, persistent, sepal 5, 5mm long, petals 5, 2-2.5cm long, narrow & pointed at
both ends, bright pink, fading to almost white before falling, thus giving the cluster a bicolour appearance. Pods
cylindrical, 30-45 cm long, black, containing a no. of seeds divided by transverse partitions.
Flowering :- Rainy season.
Fruiting :- October – November.
Distribution :- Native of India, found in hill tracts of Banglaesh, Malaya peninsula, Indonesia,
Andaman. In Jharkhand it is commonly cultivated.
Uses :- It can also be sued as a specimen tree with its graceful leaves & umbrella-like
crown.
Ref.- Indigenous acc to forest flora of Palamu district 233, 2002. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3: 303, 1922.
14
Botanical Name :- Cassia siamea Lamk.
Vernacular Name :- Chotanagpur – Eiris
Orissa – Chakundi
English – Kassod tree
Marathi, Gujrati – Kasid
Siamea mean 'Pertaining to Siam'. It is a moderate size evergreen tree with leaves 6–12” long, 6 – 14 pairs of oblong
leaflets 1.5 – 2.5” long, elliptic oblong or oblong, sucoriaceous, shining above & glaucous beneath, emarginated &
mucronulate at apex, obtuse & rounded at base, potiolutes 2 – 3 mm long. Flowers in large terminal panicles, petal 5,
bright yellow with faint red lines on the interior, imbricate, obovate, rounded, stamen 7, perfect, unequal, ovary
subsessile, many ovuled. Pod 10 – 25 cm long, 1cm wide flat, long, stalked, thickened at the slutures. Many seeded &
shining brown. Wood is deep brown.
Flowering :- September – December.
Fruiting :- September – December.
Distribution :- Found in South-East Asia. In Chottanagpur very commonly planted & self
sown. It is planted for avenues & in garden.
Uses :- Wood used for furniture & fuel.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Flora of Hazaribagh District 1:306, 2000. Flora of Palamu District 236,2002. Haines Pot.
Of Bihar & Orissa 3:303, 1922. Forest Flora of Melghat 132, 1968.
Botanical Name :- Cedrela toona Roxb.

Syn. Toona ciliata.
Family :- Meliaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Toon, Tani, Mahanine
English – Red cedor.
A large tree with dense spreading crown & tomentose branches. Leaves imparipinnate, 30-60 cm long, leaflets
generally opposite, 8-30, 5-15 by 2-6 cm, glabrous, lanceolate or ovate, acuminate at apex, obtuse at base or slightly
oblique, petiolules 6-30mm long, hairy. Panicle dropping, shorter than leaves. Flowers white honey scented in large
dropping terminal penicles. Calyx short, 5-lobed, ciliate. Petals 5, free, imbricate, keeled inside at the base. 0.5cm
long, oblong or ovate, ciliate, perianth hairy. Disk thick, 5 lobed. Stamen 5 inserted on the lobes of the disk, filaments
subulate, anthers oblong, cordate, apiculate at the apex. Ovary 5 celled hairy, stigma capitate, 5 lobed, capsule
oblong. Upto 2.5cm long, dark brown, capsule 10-15 mm long, obovoid, puncate with dots. Seeds radish – brown,
light with a membranous wing at either end. Wood is red.
Flowering :- March – April
Distribution :- It is a native of India, now distributed in Mayanmar, Malaya & Australia. In
India, it is western ghats, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, the Nilgiris &
Jharkhand. It is largely planted in avenues, along the canals & also found in
forest.
Uses :- The flowers yield a yellowish red dye, which is used for dyeing cotton. The bark
is used medicinally as astringent tonic etc. The wood is used for furniture, tea
chests, shuttles & picking sticks which are used in the textile industry & cigar
boxes. The bark is also used as a fan. This is a good timber tree & sometimes
known as 'Indian Mahogany'. The leaves are used to feed cattle.
Ref.- Forest flora of Melghat 69, 1985. Flora of Hazaribagh 1:528,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa
2:174,1921. Flora of Palamu district 144,2002.
15
Botanical Name :- Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.
Family :- Lauraceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Tejpat, Tejpatra
Bengali - Eisi.
A medium sized tree with leaves usually 4-5” long shining above, mostly oblong. Flowers 0.2-0.25” long, tepals
deciduous in fruit. Stamen & ovary villous.
Distribution :- It is native of tropical & sub tropical Himalaya. It do not occur wild in forest, but
cultivated in Jharkhand, Bihar & Orissa.
Uses :- The leaves are often sold in market used as spice & condiments. Leaves are
used in karaha for the treatment of bronchitis.
Ref.- Indigenous according to Haines, Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:797,1925.
Botanical Name :- Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees.

Syn. Cinnamomum verum J.S. presl.
Family :- Lauraceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Dalchini, Kalmi Dalchini

English – Ceylon cinnamon, Kinnamon bark.
It is a evergreen tree, the outer surface of the bark is dull yellowish brown, while the inner surface is dark yellowish
brown. The outer surface is marked by wavy longitudinal striations with small holes of scars left by the branches. The
inner surface also shows the longitudinal striations. Bark is free of cork. It odour is fragrant. Size is about 1mm in
length & 1cm in diameter. The thickness of the bark is approximately 0.5mm. Taste is aromatic followed by warm
sensation. Leaves 4-7” long, shorter panicles & flowers 0.25” long.
Distribution :- It is a native of Sri Lanka & Malabar coast of India. It is also found in Jamaica &
Brazil. In Jharkhand it is cultivated in Garden.
Uses :- Bark is used as a carminative, stomachic & mid astringent. It is also used as
flavouring agent, stimulant, an aromatic & antiseptic, commercially it is used
as a spice & condiment & perfumes.
Ref.- Kokate, Purohit, Gokhale, Pharmacognosy 342 (22nd edition).
16
Botanical Name :- Citrus limon (L) Berm. F.
Family :- Rutaceae
Vernacular Name :- English – Lime
Hindi – Kagzi nimbu
A small tree or large shrub with tap root, stem are erect, woody, branched, cylindrical, glabaroures solid, leafs are
cauline, alternate, petiolate, stipulate, cariaceous, persistent, acute or obtuse. Unicortate reticulate venation.
Inflorescence are cymose, solitary auxiliary. Flowers are white or pinkish, pedicillate, bracteate, hermaphrodite,
scented, complete, actinomorphic, hybpogynous. Calyx – 5 sepalous, gemo-sepelous, inferior, quincuncial
aestivation. Petal 5, polypetalous, white scented, inferior, imbricate aestivation, lenear oblong. Stamens 15-16
inserted round a large cupqular or annular disk, poly delphous, anthers oblong, basifixed, introrse. Gynoccium
polycarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, multilocular, axile placentation, stigma capitat. Fruits are berry types.
Mamillate at the apex.
Fruiting :- April - June
Distribution :- Food throughout India. Widely distributed in warm temperate region. It is
frequently wild in the moister valleys of the sub-himalayas & is cultivated all
over the country.
Uses :- The oil distilled from the peel is mainly used for confectionary,
pharmaceuticals & toilet preparation. The fruits are used for making jams,
fellies, pickles & alcoholic drinks. It is a good source of vitamin C.
Botanical Name :- Clerodendrum viscosum

Family :- Verbinaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Bhant

Santhal – Ghanto
Bengali - Ghetu
Erect much branched, perennial herb or undeash rub. Branchlets outusely tetragonal, densely white-villous. Leaves
thicky cariaceous, broadly ovate, shortly acuminate at apex, venation sub-palmate, petioles 3-12cm long. Flowers
born in Lax, Pubescent, penduncles red or purplish red, 1-6 cm long, bract foliaceous, elliptic. Pedicels 0.6-1cm long
calyx bright green during anthesis, 1-1.5cm long, corolla white, purple tinged at mouth. Filament purplish, anther
deep purple to black. Ovary glabrous. Drupe nearly globose.
Flowering :- February - May
Fruiting :- May – July
Distribution :- Throughout India, Pakistan, Nepal, Malabar, Thailand, China, Very common
in forest & road side.
Uses :- Leaves are used as tonic, vermifuge & laxative. Juice of fresh leaves is given for
removal of ascarids. Poultice of leaves & root is applied externally to tumours.
Ref.- Indigenous acc to forest flora of Hazaribagh 2:671,2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:721,1922. Flora of
17
Botanical Name :- Croton oblongifolius Roxb.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Putri, Kuti
Santhal – Bhain, Swan, Masundi
A smaller tree with rather large cariaceous, obtusely or acutely toothed, oblong, elliptic, leaves. Leaves glabrous.
Flowers 0.3” diameter, monoecious, in long racemes, rachis glabrous. Capsule 4 – 5” long covered with flat scales,
splitting in to 2 valved cocci, bark smooth, pink or white.
Flowering :- January – February
Fruiting :- April
Distribution :- Fond in India. Very common in Chotanagpur. Also common in forest.
Uses :- The bark & root are given as a purgative & also as an alternative in dysentery.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:104,1921. Flora of Palamu district 546,2002. Flora of
Hazaribagh District 1:459,2000.
Botanical Name :- Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.

Family :- Fabaceae
Vernacular Name :- English – The black wood or rose wood
of southern India.
Hindi – Kala shisham, Serisso, bethinola,
sitsal, pahari sisoo.
A moderate size glabrous tree. Leaves oddpinnate with 5-7 very unequal size leaflets on the same rachis, leaflets
alternate, rhomboid or borad-ovate, acuminate, rachis 5-10cm long, zig-zag, petiolule, 0.25-4” long. Flowers 0.5-
1cm long, greenish white in auxillary or extra auxiliary panicles, forms the leaf scars. Calyx pilose, standarw with a
long claw. Corolla twice as long, stamen calyx teeth linear –oblong, obtuse. Petal standard with long clow stamen 9, in
one bundle. Ovary 3-5 ovuled pod 4.8 cm long, sometime constricted at the sutures between the seeds pods have 1-4
seed, strap shatced. Sap wood large whitish. Bark dark brown or blackish purple.
Flowering :- September
Fruiting :- January – February.
Distribution :- Tree found in India. It is found in western peninsula, Jharkhand, Bengal, Bihar
& M.P.
Uses :- The timber is a valuable furniture wood. The wood is used for cabinet work,
furniture, cart-wheels & implements.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 121,1985. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3:294,1922. Flora of
Hazaribagh district 1:342,2000.
18
Botanical Name :- Dalbergia sissoo Linn.
Family :- Fabaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Shisham, Sissu
Marathi – Berar
English – South India red wood.
A large handsome, deciduous tree with young parts downy, attaining height of 20cm or more. The bark is brown or
gray, rough & peel off in narrow longitudinal stripes. Leaves imparipinnate. Leaflets 3-5, alternate, rhomboid or
borad-ovate, acuminate, cuspidate, 3-8cm long, leaf rachies zig-zag, rachies 5-10cm long. Flower scented, 0.5-1 cm
long, yellowish white, in racemes, arranged in short auxiliary panicles, sessile. Calyx pilose. Standard with long clow.
Stomen 9 monadelphous, united into a sheath opening on the top. Ovary long stipulate, pubescent with very short
style, stigma large. Pod 5-7 cm long, linear lanceolate, pod strap shaped with cuneate base, indehiscent with 1-4
seeds, flat, oblong.
Flowering :- March – April.
Deciduous :- December – March.
Distribution :- Found through out India, Afganistan, Bluchistan. In India it grows wild in
Jharkhand, Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to Assam, Punjab, Uttar
Pradesh, West Bengal. It is planted as a avenue, but good for planting along
the large roads, national highways, canal side, river bank & in large parks.
Uses :- The young branches & leaves are used as fodder. The pulp is used for making
writing & printing papers. The wood is used for making furniture & carving. It
is an external fuel & makes a splendid charcoal but its light cover renders it a
poor avenne tree. Bark yields oil which is used in skin disease. Leaves are
useful in diabetes & female diseases.es & female diseases.
Ref.- Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:307, 1925. Flora of Palamu district 188, 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 121,
1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:343,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3:293, 1922.
Botanical Name :- Datura sp.

Family :- Solanaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Datura
English – The thorn apple
Bengali - Dhutura
Coarse annual perennial herb with green purplish stem. Leaves elliptic or ovate, truncate, cuneate or some time
subcordate, often unequal sided at base acute or acuminate at apex. Petioles upto 5cm long pubescent. Flowers
axillary, solitary. Calyx upto 18cm long, whitish, lobes-5, cuspidate. Capsule erect, ovoid, upto 3.5cm in diameter, 4
valved, covered with rigid long & short hairy prickles. Seeds suborbicular, black, subcompressed.
Flowering :- July – December
Fruiting :- July – December
Distribution :- Found in India, America & in warm temperature country. In forest, near river
bank, road side.
Uses :- Leaves & flowering tops are narcotic, spasmodic & anodyne. Leaves are used
in cigarettes for asthma. Seeds are poisonous employed for homicidal
purpose.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 4:614,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:606,2000. Flora
of Palamu district 434:2002. Forest flora of Melghat 239,1968.
19
Botanical Name :- Delonix elta Linn
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – The Yellow gulmohar, waykaram
Gujrati – Sanesaro.
A medium size tree, leaves bipinnate, 10-20 cm long pinnae 4-8 pairs, opposite, leaflets 10-20 pairs, linear oblong,
rended, apiculate, calyx pubescent, segments linear-oblong, acute. Flower yellowish, petals yellow or whitish yellow
with crumpled margins. Filaments upto 6cm long, hariy & dilated at the base. Pod 10-17 by 1.5 to 2cm, 4.8 seeded.
Flowering :- June.
Fruiting :- September
Distribution :- Throughout India, common at road side.
Uses :- Planted as an ornamental tree.
Ref.- Indigenous acc to forest flora of Melghat 121,1985. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3: 313, 1922.
Botanical Name :- Delonix regia Boj.
Syn. Poinciana regia.

Vernacular Name :- Bengali & Hindi – Gulmohar, Gold mohar
English – Flamboyant.
A moderate size trees, leaves bipinnate, feathery, 2-pinnate upto 60cm long, pinnae 10-18 pairs, opposite, leaflets 8-
22 pairs or more, linear-oblong, rounded apiculate. Flower in terminal corymbs, calyx pubescent, segment acute,
sepal-5, subequal, petal-5, orbicular, upto 5 cm across with a long clow, red, bright scarlet with wavy margin. Stamens
– 10, as long as the petals, anthers versatile. Pod upto 60cm, strap-shaped, 5cm in diameter, dehiscent, woody.
Flowering :- April – June.
Fruiting :- Winter season.
Distribution :- Throughout India. Planted at road side.
Uses :- Planted as an ornamental tree. Gorgeous tree when in flower.
Ref.- Indigenous acc to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3: 313, 1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:310, 2000. Flora
of Palamu District 239, 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 122,1985.
20
Botanical Name :- Derris indica (Lamx.)Bennet
Syn. Pongamia glabra vent.
Family :- Fabaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Karanja, Kuruinj, Papar
Santhal – Darkaranja
Bengali – Kiramal
Marathi – Kanaji
Gujrati - Gangagi
A large sized spreading, deciduous evergreen deciduous tree reaching 10-12m with smooth, grayish brown bark, a
short trunk & rounded crown. Leaves about 15-25 cm long, petiole 4-5cm long, pinnate, oblong or ovate cuspidate,
stipule small lenflets opposite, shiny dark green, ovate or elliptic, 10-12cm long & 6-8cm broad, acute or short
acuminate, glabrous. Base acute or rounded. Flowers lilac, those near the cost of a deeper colour than inland, 2-4 nate
in simple peduncle, in short auxiliary cyme & 1.2 cm long. Calyx purplish, companulate, pubescent, corolla 1cm
long, pinkish white, standard suborbicular emarginated staman 10, monadelphous, the 10th stomen free at the base.
Ovary nearly sessile 2 ovuled, style incurved. Pod woody, non-dehiscent.
Flowering :- May – June.
Fruiting :- December – January.
Distribution :- Common around the margin of island water bodies & also in tidal & beach
forest of India, Sri Lanka, Malaya, Archipelago, extending to the coasts of
South China, the jiji islands & tropical Australia. In India it is found along
streams & in the coartal forests. It is also found wild & of long girth on the top
of the puri & Jharkhand. Abundant along rivers. It is largely planted in all
district of Jharkhand & found widely. In chotanagpur it is planted along road
side.
Uses :- The leaves are used as a manure. The seeds are collected for the valuable oil
expressed from the seeds which is largely used for burning lamps, in the
manufacture of soap. It is used as a medicine oil is also used in the treatment of
skin disease, rheumation. In recent biodesal is also made from oil. Cakes are
used as pesticides.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 125,1968. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:377,2000. Haines Bot. of
Botanical Name :- Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

Family :- Ebenaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Kend, Terej
Santhal – Kendu, Tend, Tiril
A smaller or medium sized deciduous, evergreen bushy tree to 8m high with grey or rusty tomentose shoots. Leaves
sub-opposite, chartaceous, subcuneate at base, obtuse or rounded at apex adult ones glabrous, younger one minutely
light brown. Petioles 0.6 – 2cm long. Flowers, peduncle densely wooly, 0.4 – 1cm long. Bracts & bracteoles wooly.
Calyx yellowish green, companulate, acute, 4 – 6 lobes. Corolla yellowish disc, single or in groups of 2's to 3's, anther
apculate. Female flower auxiliary, solitary, pedicel short, stout. Calyx green to brown, wooly, 7 – 8mm long. Corolla –
yellow, silky hairy, 5 lobes, tapered. Staminodes 8 – 12, ovary 4 – 8 celled. Ovule solitary in each cell. Style 2, each
bifid at apex. Fruit globose, yellowish, hairy 3cm in diameter. Seeds oval to wedge shaped, compressed. Fruiting calyx
to 2.cm in diameter.
21
Flowering :- April – May
Fruiting :- November – April
Distribution :- Throughout India, Nepal. Very common in forests specially in Chotanagpur.
Uses :- Leaves are used for wrapping 'bidis'. Leaves are diuretic, laxative, carminative
& styptic. Dried flowers are used in urinary & sking troubles. Bark decoetion is
used in diarrhea & dyspepsia.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh district 1:267,2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:519,1922. Forest
flora of Melghat 205,1985. Flora of Palamu district 373,2002.
Botanical Name :- Elephantopus scaber L.

Family :- Asteraceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Mayurjhanti, Gobhi
Bengali – Samdulan
Santhal – Mayurjhanti
A subscapose herb 10 – 15cm tall with creeping rhizomatous rock stock. Stem terete, dichotomously branched at the
top. Leaves radical, ovate oblong, ciliate, glabrescent aboves, glandpunctate beneath, cauline leaves shorter, sessile.
Glomerules of heads terminal, 2 – 3cm across. Head homogamous. Phyllaries whitish hirsute. Corolla pale, violet,
lobes linear lanceolate achenes 3 – 4mm long, obovoid, slightly flattened. 10 ribed, hair between the ribs. Pappus
bristles dilated at base.
Flowering :- September – December
Fruiting :- September – December
Distribution :- Throughout India, Nepal, China, Malaya, Australia, Tropical Africa. Very
common in waste places, in forests, along roadsides.
Uses :- Decocttion of roots & leaves is used as an emollient in diarrhea, dysentery,
swelling & stomach pains. Roots are used to arrest vomiting. Root powder
with pepper is applied in toothache. Leaves are used in applications for
exzema & ulcers.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:461,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:884,2000. Flora of
Botanical Name :- Erythrina variegata L.

Family :- Fabaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Pharad
Santhal – Pharad, Pangra
A deciduous tree to 20m tall, bark thin, gray, armed with small conical dark-coloured prickeles. Leaf petioles 10-15cm
long, unbranched. Stipules lanceolate, leaflets membranous broadly rhomboid-ovate, glabrescent when nature.
Racemes dense. Flower 1-3 together form nodes of pubesrulous rachis. Peduncle stout, 15cm long. Pedicels 6-8mm
long, bract small, triangular, calyx split to base, spathaceous, tomentose, 5 toothed at tip. Corolla brilliant scarlet, 5-
7cm long, petal sub equal. Staminal sheath 3-3.5cm long. Pods many, 15-25 cm long beaked. Seeds purple,
subreniform.
Flowering :- February – April
Distribution :- Throughout India, Srilanka, Mayanmar, Thailand, China, Very common in
forest, planted at road side.
22
Uses :- Leaves & tender shoot are edible, leaves are used as cattle fodder. It is laxative,
anthelemintic. Bark yields a fibre used for cordage. Wood is used for floats,
rafts, canoes.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:284,1922. Forest flora of Hazaribagh 1:353,2000. Flora of
Palamu district 197, 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 113,1985.
Botanical Name :- Euphorbia ligularia Roxb

Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Sij
Santhal – Sehund, Pettonkisend
Bengali – Mansa - sij
A large, erect, branched, glabrous shrub or small tree to 6m tall, with the pairs of stipular spines on tubereles. Leaves
obovate, involucres yellowish, 3 – 7 in a cyme, usually 3 with a very short fleshy pedude. Involucres hemispheric,
yellow, arranged in small, stout, 3 – 15 flowered cymes. Central one sessile & usually male. Bracteoles many
imbricate, anthers sagittate, apculate. Capsule deeply 3 lobed. Cocci glabrous compressed.
Flowering :- February – March
Fruiting :- February – March
Distribution :- Common in village hedge. Planted in house, fences, waste lands. Found in
India, Malaya, Beluchistan & elsewhere.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:142,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:467,2000. Forest
flora of Melghat 287,1985.
Botanical Name :- Ficus benghalensis L.

Family :- Moraceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Bargad, Bar
Bengali – Bot.
Santhal – Bare
English – The Banyan tree
Ho - Bare
A very large evergreen, deciduous, spreading, epiphytic trees with numerous aerial roots from branches, which form
into accessory trunks. Tree often reaching a height of 30metre. Bark grey, smooth. Young part pubescent, aerial roots
becomes thick, trunk like after touching the ground. Young shoots pubescent, growing points covered by deciduous
spathes. Leaves cariaceous, 4-8” long or attaining 10” by 7.5” in robust specimens, alternate, orbicular-ovate to
elliptic, obtuse, entire, minutely pubescent beneath, base rounded or sub-cordate. Petioles upto 4cm long, strout,
stipules 2cm long, sheathing, receptacles 1-2 cm in diameter, in auxiliary pairs, sessile, globose, puberulous, red
when ripe, supported on 3 broad cariaceous bracts. Male flowers near the mouth of the receptacle, sepal 4, stamen-1,
monandrous, in the same receptable with female & gall flowers. Receptacle sessile, in axillary pair, globose, 1-2cm
diameter, red when ripe. Receipts may be found all they ear round, but appear to ripen twice in the year.
Flowering :- April – June & December – March.
Distribution :- Indigenous to the sub-Himalayan tract & the eastern peninsula. It is widely
grow in all over India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Mayanmar, Tropical &
subtropical Asia. It may be planted in large garden, park & along road side. It is
favourate tree near temples, bathing ghats, river bank & on large meadows.
23
Uses :- Fruit eaten in time of scarcity. Latex applied in rheumatism & lumbago, wood
suitable for paper pulp, fibre from aerial roots made into coarse ropes. The
young shoots & leaves are lopped for elephants.
Bihar & Orissa 5:834,1924. Flora of Palamu district 574,2002.
Botanical Name :- Ficus cunia Ham.

Family :- Moraceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Pera dumar
Santhal – Bhoka dumber
Bengali – Potkuli
A small or moderate size evergreen tree with elliptic or oblong lanceolate leaves with very short petiole, basal auricle
of leaf 3-4 nerved. Receipts in pairs or cluster on long, mostly leafless drooping scaly branches open crowded near the
root.
Fruiting :- Most of the year
Distribution :- Found in India, Pakistan, Mayanmar & China.
Uses :- Ripe fruit is eaten.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:836,1924. Forest flora of Melghat 308,1985.
Botanical Name :- Ficus hispida L.

Family :- Moraceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Dumar, Tambol, Thendu
Marathi – Sosokera, Gon, Korch
Santhal – Setapodo, Dumar
Gujrati – Kala-umber, Bokeda,
katumber, kharoti
A medium size tree 10-30 ft high with laxly, hollow branched. Young parts hispid, all parts pubescent & internodes
hollow. Leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong or acuminate, at apex somewhat obovate, usually serrate or dentate,
scarbrid above, hispid pubescent beneath, base rounded, truncate cordate at base, entire or denate at margin,
scarbrid, 27x13 cm long, stipules 1cm long. Petioles upto 4cm long. Receptacles peduncled, in pairs from the axils of
leaves or in fascicles form shortened branches from the trunk or old wood, 2cm across. Tiny hispid, depressed
globose, ripening, pale yellow, basal bracts 3, scabrid, orifice closed by few bracts. Gall & female flower – perianth
tubular, short or 0; ovary smooth, style short, lateral. Wood soft & grey in colour.
Flowering :- Throughout the year.
Fruiting :- Throughout the year.
Distribution :- India, Malaysia to Australia throughout the province, along nalas, common in
damper districs along the perennial water course, often in hedge near villages.
Uses :- Leaves are lopped for cattle fodder. The bark yields a fibre. The fruit is eaten.
Ref.- Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:837, 1925. Forest flora of Melghat 307, 1985 (Rep.ed.). Flora of Palamu
district 577,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 85,2002.
24
Botanical Name :- Ficus religiosa Linn.
Family :- Moraceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Pipal, Pipar
English – The pipal tree
Santhal – Hesak
Bengali – Aswatha
Sanskrit – Tepe-hesa.
In Latin religiosa means 'pertaining to religion or sacred'. It is a very large, glabrous, spreacting evergreen tree. In its
younger stages it is often epiphytic, that is it grows on other trees, which are gradually strangled by its rope-like roots.
Tree are epiplytic with round or broadly ovate, very long caudate, more or less pendulous leaves dark-green & shining
above, alternate, ovate, upto 14x8 cm, margine entire to wavy, base-cordate, petioles slender, 8-10cm long, stipules
small, minute. Receptacles sessile. Male flower few, near the mouth of the receptacle. Sepal 3, stamen-1 Gall &
female flower sepal 5 absent in many gall flowers, style short, figs in auxiliary pair upto 1cm in diameter, smooth,
depressed globose, dark purple when ripe, supported by 3 basal bracts.
Flowering :- May – September.
Fruiting :- May – September.
Distribution :- Found through out India, Bangladesh. It is one of the best-known trees found
in forest & planted in most villages. Hindus & Buddhists hold the tree in
veneration.
Uses :- It is the best shade tree in the province. Wood is used in making packing cases.
Birdlime is prepared from the latex. Leaves used as elephant fodder. Fruits are
eaten. Bark used in ulcer & skin disease. Trees are used for worship of god
hence planted in temple & bank of rivers.
Ref.- Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:832, 1925. Santapau, common trees 46,2001. Forest flora of Melghat
305,1985 Rep.ed. Flora of Palamu district 580,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 86,2002.
Botanical Name :- Ficus racemosa L.

Family :- Moraceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Gular
Bengali – Jaggidumur
Santhal – Umar
Large deciduous, stout trees with milky latex, up to 20m high, young shoots pubescent, bark pinkish brown. Stipules
1-3cm long. leaves elliptic, subovate, acute at base, glabrous, entire. Petioles 1-3cm long, brown scrufy. Fig in large
cluster on main branches & trunk. Figs 2-3cm across, subglobose. Male flower sessile, osteolar, in 2-3 rings gall
flowers pedicelled. Female flower sessile. Ovary red-spotted.
Flowering :- March – July
Fruiting :- March – July
Deciduous :- October – November
Habitat :- Very common in forests & road sides.
Distribution :- Through out India, Pakistan, Maynmar, Sri Lanka, China.
Uses :- Leaved used as fodder & commonly sold in the market. Roots used in diarrhea
& diabetics, fruit is eaten. Latex used in pile & diarrhea.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 5:828,1924. Flora of Palamu district 579,2002. Forest flora of
Melghat 308,1985.
25
Botanical Name :- Gardenia latifolia
Family :- Rubiaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Papra, Paphar.
A small deciduous tree to 10m tall. Bark smooth grey. Leaves opposite or whorled, ovate or obovate, sub sessile, 9 –
20cm long, rounded at the apex, dark green & glossy, base cuneate. Flowers usually solitary, subsessile, white
fragrant. Calyx 2 – 2.5cm long, pubescent, limb tubular, teeth 5 – 9. Corolla tube 5cm long, pubescent outside, lobes
5 – 9, placenta 4 – 5, parietal. Stigma thick & fleshy. Fruit globose, greenish yellow, epicarp dry, seeds many,
embedded in purplish grey pulp.
Fruiting :- Cold season.
Distribution :- Through out India. Common in dry deciduous forest.
Uses :- Wood is used as substitute for box wood. Also used for combs & turnery, camp
beds & other light furniture, toys, mathematical instruments etc.
flora of Melghat 186,1985. Flora of Palamu district 301,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 186,1985.
Botanical Name :- Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Family :- Verbinnaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Gamhari, Kasmar
Santhal – Gambhar
Or - Kumar
A large deciduous or moderate size tree. Leaves usually cordate, glaucous beneath with petiole 2 – 6” long unequal in
pair. Flowers, raddish or brown & yellow in lateral or terminal panicles. Calyx camponulate, corolla tomentosely, hairy
outside, upper lip much shorter than the lower lip. Drupe obovoid, usually 2 – 1 celled & seeded.
Distribution :- Through out whole provience, India, hills, forest. Very abundant in Jharkhand.
Uses :- Wood is used for various purpose, furniture, musical instrument etc.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 718:4,1922. Flora of Palamu district 486,2002.
26
Botanical Name :- Helicteres isora L.
Family :- Sterculiaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Marorphali, Jonkaphal
Santhal - Aita
Large shrub or small tree to 6m tall. Branchlets softly villous. Leaves thin cariaceous, bifarious, stellate, tomentose,
petiole subulate. Flower zygomorphic, in axillary 5-8 flowered cymes, pedicels very short, bracts & bracteoles small,
subulate, hairy. Calyx laterally compressed, teeth 5, triangular. Petal-5 scarlet at first reflexed. Stamen 10, staminodes
5, ovary ovoid, 5-lobed, 5-celled, style 5, 3mm long, deflexed, follicles breaked, stellately tomentose, seed wrinkled,
angular, 2mm long.
Flowering :- April – December
Habitat :- Common in slopes of low hills, forests etc.
Distribution :- Throughout India, Java, Australia, Sri Lanka.
Uses :- Bark yields a fibre used for sacking & cordage. Leaves & tender branches are
lopped for fodder. Fruits are used in intestinal complaints, such as diarrhea,
chronic dysentery & flatulence, & to improve appetite. Root juice is used in
stomach affections & in diabetes.
Botanical Name :- Hemidesmus indicus (L) R. Br.

Family :- Periploceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Anantamal, Anandamal
Bengali – Kapri
Santhal – Dudhlar
A slender twining shrub. Stem terete, striate, glabrous, thickened at nodes. Leaves coriaceous, variable, elliptic,
subcuneate or rounded at base, obtuse at apex, petiole 3 – 4cm long. Flowers 5 – 6mm across. Pedicels 4 – 5mm long,
ovate, acute imbricate bracts. Calyx lobes ovate. Corolla rotate, purplish brown within, glabrous. Corona of 5 fleshy
short lobes. Much shorter than the anthers Filament, anther convenient by their tips over style apex. Follicles 10 –
15cm long, slender, glabrous. Seeds flattened, ovate oblong. Comma 2 – 2.5cm long, brownish white.
Flowering :- August – September
Distribution :- Found in India, Sri Lanka. Very common in scrub forest, hedges etc.
Uses :- Roots are used as a demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic & alternative. They are
also used in rheumatism, different urinary diseases, skin troubles, leucorrhoea,
syphilis, scorpion string & shake bite.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh 2:598,2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:548,2000. Forest flora of
Melghat 221,1985. Flora of Palamu District 400,2002.
27
Botanical Name :- Holarrhena pubescens
(Buch-Ham)Wall ex G.Don
Syn. Holarrhena antidysentrica Wall
Family :- Apocynaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Kuda, Dudhia
Bengali – Koraiya
Uroan – Kurdu, Khurni
Santhal – Kurchi
A large deciduous shrub or small tree to 5m tall, bark pale leaves subsessile ovate to elliptic oblong, shortly cuneate at
base, pubescent or glabrous, 10-12 x 5-12cm with 10-15 pairs lateral nerve arching near the margins. Petiole 6mm
long, cymes 7–15cm in diameter, bracts small, ciliate, pedicels slender scented white to 1.5cm long. Calyx with small
basal glands within sepal – 5, unequal, lanceolate. Corolla white, tube slender, slightly inflated near base. Style 1mm
long, stigma conical, 2-lobed. Follicles slender, terete, 20 – 35cm, dotted with white Spots, seeds linear compressed,
0.8 – 1.2cm long. Coma 3 – 5 cm long, deciduous, brown.
Flowering :- May – July
Fruiting :- December – February
Deciduous :- February – April
Distribution :- Drier forest of India, Maynmar, Malesia, Very common in hills forests,
roadsides.
Uses :- The bark & seed are an excellent cure for chronic dysentery leaves are
distasteful to cattle & goats wood is used or making small articles, such as
picture frame, toys, mathematical instruments.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa. 4:538,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district II :580,2000. Forest
flora of Palamu 385,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 216,1968.
Botanical Name :- Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb.

Family :- Ulmaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Chilbil, Charha, Dauranji
Santhal – Chorora, Gharanji
A large or small spreading deciduous tree to 20m tall. Bark grey, young shoot tomentose. Leaves cariaceous, elliptic
or obovate oblong, subcordate at base shortly acuminate at apex, pubescent beneath, secondary veins 5 – 7 pairs.
Flowers 4 – 5mm in diameter, green, male & hermaphrodite. Tepals 4, calycine, linear, pubescent, 1.5 – 2.5mm long.
Stamen usually 6 – 8. filaments 1.6 – 1.8mm long. Seeds flat albuminous.
Distribution :- Common in deciduous forests, banks of rivers, road sides. Found all over in
India, Sri Lanka, Mayanmar.
Uses :- Wood is used for indoor building purpose, furniture, cabinet work, ploughs,
yokes, mathematical instruments. Match box & splints etc. It is suitable for
plywood.
28
Botanical Name :- Kirganella reticulata
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Pithor, Panjuli
Santhal – Makhi
A monoecious sarmentose small tree or long shrub to 6m tall. Stem smooth, slender, pubescent. Leaves oblong,
rotundate, ceneate, glabrous, pale beneath, petioles 0.15 – 0.3 cm long, slender, stipule ovate lanceolate male &
female flowers mixed in axillary clusters. Male flower 2 – 7 in each cluster. Tepals 5, green or purple, imbricate,
unequal. Stamen 5, disk of 5 fleshy glands. Female flowers 1.5 – 2mm across, solitary. Ovary subglobose, 5 – 12
celled, ovule 2 per cell. Berries globose, 4 – 6mm across, smooth, shining black, 8 – 10 seeded. Seeds 3 gonous,
finely granulate. Testa crustaceous.
Flowering :- Throughout year but mainly during.
Fruiting :- February – June
Distribution :- Tropical parts of India, Sri Lanka, South East Asia, China. Common in waste
lands, hedge, nalas, forests etc.
Uses :- Leaves are diuretic. Leaf juice with camphor & cubes is used for bleeding gums
& for diarrhea in infants. Bark is astringent & diuretic.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:129,1921. Flora of Melghat 294, 1985. Flora of Hazaribagh
district 1:479,2000.
Botanical Name :- Lagerstroemia indica L.

Family :- Lythraceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Pharash
A beautiful shrub to 4m tall. Leaves subcoriaceous, sub-sessile, elliptic or ovate oblong, cuneate at base. Flower bud
subglobose, 5-6mm in diameter. Calyx campanulate, lobes 4-6, erect, triangular. Petal sub orbicular. Stamen many, 4-
6 stouter & longer. Ovary subglobose, glabrous, style long, slender. Capsule 4-6 vaved. Fruiting calyx with about 7mm
long.
Fruiting :- May – August
Distribution :- Throughout India, China, Japan
Uses :- Bark is stimulant & febrifuge. Root is astringent. Fruit are used for local
application of aphtae of mouth.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:375,1922. Forest flora of Hazaribagh 1:404,2000. Flora of
Palamu district 262, 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 166,1985.
29
Botanical Name :- Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.
Vernacular Name :- Bengali – Lendia, Senha
Hindi – Sidha
Santhal - Sekre
A tall or sometime small deciduous tree or shrub, young part pubescent. Leaves narrowly elliptic or oblong, acute or
acuminate, ovate lanceolate distichous leaves 5-10cm & delicate white flower in 3 chlomous panicles with petals 0.5-
0.8cm long in auxiliary & terminal, fragrant & terminal panicles. Calyx tube sub hemispherical, teeth 6, acute. Petal 6,
white, membranous, hypanthium copular smooth, woody in fruit & embracing the capsule, which is 1.5-4cm long
ellipsoid & polished. Seed with terminal wings. Wings much longer than seed, glaucous. The wood is grayish brown
often with a reddish tinge, hard, fairly durable.
Flowering :- April – May.
Fruiting :- December – January.
Deciduous :- February – March.
Distribution :- Found in India, Myanmar. Throughout the whole province, attaining its largest
size in the sub-Himalayan districts & again in forest of Orissa. Small in dryer
Chotanagpur forest & indeed, frequent in scrub jungles.
Uses :- Wood is used for agriculture implements, building construction, bridges &
other purposes.
Ref.- Indigenous according to Haines, Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:375,1925. Forest flora of Melghat 165,1985. Flora
of Palamu district 263,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:405,2000.
Botanical Name :- Lagerstroemia speciosa Linn.

Syn. L. flos-reginae Retz.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi & Bengali – Jarul, Taman
English – The pride of Indian,
Queen's pride.
A large or medium size evergreen tree. Leaves 8-25 cm long, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous with rounded
based, subacute at apex, secondary nerves prominent, 7-13 pairs, petioles 5-10mm long, flowers in large panicles,
mauve – purple, 5-8 cm long, 6-merous, pedicels pubescent, thickened upwards, articulated below the middle. Calyx
tomentose, with 12-14 shout ridges, teeth 6-7, hypanthium semi-spherical with alternate strong broader & narrower
ribs sometimes slightly produced as teeth beyond its margin. Calyx upto 1.5cm long, longitudinally, lobes spreading,
triangular acute upto 5mm long. Petals 2.5-4cm long, claw 4-5cm long, limb obovate to orbicular, crisped or undulate,
6-7 in number, purple. Stomen equally. Capsule 2.5-4cm long, beaked, septifragally 5-6 valved, woody, subglobose
wood is red.
Flowering :- April – September.
Fruiting :- April – September.
Distribution :- Native of Myanmar, found in India, Malaya, Java. Along the river & muddy side
in Jharkhand, commonly planted as an avenue tree along the road side, often
found as an escape.
Uses :- Used as a timber. Used for ship building in Myanmar.
Ref.- Indigenous according to Haines, Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:375,1925. Forest flora of Melghat 165,1985. Flora
of Palamau district 263,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:406,2000.
30
Botanical Name :- Leucaena leucocephalatum Lam.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Subaval, Vilatibaval
Santhal - Soobabool.
A large shrub or moderate size tree to 8m tall. Branchlets pubescent. stipules very small, caduceus. rachis to 20cm
long, petiole long, 7.5cm, pinnae 4.8 paris, 2-10cm long, leaflets 10-20 pairs, subsessile, glabrous above, pubescent
& glaucous beneath. heads solitary orin pairs. bracts ovate, as long as calyx. calyx with triangular ciliate teeth. corolla
white, petal pubescent. stamen twice as length of corolla, anthers hairy. Ovary stipitale, pubescent. Pod straight.
Seed 15-20, narrowly oval, brown.
Fruiting :- July – October
Habitat :- Very common on gardens, vacant land, in roadsides etc.
Distribution :- Throughout India, America.
Uses :- Used as fodder, wood is used as pestles, handles etc.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:321,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:283,2000.
Botanical Name :- Litsea glutinosa Lour

Family :- Lauraceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Maida Lakri, Pojo, Mendha
Marathi – Lanja
A small evergreen handsome tree with dark grey soft corky bark. Young branches hoary or rusty tomentose, apics of
stem soft, pubescent. Leaves bipinnatifid, elliptic, ovate glabrous, spirally arranged, coriaceous, cuneate or rounded
at base, acute, acuminate at axbex, glabrous above. Petiole slenders, 1-2.5 cm long. Flowers white, or yellowish in a
few, flowered, axillary umbels, bracts 4, supported by 4-6 concave orbicular bracts on slender pendumcles. Perianth
tube silky, segments absent stamen 9 – 20 with long villous filaments. Glands fleshy on villous stripes. Fruits globose
black or dark brown, 0.8 – 1cm in diameter. Fruiting pedicles obconical, 5-6mm long.
Fruiting :- October - December
Distribution :- Widely distributed along valleys or Hills, road side, banks of stream, river etc.
Uses :- The inner bark which is viscid & granular is applied on sprains & bruises. The
wood is used for house – building, furniture, packing cases & agriculture
implements. Mucilaginous bark is used in diarrhea & dysentery. Leaves &
flowers in poultice are employed for bruises & wounds. Seed yield a fat which
is used for making candles & soap.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh 1:59,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & rissa 5:793,1924. Flora of Palamu
536,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 281, 1968.
31
Botanical Name :- Madhuca longifolia
(Koening) Mac Bride
Family :- Sapotaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Mahuwa
Bengali – Mahul
Uraon – Madgi
Santhal - Dola
A large deciduous tree of 40m high with dense rounded rather low crown, branches usually thickened in node,
sericeous or tomentose, leaves large elliptic or oblong elliptic rigid leaves 5-8” by 2.5-3.5” with petiole 1-1.5” long.
Flowers fleshy, cream colooured on long rusty tomentose pedcels, clustered at the ends of the usually leafless
branches from the leaf scars. Sepals ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, wolly-pubescent, corolla 1-2cm long, glabrous lobes
ovate-elliptic, irregularly serrate at apex, obtuse. Stamen 16-13 in 2-3 whorls, 4.5-9cm long. Ovary 8-11 celled. Bery
obovid ellipsoid, 2-5 x 1.8-4cm with a remnant of style at apex with ovate scar.
Distribution :- Throughout the central tract but in the forest. Mayanmar, Sri Lanka.
Commonly in hills, along road side.
Uses :- The corollas of flowers are eaten raw or cooked & a spirit is distilled from them.
An oil is extracted from seeds which is eaten & also used for soap making. The
wood is very hard & proper for nerves of wheels. Bark is remedy for rheumatic
affections & cures itch.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 4:511,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district1:264,2000. Forest flora of
Melghat 203,1968. Flora of Palamu 536,2002.
Botanical Name :- Mangifera indica L.

Family :- Anacardiaceae.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi, Bengali – Aam
English – Mango
Santhal – Ul
Kol – Uli
Gujrati – Aam, Marka
Marathi - Ambo
A large evergreen tree upto 20m high. Leaves alternate, simple, crowded at the tips of branches 10-15 by 4-10cm
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, margine entire or wary, cariaceous, glabrous, petioles 1-4cm long,
swollen at the base. Flowers small, yellowish green, in large pubescent panicles. Bracts elliptic, concave deciduous,
flowers bisexual. Sepal ovate, concave, petal 45, free or adnate to the disc, imbricate oblong with 3-5 longitudinal
ridges. Stamen perfect & longer than other 4 staminodes. Ovary glabrous, sessile, ovule solitary. Drupe 5-20 cm
long, fleshy, obliquely, pyriform sub compressed, hard. Bark rough, fibrous, dry grayish.
Flowering :- March
Distribution :- Found throughout India, Myanmar, Malaya, Sri Lanka. In India it is grown in
U.P., Punjab, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal &
Tamilnadu. In Jharkhand it is commonly planted but often self grown in the
village surroundings, forest road side throughout the district.
32
Uses :- The fruits are edible. Unripe fruit pickled, used for chutney, amchur powder,
pulp is used for making jam, jelly. The wood is used for planking door &
window frames & packing case. Bark gives gums used in medicine. Seeds are
useful in dysentery.
Ref.- Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:228,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:519, 2000. Flora of Palamu district
161, 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 89,1985.
Botanical Name :- Melia azedarach L.

Family :- Meliaceae.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Bakain, Drek, Muhli, Mahalimbo
Bengali – Ghoranim
Santhal – Bokom, baha
English – Pride of India.
A medium sized deciduous tree with dark grey longitudinal furrows bark. Young shoots often rusty tomentose. Leaves
imparribipinnate, sometime tri-pinnate, 20-35cm long, pinnae opposite, leaflets lanceolate, acuminate 6-16 cm long,
each pinna 1-4 cm long, ovate or lanceolate, serrate acuminate, sometimes lobed, glabrous, in equilateral, flowers
fragrant, liliac blue, in long peduncled axillary penicles, which are shorter than the leaves. Calyx deeply 5-loped, lobes
ovate-oblong ciliate, petals 5, 1cm long, linear oblanceolate, staminal tube purple, with 20-30 linear teeth. Anthers at
the mouth of the tube, sessile, apiculate, ovary 5 celled, stigma capitate. Drupe globose 5 ceeled & 4.5 seeded, more
or less dry smooth at first then wrinkled. Wood reddish brown.
Flowering :- March - May
Fruiting :- Cold season
Distribution :- Native of South – West Asia. Found in India, Mayanmar, China. In Jharkhand
it is found in forest & grown as road side or hedge plant.
Uses :- Wood is used for furniture, agriculture implements, plywood. The leaves, the
fruit & the seeds are used in medicine. The juice of the leaves is used as an
anthelmintic & seeds in rheumatism. Fruits are poisonous & used in leprosy.
Ref.- Haines. Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 1:163, 1921. A text book of Botany, B.P. Pandey (1999). Flora of Palamu
district 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 67, 1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:525,2000.
Botanical Name :- Michelia champaca L.

Family :- Magnoliaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Champa, Champaka
Marathi – Kud champa
Gujrati – Rai champa
Santhal - Champa
A large evergreen tree with handsome crown rusty tomentose shoots & dark grey bark stipules convolute, leaving a
circular scar. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate 8x6cm long, cuneate at base, acuminate at apex, dark
green & shining & glabrous enveloped in stipules in bud, 9-18 cm x 3-7cm, with 8-14 pairs of secondary veins. Petiole
2-4 cm long. Flower sweet, scented, yellow, 5cm in diameter, axillary, solitary, peduncle to 2.5cm long, very fragrant,
strout, bracts 2, silky, caduceus, leaving an annual scar below flower, perianth lobes 9-15, sub equal oblong, deep
yellow, 2-3.5 cm long, stamen many, anthers linear, apiculate, carpels many, spiral on an elongated axis, avoid,
bilocular, ovules 10-12, 2 seriate. Follicle-cluster 7-10 cm across, fruitlets warty, to 2cm, across, dehiscent along
dorsal suture. Seed scarlet, subglobose to 1cm across.
33
Fruiting :- July
Distribution :- Found throughout India, temperate Himanaya, Nepal, Mayanmar, Thailand,
Indo-China, South-east Asia. Commonly planted in lawns & gardens for its
fragrant yellowish flower.
Uses :- Bark is employed as an abortification for 2-3 months old pregnancy. The root
is used in menstruation problem. Seeds & fruits are used for healing cracks in
feet.
Ref.- Indigenous according to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:8,1921. Forest flora of Melghat 15,1985. Flora of
Botanical Name :- Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.)

Family :- Anonaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Gandh Palas, Angul, Domgaru,
Ome, Siarbhuka.
Santhal - Kari
A deciduous tree, sometime 4 – 5 ft. girth, usually branched low, with large or very large broadly ellipsoid or ovate leaf,
tomentose beneath. Flower green on very long drooping pedicels. Carpel 0.6 – 0.75”, ellipsoid dowry on short stalk.
Fruiting peduncle woody.
Deciduous :- End of April
Distribution :- Through out India. Very common in Chotanagpur.
Uses :- Timbers are used for yokes & axles. Fruit is eaten. Wood is used for agriculture
implements.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:13,1921. Forest flora of Melghat 17,1985.
Botanical Name :- Murraya koenigii (Spreng)

Family :- Rutaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Kathrim, Karrypatta
Bengali – Barsanga, Karrypatta
A shrub or small tree upto 5m high, strong smelling with pinnate leaves upto 5-16” long, very oblique, strongly
scented, lanceolate or ovate leaflets 1-3” long, 10-25 in number, sub opposite or alternate 1.5 – 4 x 0.8 – 1.5cm,
elliptic – ovate, terminal short – peduncled pubescent corymbs of odorous white flowers, 0.5 – 0.6” diameter, slightly
fragrant, white is much branched, terminal, short peduncled, corymbose cymes, peduncled & pedicels pubescent,
sepals pubescent, triangular, acute. Petals linear oblong upto 6 mm long, gland dotted. Staminal filament dilated at
base. Ovary 2-celled, style cylindric, stigma, capitate, grooved. Fruits succulent, ovoid or ellipsoid, 0.3 – 0.5” long,
pink, finally black, 6-8mm diameter apiculate, 2 seeded, surface rough due to gland.
34
Flowering :- April – July
Fruiting :- April – July
Distribution :- Found in India, Mayanmar, SriLanka cultivated both in North & South India
wild along the Nepal boundary. Commonly cultivated for its leaves & rarely
found as an escape in the forest edge.
Uses :- The leaves are used for flavouring agent & in curries. Fruits edible. Leaves
roots & bark tonic, stomachic & carminative. Leaves used for diarrhoea,
dysentery & for checking vomiting. Wood used for agriculture implements.
Botanical Name :- Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb) Bosser

Syn. Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb)
Family :- Rubiaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Kadamb, Kadam
Gujrati - Kurambo
A large tree to 20m tall, young part pubescent. Leaves decussate, 12-24 by 4-10cm, elliptic, oblong, acuminate,
glabrous & shining above. Petioles 2-5cm long, stipules linear, 1-2-1.5cm long. Head 2-4 cm in orange-coloured.
Calyx tube 0.5cm long, lobes 5, corolla orange, tube-funnel shaped. Stamen 5, inserted many ovuled. Style & stigma
white. Fruit yellow. Seeds muriculate.
Fruiting :- August – October
Distribution :- Throughout India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China & Malesia. Commonly
cultivated along roadsides, gardens, parks etc. Found jungle of hilly areas.
Uses :- Wood is used for light constructional work. Inflorescence receptacle is edible.
Bark is used as tonic & febrifuge. Fruit is eaten raw or cooked.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh district 2:811,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 4:421,1922. Forest
flora of Melghat 177,1968. Forest flora of Palamu 306,2002.
Botanical Name :- Nerium oleander Mill.

Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Kaner
English – Oleander.
Shrub with erect solid, woody, cylindrical, globrous stem with 2.5m of height. Leaves are simple, irregulary, arranged,
subsessile, exrtipulate, linear – lanceolate, unicostate reticulate vanation. Inflorescence cymose, dichatial cyme.
Flower pedicillate pink, bracteate, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, complete, yellow, hypogynous, sepal – 5,
polysepalous, quincuncial aestivation. Petal – 5, gamopetalous, campenulate, corolla tube expanding above, throat of
corolla tube hainy forming a corona, yellow, controlled aestivation. Stomen – 5, epipetalous, included in the corolla
tube. Alternating with the petals filament short, anthers convenient round the stigmatic head, basifixed. Ovary
bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior bilocular, two ovules in each locules, axile placentation, a nector secreting
disc present beneath the ovary, style long, filiform, stigma thickened & dumb – bell shaped.
35
Flowering :- April – September
Fruiting :- November – February
Distribution :- Native of Asia & Japan, commonly found in road side & garden.
Uses :- Grown as a hedge plant. It is poisonous. Roots is powerful resolvent &
attenuant used externally. Oil prepared from root bark is used in skin diseases
& leprosy.
Botanical Name :- Nyctanthes arbor tristis L.

Family :- Oleaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Harsringar, Sephalika, Sitik
Bengail – Kharhasa, Sihara
A small deciduous tree or large shrub to 4m long, rough all over with stiff whitish hair. Leaes 5 – 10 x 2.5 x 6cm long,
opposite, ovate, acute to sub acuminate at apex, rounded or sub-cuneate at base, with 7 pairs of secondary veins.
Petiole 6 – 8mm long. Flowers 2.5cm across which open in the evening & drop next morning. Calyx narrowly
campanulate glabrous within, hairy outside, 4.5 – 5mm long, teeth 5, persistent. Corolla glabrous, tube 6 – 8mm
long, orange coloured, lobes white, elliptic, 5 – 6cm long. Stamen-2 included. Ovary globose, 2-locular with one ovule
perlocule attached, basically. Capsule 2 – 2.5mm across, obovoid to nearly orbicular, glabrous, reticulately vained.
Seed orbicular, 1 – 1.5cm across.
Flowering :- September – October
Fruiting :- December – January
Deciduous :- April – May
Distribution :- Native of India. Also found in Thailand, Indonesia, commonly planted in
Gardens, very common on hills.
Uses :- Seeds yields medicinal oil, Campbell. Powdered seeds are used in scurvy.
Decoction of leaves is used in influenza & bronchitis. The flowers contain an
essential oil used in perfumery & the orange tubes are used for dyeing. The
leaves are sometimes used for polishing wood. The root is eaten. Root is
ground with water & decoction is orally administered in loose motion.
Ref.- Indigenous according to Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:526,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:716,2000. Forest
flora of Melghat 210,1968. Forest flora of Palamu 377,2002.
Botanical Name :- Odina wodier Roxb.

Family :- Anacardiaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Doka, Ganjan
Bengali - Jhingna
Santhal – Angul, Doka
A small or medium size deciduous tree, to 10m tall. Leaves alternate, 10-25cm long, leaflets 7-13, imparipinnate,
ovate-oblong, acuminate shining, entire, base acute ro rounded. Flower purplish in crowded cymose fascicles,
unisexual. Bracts numerous. Calyx 4 lobed, persistent, ciliate, petals – 4, ovate-oblong. Disc annular, 4-lobed. Stamen
8-10, Ovary 1-celled, with 3-4 distinct styles. Drupe oblong, compressed.
Fruiting :- April – June
Deciduous :- November – May
36
Distribution :- Throughout India, China, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Malesia. Very
common in forest, roadside, village surroundings.
Uses :- Plants gives us gum which is used for cotton printing by weavers & in
medicine. Bark is used as astringent also useful for tanning fishing nets. Young
leaves & twigs are edible for cattal & man. Wood is used for house building,
furniture, oil, expresses, rice, pounders, brush backs, slate frames etc.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Hianes Botany of Bihar & Orissa 2:223,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:518,2000.
Forest flora of Melghat 92,1985.
Botanical Name :- Peltophorum ferrugineum Benth

P. pterocarpum (DC) Baner ex Heyna
Vernacular Name :- Peltophorum.
A large handsome, dark, unarmed handsome tree with rusty tomentose shoots, leaves bipinnate, upto 30cm long,
leaflets sessile, 20-30 close set, oblong upto 14 x 5.5mm, retuse at apex, base unequal, glabrous, cariaceous, mid vein
prominent beneath. Flowers large, showy, yellow, in auxiliary & terminal panicled racemes. Calyx tomentose, teeth
subequal, petals oblong, spreading. Pods compressed, oblong, rigid, glabrous, indehiscent with firm broad wing on
both suture, narrow to both ends. 3.5” long & 1” wide with the wing each side equal. Seeds usually 3, brown oblong,
4” long.
Flowering :- Rainy season.
Fruiting :- December.
Distribution :- India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia & N. Australia. In Jharkhand it is common as a
avenue trees through out the district & often seen on railway platforms.
Uses :- Woods are used in furniture, in medicine & as a ornamental.
Ref.- Indigenous acc to forest flora of Hazaribagh district 1:312, 2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:314, 1922,
Flora of Palamu District 240,2002.
Botanical Name :- Peucedanium dhana Ham.

Family :- Apiaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Ban Dhaniya
A glaucous glabrous herb ith flowering stem 1-2 ft. leaves radical, 3-particle. Flowers small, yellow or white in umbels
with unequal & often very long rays attaning 5” in fruit. Cocci ellipsoid.
Distribution :- Throughout India, Srilanka, Myanmar, Very common in forest, road sides.
Uses :- The root is used as stomatic. Leaves are sweet in taste & used in fever.
37
Botanical Name :- Phyllanthus emblica L
Syn. Emblica officinalis
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Amla, Amlika
Bengali – Aura, Miral
English – The emblic myrabolam.
A small or moderate sized, monoecious, deciduous tree to 8m tall. Bark greenish grey or red, peeling off in scales &
long stripes & with preety feathery grey foliage. Branches hairy, much spreading. Leaves glabrous, obtuse & apiculate
at apex, truncate at base, 1 – 1.5 x 0.2 – 0.4cm, stipules minute, linear, fimbriate or with a hair tip. Flowers in auxiliary
dense fascicles. Male & female flower mixed. Male on slender pedicels, females & subsessile few. Fruit globose,
succulent, yellow or pink where ripe, indehiscent, with 6 grooved endocarp. Seed 3-gonous, irregularly ribbed, testa
crustaceous.
Flowering :- February – May
Fruiting :- October – April
Deciduous :- March – April
Distribution :- Throughout India, Himalaya, Myanmar, Malesia. Very common in dry
deciduous forest also planted in gardens.
Uses :- Wood is used for agriculture implements, pole & furniture. The fruits contain
much gallic acid fruits are astringent, cooling, diuretic, & laxative, eaten raw or
cooked & also pickled. Juice of fruit is largely used by local people as a cure for
caugh & inflammation of eyes. Dried fruits are detergent & used for
shampooing hair.
flora of Melghat 294,1985. Flora of Palamu District 546,2002.
Botanical Name :- Phyllanthus niruri L.

Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Bhumi amla
Santhal – Jar amla, Jangli amla
A erect, slender, glabrous, annual herb, 10-50cm tall. Stem much branched, glabrous. Leaves distichous, numerous,
obtuse at apex, rounded at base. Petiole 1.2 – 1.5 mm long. Stipules lanceolate. Flower numerous, axillary, green or
whitish. Male flower 0.1cm across, 1 – 3 together, tepals 5, ovate, obtuse. Female flowers numerous, solitary, 1.5 –
1.7mm across. Tepal 5, oblong, obtuse. Ovary globose, 0.5 – 0.6mm across, styles recurved, free, 2 lobed. Capsule
depressed globose, smooth, scarcely lobed. Seed brown, regularly, 3 gonous, 1.2 – 1.5mm long.
Flowering :- July – October
Fruiting :- July – October
Distribution :- Native of America. Throughout India. Common in waste places, roadsides,
gardens, forests.
Uses :- The plant is considered de obstrent, diuretic, astringent & cooling & is given in
Hepetitis B, Jaundice, Dropsy & genitor-urinary affections. A bitter principle
called phyllanthin has been isolated from it.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:126,1921, Forest flora of Melghat 296,1985. Flora of
Palamu district 560,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:478,2000.
38
Botanical Name :- Polyalthia longifolia Thw
Family :- Anonaceae
Vernacular Name :- Deodar
A evergreen tree upto 20m tall. Leaves narrow lanceolate, glabrous, long acuminate, undulate, flowers yellowish
green with lanceolate acuminate petal. 2.5 to 3.5cm across. Many in auxiliary, receme or umbel like inflorenscence,
pubescent. Sepal 3 – 4mm long, triangular, reflexed at tip. Petals linear, lanceolate, spreading 8 – 15mm long. Stamen
1mm long. Carpel few, each with one ovule, pubescent at apex. Stigma sessile. Fruitlets 4 – 8, roundish ovoid,
purple, glabrous, seed I, orbicular ovoid, 1.2 – 1.8cm long, pale brown, shining.
Fruiting :- March – April
Distribution :- Through out India. It forms a fine avenue tree.
Uses :- Wood is used for making boxes. Also suitable for packing cases, pencils &
matches.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh 1:58,2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:12,1921. Forest flora of
(A) Botanical Name :- Polyscias fruticosa.

Family :- Araliaceae
Local Name :- Polyscias
Evergreen shrub about 2m high. Leaves feathery irregulary 3-pinnately cut, 20-30 cm long, segments toothed.
(B) Botanical Name :- Polyscias balfouriana 'Albicans'
Leaves with creamy, white variegation.
Distribution :- Native of South East Asia, Also cultivated in garden.
Uses :- Grown as an ornamental plants.
Ref.- Indigenous according to Tropical Garden plant by Bose, Chowdhury & Sharma 155,2001.
39
Botanical Name :- Prosopis spicigera
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Shami, Jhand
A small thorny tree with rather glaucous foliage to 10m high. Branches spreading slender, grey, pubescent. Prickles
straight, straw-coloured. Rachis 1.2-5cm long, pinnae mostly 2 pairs, leaflets 7-12 pairs, sessile, ligulate, grey
glabrous. Spike axillary, short peduncled, 5-7 cm long. Flowers small, pentanerous, bract & bracteoles absent. Calyx
truncate. Corolla 2-2.3mm long. stamen 10, free, athers with apical gland. Ovary stipitate, many ovuled. Pod straight,
cylindrical, torulose, narrowed, glabrous. Seed 10-15, oblong dull brown.
Fruiting :- May – August
Habitat :- Along roadsides, forests etc.
Distribution :- Throughout India, Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan.
Uses :- Wood is suitable for construction work, agriculture implements, tool-handles,
turnery articles & well-curbs. Also used as fuel. Pods are used as fodder.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:320,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:287,2000. Forest
Botanical Name :- Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

Family :- Paplionaceae
Vernacular Name :- Santhal – Bijasal, Piasal

Hindi - Bia
A large deciduous tree to 20m tall. Bark thick, yellowish grey. Leaves 15 – 24cm long, rachis glabrous, leaflets 5 – 7,
ovate elliptic, coriaceous, subcuneate at base, obtuse, rounded ro retuse at apex, glabrous, panicle terminal 15-25cm
long, brown pubescent. Flowers 1.3 – 1.5cm long, calyx 5-6mm long, brown pubescent, teeth deltoid, upper & the
largest. Corolla yellow, vexillum 1 – 1.2cm, stamens monoadelphous. Ovary 2 ovuled, pod 3 – 5cm in diameter,
glabrous, winged veined, stipe 4 – 5mm long. Seed, oblong, subreniform.
Flowering :- October
Deciduous :- May – June
Distribution :- Very common in deciduous forest. Found in India western peninsula.
Uses :- Wood is used chiefly for building purposes, such as doors, window's frames,
refters, beam & posts. Also used as electric transmission poles, agricultural
implements. Tool-handles, mathematical instruments, picture frame etc. Bark
is used in diarrhea & dysentery. Aqueous extract of wood is given diabetes.
40
Botanical Name :- Pterocarpus santalinus Roxb.
Vernacular Name :- Sans: raktha chandan
India:- Indian kino tree, Malabar kino tree,
Kino, Lal Chandan
It is a small medium size, deciduous tree. The bark is blackish brown, deeply cleft into rectangular plates and
exuding a deep red juice when cut.
Distribution :- found in India, Nepal, sri lanka. In India occur in western ghat in Karnataka
kerala region.
Uses :- heart wood, leaves, flawers have long been used for there medicinal
properties. The heart wood is used as a astringent and in the treatment of
inflammation and diabetes, elephantiasis, leucoderma, caugh and greyness of
hair.
Ref:- internet
Botanical Name :- Pterospermum acerifolium Wilid

Family :- Sterculiaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Muchokunda, Kanak Champa
Santhal - Machkunda
A large handsome evergreen upto 15m tall. Bark ash-coloured smooth. Leaves lobed, entire or coarsely toothed,
broadly oblong-obovate to oribicular, often peltate, shortly acute at apex, beneath, 25-35x15x30cm. petioles
tomentose, 10-30cm long. Flowers fragrant + regular, axillary, solitary or 2 few together. Calyx segments linear,
densely tomentose outside, brownish, 12cm long. Petal 3.5 – 4.5”, linear oblanceolate. Stamen 15, shorter than the
staminodes with filiform filaments & linear anthers. Capsule rough, oblong, woody, 5 valved.
Flowering :- March – July
Distribution :- Through out India, Northern & Western Himalaya, Central India , Western
peninsula, Orissa, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand planted near village, road
sides.
Uses :- wood is used for planks, packing cases, turnery, articles, constructional work,
bridge, tool, handles, match boxes, furniture, toys & mathematical
instruments. Flowers are used inflammations. Ulcers, tumours & leprosy.
Leaves are employed for thatching.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:79,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh 1:179,2000. Flora of
Palamu 115,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 47,1968.
41
Botanical Name :- Punica granatum L.
Family :- Punicaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Anar
English – Pomegranate
Bengali – Dalim
A large shrub or small tree, branchlets spinescent. 4 angled often-thorny branches & opposite, sub-opposite or
clustered oblong or obovate, obtuse entire leaves with a distinct or obscure intra marginal nerve. Leaves 2-6cm long,
membranous,. Flowers large, 1-5nate, terminating the shoots, sessile, solitary or in 3-flowered cymes. Finally flask-
shaped hypanthium produced considerably beyond the ovary & bearing above a thickened disc. Sepal 5-7 persistant,
adnate to ovary, greenish red petal 5-7, inserted between the sepals, obovate, imbricate in bud & crumpled, very
membratnous, bright red. Stamen indefinite, covering the whole of the disc, anther versatile introse. Inserted between
calyx lobes. Style long, stigma capitate, ovary many celled, many ovuled. Fruit globose, berry with coriaceous, many
celled & seeded, balausta, seeds many, angular, cotyledons convolute, wood is light yellow.
Flowering :- April – May.
Fruiting :- July – September.
Distribution :- Found in South – Asia, South America & in India. In Jharkhand very
commonly cultivated in villages, garden.
Uses :- Bark & rind of the fruits are used for tannings dyeing. Fruits, succulent testa is
edible. Rind is also used for diarrhoea & dysentery.
Ref.- Indigenous according to Haines, Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3,380,1922. Forest flora of Melghat 166, 1968. Flora
of Palamu 269,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:422,2000.
Botanical Name :- Santalum album L.

Family :- Santalaceae
Vernacular Name :- English – Sandal wood
Hindi - Chandan
In Latin album means 'white' probably due to the colour of wood. It is a small, glaborous evergreen tree, a hemiparasite
on the roots of a variety of trees teaching about 6m with a spherical head. Young shoots round & smooth. Leaves
opposite simple 1-3cm long, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, acute or subacute, entire, membranous, base acute, petiole
1cm long. Flowers smell, at first pale then deep crimson or brownish purple. Flowers on terminal or lateral panicles.
18” diameter with rotate, ovate tapals, disc lobes very thick. Stamen free from the tepals or only loosely adhering
dorsally by the tuff or villi, which grow up from the perianth at their base parianth companulate, segments 4, valvate.
Stomens 4, exerted. Fruit drupe globose, purple black, fleshy, globose shining black drupe annulate at the top with
the margin of the hypanthium & ribbed when ripe, about 1cm in diameter. Seeds are solitary & spherical. Wood hard,
close grain & ily, sapwood white, scentless, heart wood yellowish brown, strongly scented.
Flowering :- September – December. Also March.
Fruiting :- March – April. Also November.
Distribution :- Native of mountainous parts of the cost of Malabar in south India. This small
tree has spread in the garden of the Jharkhand, other states & tropical
countries. It is grown along the garden paths & at the back of the shrubbery.
Uses :- Sandal wood is used for worship of god. Heartwood used in the manufacture
of small articles, which are beautiful, carved, oil distilled from the wood is used
in perfumery & medicine.
Ref.- Tropical garden plants by Bose, Chaudhary & Sharma, The Botany of Bihar & Orissa by H.H. Haines
5:805,1924. Forest flora of Melghat 284,1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:440,2000.
42
Botanical Name :- Sapindus emarginatus
Syn. S. trifoliatus
Family :- Sapindaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Ritha
Marathi – Aritha
English – Soap nut tree
A large tree, leaflets obliquely ovate lanceolate or lanceolate or elliptic oblong & acuminate, 2-3 pairs, 8-18 by 2-
10cm, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, main nerves 8-12 pairs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Flowers dingy white, in
terminal panicles. Sepal 5, imbricate. Petals 4-5, lanceolate equally woolly all over the inside except on the claw. Disc
concave with a raised fleshy, hirsute margine. Ovary densely hairy, 3-lobed. Fruits velvety ferruginous & not
glabrescent & is divided less than half way down into up right drupels, fruits 2-3 lobed & 2-3 seeded.
Flowering :- October – December
Fruiting :- February – April
Distribution :- Throughout India.
Uses :- The fruit known as soap nut is used for shampoo. Wood is used in buildings.
Ref.- Indigenous according to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:215,1921. Forest flora of Melghat 86,1985. Flora of
Botanical Name :- Saraca asoca

Syn. S. indica L.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Asoka, Sita Asok
Bengali – Asoka.
A strikingly, handsome, beautiful tree medium sized, spreading, evergreen tree with rounded crown, reaching 6-8m,
trunk erect, short, covered with a smooth, dark brown bark, young shoots & leaves dropping & coloured, leaves
alternate, paripinnate, 25-30 cm long, sub-sessile. Leaflets on some leaves only 3-6 pairs, opposite, elliptic oblong,
10-20 cm long & 5-7 cm broad, glabrous, semibeathery, young leaves flaccid, grayish white quickly changing to
purplish red, finally green & stiff. Flowers in dense, orange-red, corymbose clusters, 10-15cm across, calyx tube
about 1cm long, opening out into 4 to 6 roundish petaloid lobes, at first orange, turning to scarlet after wards, 1.5 cm
across, calyx tube about 1cm long, opening out into 4 to 6 roundish petaloid lobes, at first orange, turning to scarlet
afterwards, 1.cm across petals absent, stamens perfect, filament 6-8 hairy, 2.5-3 cm long, at first orange near base &
scarlet upwards. Pod dehiscent, 10-20cm long, 5-7cm wide. seed 4-8cm.
Flowering :- September – November.
Fruiting :- January – April.
Distribution :- The tree is found wild in India & also native of Sri Lanka.
Uses :- Bark is used in uterine affections, also useful in Menorrhagia, Leucorrhoea,
internal bleeding hormorrhoids & hemorrhagic dysentery. Flowers are used in
biliousness, memorrhagic dysentery & diabetes. Wood is used for plaugh &
shafts.
43
Botanical Name :- Schefflera venulosa Harms.
Family :- Araliaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Sukriruya, Sukrirun
Santhal – Ban Semar
Bengali - Jari.
A large evergreen climbing or epiphytic shrub with 5-7 foliolate leaves. Leaves elliptic, oblong, acuminate glabrous,
cariaceous, petiole 3-12”, panicles glabrous, calyx truncate, petals 5-6, 3 nerved, style 0. Fruit sub globose, 5-6
angled. Seeds compressed, albumen uniform.
Fruiting :- Whole year
Distribution :- Climbing on tree or rock or mountain, throughout India.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:415,1922.
Botanical Name :- Schleichera oleosa Lour.

Family :- Sapindaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Kusum, Kasma
Santha - Baru
Santhal
A large handsome dense foliaged large evergreen tree with rough bark & slender branches. Leaves alternate, stiff,
strongly nerved, oblong or ovate-oblong upto 21x10.5cm, secondary nerves 12-17 pairs, rounded emerginate at
apex. Leaf segment lanceolate, very acute, base narrow. Petioles swollen, upto 1cm long. Flower very small, white in
numerous lateral racemes, which are often panicled in the & appear with the new foliage which is coloured a fresh
green or deep red. Sepal 5, imbricate, the 2 exterior ones, rounded smaller the other two. Petal 5, ovate elliptic, utpo
3mm long, stamen 10, inserted at the base of the disc, erect as long as spreading petals. Disc orbicular, 5-lobed,
villous. Fruits a small fleshy drupe, glabose, upto 5mm diameter, red hairy with mucronate tip, 3 celled, 3 valved,
truncate at the top, winged at the angles. Seeds smooth black.
Flowering :- February – March
Fruiting :- July – August
Distribution :- Very common in forest. Found in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Java. Its real
home is hilly tract of central & southern tracts.
Uses :- It is a timber plant. Used for the cultivation of lac. Oil is used for treatment of
skin diseases. Fruits are eaten.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 85,1985. Flora of Palamu district 159,2002. Haines Bot. of Bihar &
Orissa 2:213,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:511,2000.
44
Botanical Name :- Securinega obovata
(Rox. Ex Willd) Pax & Holt.
Syn. Flueggea obovata
Family :- Euphobriaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Pitojhi, Bari, Pitondi
Santhal - Patri
A evergreen glabrous straggling climbing shrub with thin elliptic, oblicullar thin leaves, mostly 1 – 3” long, glaucous
beneath. Flowers pedicellet, clustered in both sexes on filiform. Fruits pretty, with, 3” diameter. Bark thin, smooth.
Fruiting :- July – September
Distribution :- Throughout India, in valley forest frequent. In all district of Jharkhand.
Botanical Name :- Sesbania grandiflora

Syn. Robinia grandiflora
Vernacular Name :- English – Basna, Swamp pea
Hindi – Augusta, Hadga, heta, Berar
Marathi – Agathio, Guj
A middle size soft wooded tree with smooth, light brown bark, straight stem & spreading branches. The young parts is
pubescent. Rachis 15-25 cm long, not armed, leaflets 10-30 pairs, opposite, oblong, mucronate, glabrous, leaves
paripinnate. Flowers large, white or red in 2-4 flowered racemes. Calyx teeth unequal, corolla -8 cm long. Fruit a long,
slender pod, pod upto 30cm long, straight, compressed, 4 gonous & contain numerous seeds.
Flowering :- September – November but through the winter into the
hot weather.
Distribution :- It is a native of tropical & subtropical Asia but now grown in Jharkhand,
Assam, Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Baroda & Tamilnadu.
Uses :- The young leaves, the flowers & fruits are eaten as vegetable. The plant is also
used as a support for the betel vine.
Ref.- Tropical garden plants by Bose, Chaudhary & Sharma. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:380,2000. Haines Bot.
of Bihar & Orissa. 3:245, 1922. Flora of Palamu district 216, 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 106, 1985.
45
Botanical Name :- Shorea robusta Roxb.
Family :- Dipterocarpaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Sal, Sakhua
Bengali – Shal
Santhal – Serjom
A large deciduous tree to 50m tall & 3.5m girths. Bark dark brown usually furrowed, tough & fibrous. Leaves ovate,
acuminate at apex cordate at base, glabrous, lateral vain about 12 pairs petiole 2-2.5cm long, stipules flalcate,
pubescent, 0.7-1.2cm long, covering the young bud. Flowers sub sessile. Sepal 5, lanceolate, petal 5, cream-
coloured, lanceolate acuminate, 12-13 nerved, 1-1.2 cm long with a twisted acumen, 12-13 nerved, 1-1.2cm long
with a twisted acumen. Stamen numerous, usually around 50 with a very swollen base. Ovary 3 celled, pubescent,
ovules 2 in each cell, anatropous, pendulous. Stigma 3 denticulate. Fruit ovoid, indehiscent, net like. 1-1.2cm long ,
beaked with style, wing linear oblong or spathulate, sub equal with 3 rather larger, 5-10cm long, 10-nerved.
Fruiting :- June – August
Distribution :- Found largely in north, east & central India, also planted elsewhere in other
parts of country. Very common in forest, roadsides.
Uses :- Wood is used chiefly for overhead electric, telegraph & telephone lines, railway
sleepers & for construction work. Leaves are used for bidi-making & for
preparing platters & cup-like articles for serving food. An oleoresin, obtained
on tapping trunk, is used to caulk boats & ship in paints, varnishes & as an
medicine.
Ref.- Indigenous according to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:56,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2000. Flora of
Palamu district 95,2002. Forest flora of Melghat.
Botanical Name :- Sida acuta L.

Family :- Malvaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Bariala, Bariyar, Kungyi
Bengali – Barela
Erect, much branched, undershrub to 1m tall. Stems, petioles & pedicels stellate tomentose. Leaves ovate, rarely
orbicular, cordate rounded or truncate at base, obtuse to acute at apex, stipules filiform. Flowers 1.2 – 1.5cm across,
auxiliary, pedical 1 – 3mm, accrescent 2 cm. calyx 5 – 9mm across, camponulate, stellate pubescent, segments
triangular. Petal 5, yellow or nearly white, obliquely obovate, tuencate at apex, ciliate at base. Staminal column 2.5 –
3mm long, glabrous. Ovary conical, stellate hairy. Carpel 10 – 8, seeds flattened reniform, 2 – 2.5mm across, brown
or black.
Distribution :- Throughout India. Tropic & sub tropic of the world. Very common in the field
& way sides.
Uses :- Leaves are used as demulcent, febrifuge & in dysentery. Stem yields a cordge
fibre. Infusion of root is given in urinary troubles. Powdered root is used with
milk in leucorrhoea & frequent micturition.
46
Botanical Name :- Smilex zeylanica L.
Family :- Acanthaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Ramdatwan
A stout prickly climber with stem sometimes 1” diameter below, zig zag leaves elliptic, ovate oblong, subcordate at
base, cuspidate. Petiole 1.2 – 2.5 cm long, very shortly sheathing at base, jointed in middle. Umbels solitary or 2 – 3
on a common peduncle, many flowered. Peduncle 1.5 – 2cm long. Male flower : pedicels 5-6mm long, outer tepals
linear, 4 – 6mm long, inner tepals much narrower. Stamens as long as outer tepals. Female flowers 1 – 1.2cm long,
slightly elongating in fruit. Berries globose, red, 1.2cm in diameter.
Flowering :- June – July
Distribution :- Throughout India, particularly in hilly regions, Nepal, China, Myanmar,
Malesia. Very common in forest & scrub jungles.
Uses :- Roots are given in venereal & skin diseases. Decoction of roots is used for
sores, swellings & abscesses. Stem are used as datwan.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 6:1087,1924. Forest flora of Melghat 321,1985. Flora of
Palamu district 609,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:1180,2000.
Botanical Name :- Solanum ferox L.

Family :- Solanaceae
Vernacular Name :- Kutmu
A large striking coarse herb or undershrub 2-4 ft. high, woolly tomentose & prickly stem, hair large & stalked. Leaves
elliptic ovate, prickly & densely lanate & with large satellite hair beneath. Flowers about 0.6” dia. Short lateral. Calyx
with broadly ovate or triangular lobes, hirsute. Corolla purple, densely villous outside. Fruits globose, densely hirsute
seated on the calyx.
Flowering :- November – January
Fruiting :- November – January
Habitat :- Common in forests, waste lands etc.
Distribution :- Through out India, Sri Lanka.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:611,1922.
47
Botanical Name :- Solanum surattense Burm.F.
Family :- Solanceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Rengini, Janum
Santhal – Ringhi, Katakari
Bengali – Bejari, Ankaranti, Kantikari
A diffuse, prostrate, horizontally branched annual, perinial, armed herbes. Woody at base. Leaves ovate, elliptic to
oblong in outline, lacerate, pinnatifid, glabrous, obtuse or sub acture at apex, attenuate at base. Flowers 2 – 2.5cm
across in 2 to 6 flowered lax to 10 cm long, extra axilliary cyme. Pedicel aculeatea. Corolla purple or blue, segment
deltoid, stellate pubescent, 1 – 1.2cm. ovary stellate pubescent & glandular at top style glabrous, stigma in curved.
Very globose, yellow or white, glabrous, seeds smooth, 2 -2.5mm in diameter.
Flowering :- December – January
Distribution :- Throughout India, S.E. Asia, Malesia, Australia. Common in waste places,
along roadside, on sandy river beds, fields, rocks etc.
Uses :- The fruits are eaten in curries. Boiled in ghee they are given for couth &
toothache. Root extract is given in cough, asthma & pain in chest. Stem,
flowers & fruits are used in burning sensation in feet accompanied by vesicular
watery eruptions. Fruit juice is used for sore throat. Juice of leaves mixed with
black pepper used in rheumatism.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot Bihar & Orissa 4:613,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:619,2000. Flora of
Botanical Name :- Stereospermum chelonoides Dc.

Syn. Bigonia suaveolens Roxb.
Family :- Bignoniaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Katsagwan, Pader
Bengali – Parul
Santhal - Pader
A large or moderate size, tomentose, deciduous tree, 10-18m tall. Bark grey smooth. Leaves large, entire, acuminate,
petiolule, leaflets 5-9, imparipinnate, cariaceous. Flowers in large viscous hairy panicle. Calyx 3-lobed, glandular,
campanulate, 5-lobed, acute. Corollar 3.5 cm long, crimson yellow, lobes crisped crenate, limb oblique, lobes
rounded. Stamen 4, didynamous, included. Ovary 4-ribbged, capsule upto 45cm long, rough with tubercles, dark grey
or purple, valves woody. Seeds trigonous, wedge shaped with across groove, thirly winged on both surface.
Fruiting :- October – February
Habitat :- Very common in forest or hilly region.
Distribution :- Throughout India, Sri Lanka, South East Asia, Myanmar.
Uses :- Grown as a avenue tree. Wood is employed for constructional work, planks &
beams, furniture, cabinet work etc. Decoction of roots is used for fever,
inflammatory chest affections of brain. Leaves are loped for fodder.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:656,1922. Flora of Palamu district 458,2002. Flora of
Hazaribagh district 2:792,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 245,1985.
48
Botanical Name :- Syzygium cumini Linn.
Syn. Eugenia Jambolana
Family :- Myrtaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Jamun
Santhal – So-kod
Bengali – Kalajam, Jamakuli
A large evergreen tree. Bark smooth, branches terete, glabrous with shallow depressions caused by exfoliation.
Leaves glabrous with oblong or elliptic oblong, acute or acuminate shining, cariocesous, 6-15 cm by 3-6 cm, usually
shortly acuminate, gland dotted, base cuneate, petioles upto 2.5cm long, flower fragrant, tetramerous, small,
greenish, subsessile in trichotomous panicles. Auxiliary cyme on old branches. Hypanthium turbinate 0.1 – 0.2”
long. Calyx shortly turbinate, limb obscurely 4 lobed, zero in number. Petals usually 4, cream colour, calyptrate, berry
ellipsoid or oblong, often curved. Varies much in size, shining black when ripe, juicy, 1 – 2.5cm long, crowned with
persistant calyx limb. One seaded. The heartwood is reddish, hard & tough.
Distribution :- It is very common in forest. Found in India, Sri Lanka, Malaya. Easily grow in
damp & swampy areas, mixed with other evergreen trees. It also occur along
River & nalas. It is a very good avenue tree.
Uses :- Wood is used for building & agriculture implements. The bark is used in
tanning, dyeing & in medicine, dant-manjan. Bark is used as a fuel. Fruits are
eaten & given in stomachic, as a remedy in enlarged spleen & in chronic
diarrhea. The vineagar is prepared from the juice of its fruits, which is very
useful for stomach troubles. Seeds are useful in diabetes, diarrhea & dysentery.
Seeds also used as a fodder.
Ref.- Indigenous according to forest flora of Melghat 161, 1985. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:360,1922. Flora of
Palamu District 258,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:417,2000.
Botanical Name :- Tabernaementana divaricata (L) Burm. F.

Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Chanclni, Tagar
English – Cape jasmine
A large shrub with erect, solid, branched, woody, latex present, glabrous, green, cylindrical. Leaves are simple,
opposite, petiolate, margin smooth, apex acute, unicortate venation, large. Inflorescence cymose type. Flower white
pedicellate, bracteate, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, complete, hypogynous. Calyx 5, gamosepalous, imbricate
aestivation. Petal – 5, gamopetalous, forming a corolla tube, twisted aestivation. Androecium five, free, epipetalous,
included in the corolla tube, introse two-celled, basifixed. Ovary-bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior or partly
inferior, bilocular, axile plasentation, style, one, stigma simple, several ovule in each locule.
Distribution :- Found in tropical & sub tropical region. Found in road side as a hedge plants.
Uses :- Grown as an ornamental plants. The red pulp around seed is used as a dye.
Wood is refrigerant. Milky juice is used for diseases of eye. Root is acrid, bitter,
used as local anodyne & chewed for relief of toothache.
Ref.- Indigenous acc to forest flora of Melghat 215, 1985. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4: 537,1922. Flora of
Palamu district 390,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:578, 2000.
49
Botanical Name :- Tectona grandis
Family :- Verbinaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Sagwan, Rang
Santhal – Sagun
English – Teak
A large deciduous tree to 50m tall. Nodes & internodes present. Leaves decussate, very large, dropping, broadly
elliptic, abruptly cuneate & prolonged at base into alata petiole, tomentose beneath. Terminal pavicle 30 – 60cm long,
cyme opposite. Flower white, short pedicelled calyx light yellow or light green, 3 – 4.5mm ling & 3 – 3.5mm wide.
Corolla white, tube 1.5 – 2.5mm long, lobes ovate – elliptic, 2.5 – 3mm long rounded at apex. Filament white
glabrous. Anther yellow, style white, 3.5 – 5mm long pubescent. Drupe subglobose to 1.cm long & wide. Densely
tomentose. Fruiting calyx to 2.5cm long & wide, chartaceous, bladder like, light brown & bright when white.
Flowering :- July – August
Fruiting :- November – January
Deciduous :- December – April
Distribution :- Through out India, Pakistan, Afganistan, Malesia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, West
Indies, Thailand. Common in forest hedges, stream.
Uses :- Leaves are used astomic & vermifuge, their decoction is employed for catarrhal
& rheumatic affection. Roots are used as febrifuge, divretic & anthelmintic.
Fruits are used in diarrhea, fever & liver complaints.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa pt. 4:710,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district. Forest flora of
Botanical Name :- Terminalia arjuna Roxb. Ex. Dc.

Family :- Combretaceae.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Arjun, Kahu
Santhal – Kahua, Hatana.
A large evergreen tree with smooth with smooth dark, gray bark deeply cracked into oblong segments leaves sub
opposite, ovate, elliptic, acute or acuminate at apex, obtuse at base, 10-20cm long, oblong or elliptic oblong, pale dull
green above, pale brown beneath. Sub sessile, glabrous, flowers sessile, small, white in sort auxiliary spikes or
terminal panicles, 0.2” in diameter. Fragment, bracteoles shorter than flowers, caduceus, receptacle upto 4mm long,
compenulate. Calyx-glabrous, teeth triangular, minute. Stamen 10, much exerted ovary glabrous, disc hairy. Fruit 2-
5cm long, drupaceous, avoid or abovoid oblong, fibrous, woody, brown, with 5-7 thick hard wings striated with many
veins curving upwards. Seeds have often toothed & usually linear lenceolate, glabrous leaves & there are often 3
cotyledons which are very broadly cuneate. Sapwood whitish, heartwood dark brown.
Flowering :- May – July.
Fruiting :- March – April.
Distribution :- Native of India, commonly found in Sri Lanka. In Jharkhand it is found in forest
or in the river banks. It is an excellent avenue tree.
Uses :- The wood is used for carts & agricultural implements. Bark is used for timber
& tanning. Leaf juice used for ear-ache. Bark for tootache. Bark is also used in
native practice as a tonic & astringent & is said to be useful in heart disease,
contusions & ulcers. The drug exhibits hypotensive action with vasodilation &
decreased heart rate.
Ref.- Indigenous according to Haines, Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3:353,1922. Flora of Palamu district 252,2002.
Forest flora of Melghat 155,1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:433,2000.
50
Botanical Name :- Terminalia belerica Roxb.
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Bahera, Berar, Bibhitate
Marathi – Bahedo
Santhal – Behra, Bahera
English – The beleric myrobalan.
A large deciduous tree with straight & tail trunk. Leaves sub opposite, hairy, 6-18 cm long, ovate or oblong ovate,
elliptic, clustered at the end of the branchlets, acuminate, lateral nerves prominent. Petiole 1-2.5cm long, usually with
2 glands on the upper side. Flower greenish white or yellow 0.2 – 0.25” in diameter in solitary axilliary or extra
axilliary spikes, 3-6” long, sessile, bisexual, bracts longer than the flower buds. Calyx lobes 5, short, triangular, limb
cup-shaped. Stamen -10. fruit are dark brown to black tomentose, subglobose or pyriform showing only faint furrows
when dry. Taste in astringent, 1.3-2cm in length, obscurely 5 angled. Wood is yellowish. The furits are pulpy with hard
& strony seeds.
Fruiting :- January – February
Deciduous :- February – March
Distribution :- Found in all deciduous mixed forest generally in Sal forest of India upto an
altitude of 1000m. It is found in abaundance in Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Punjab & also in Sri Lanka & Malaya.
Uses :- It yield timber. Wood is used in packing cases & house building. Fruits are used
for tanning & dyeing. It is eaten by animals, mainly monkey & deers. Tree yield
gums mainly eaten by sontals. Fruits are used as an astringent & in the
treatment of dyspepsia & diarrhoea. It is a constitute of Triphala. The
purgative property of half ripe fruit is due to the presence of fixed oil. The oil
on hydrolysis yield on irritant recipe. Gum is used as demulcent & purgative.
Oil is used for the manufacture of soap.
Ref.- Indigenous according to Kokate, Purohit, Gokhale. A book of pharmacognosy 258,2002. Haines Bot. Bihar
& Orissa 3:352,1922. Forest flora of Melghat 155,1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:434,2000. Flora of
Botanical Name :- Terminalia chebula Retzr.

Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Karitaki, Hara.
Santhal – Rola
Bengali – Haritaki, Kasa phal
English – Chebutic Myrobalan
A medium or large sized deciduous tree with a rounded crown. Leaves sub-opposite ovate or elliptic, acute or
acumirate at apex, obtuse at base, 6-18cm long, hairy, lateral nerves prominent, nerves 10-12 pairs, villous beneath,
with glands on upper side of petiole. Flowers in terminal panicles, from axile of upper new leaves, bisexual, sessile,
whitish yellow, bisexual, bracts longer tan the flower buds. Calyx hairy inside, calyx lobes 5, short, triangular, limb
cup-shaped. Stamen 10. fruit ellipsoid, 20-25mm long & 15-25mm wide, yellowish brown, odourless, astringent,
slightly bitter & sweetish at the end, ovate or wrinkled longitudinally, glabrous 5-ribbed when dry, due to 5-ribbed
endocarp. The heart wood is pale or dark brown with a greenish tinge, fairly durable.
Flowering :- April - May
Fruiting :- November - February.
51
Distribution :- Found in India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Malysia. In India it is
found in the sub-Himalayan tracks from Ravi to West Bengal, Assam & in all
deciduous forest of India specially in Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Bihar,
Assam, West Bengal, Jharkhand. In Jharkhand it is commonly found in forest.
Uses :- Tree yield an oil, applied to hair & also used for rheumatic swelling. Fruit is
mainly eaten by animal mainly chital. Fruit pulp is used to cure bleeding. It is
used as an astringent, laxative, stomachic & tonic. It is an ingredient of
Ayurvedic preparation 'Triphla' used for treatment of variety of ailments.
Ref.- Indigenous according to Kokate, Purohit, Gokhale. A book of Pharmacognosy 258,2002. Haines Bot. Bihar
& Orissa 3:352,1922. Forest flora of Melghat 154,1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:436,2000. Flora of
Botanical Name :- Thespesia lampas Dalz.

Family :- Malvaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Bankapas
Santhal – Jangli Bhendi
Ho – Bir Katsom
Bengali – Bankapasi
A stout undershrub, 0.5 – 2.5 m tall. Lower leaves large, 6 – 12cm across, orbicular, cordate at base, deeply 3 – 5
lobed, acuminate, upper leaves smaller, broadly ovate or oblong, stellate hairy above. Petiole 0.5 – 1.5cm long,
stipules linear to subulate, flowers solitary, auxiliary pedicels 4 – 8mm long, slightly accrescent, ointed above middle.
Epicalyx segments 4 – 6. calyx 6 – 8mm long, slightly accrescent, sericeous inside on bottom. Corolla campanulate,
petals above, rounded at apex. Ovary conical, densely hairy, 5 celled. Capsule globose to ovoid, 5 angular, hairy,
black, usually dehising seed 8 – 14 per cell, hairy, angular.
Flowering :- August – October
Distribution :- Throughout India, South East Asia, East Africa. Very common in forest.
Uses :- It yields strong fibre which is useful for fabrics cordate & fishing nets. Roots &
fruits are used for treating gonorrhoea & syphilis. Floral parts are beneficial
against cutaneous diseases.
Ref.- Indigenous to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:70,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:208,2000. Flora of
Botanical Name :- Tinospora cordifolia Miers

Family :- Menispermaceae
Vernacular Name :- Sanskrit – Gurach, Guruchi
Hindi – Amrita, Giloe, Gulanda
Marathi – Giroli
A wood shrub climer with twining succulent corkes stems & sometimes twised petioles & cordate leaves. Stem
succulent, corky entirely glabrous, seriate when young. Leaves 8-10 cm long, roundish or lobed, base deeply cordate,
basal nerve 7, petiole 5-8 cm long, flowers in auxiliary or terminal racems or from the old wood, yellow, minute,
pedicels, bracts lanceolate. Male flower fascicled, sepals 6in 2-series, the outer 3 minute, the inner 3 larger. Petal 6,
clawed, stamen 6, filaments free. Female flowers usually solitary, sepal & petal as in the male flower. Staminodes 6,
carpel 3 with short style & lobed stigmas, dropes 1-3, ovoid smooth, red when ripe.
52
Fruiting :- March – May
Distribution :- Throughout tropical parts of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka. Common in hedge
& thickes & also in forest, on trees in moist shady places along nallas, kolkay.
Uses :- The entire plants is used as medicine. It is a valuable tonic. Stem is used in
dyspepria, fever like Dengue & chickengunia & urinary diseases. Leaf
decoction is given 1n gout. Root is emetic & used for viscesal obstruction is
watery extract is used in leprosy. Pulverized fruit is used for jaundice &
rheumatism.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 1:17,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:73,2002. Forest
Botanical Name :- Urena lobata L.

Family :- Malvaceae
Vernacular Name :- Santhal – Bhidi janetet
An erect, much branched, hairy, perennial shrub, or herb to 1.5m high. Leaves variable, rhomboid, rounded at base,
acute at apex, pennilobed, 3-9 nerved at base, palmilobed. Stipules lanceolate, 2-4mm long. flowers axillary, solitary
or 2-3 in a cluster. Cpicalyx 7-8mm long. calyx 5-6mm long, petals obovate, stellate hairy without. Anthers purple,
stigma dark purple, mericarp with a short acumen. Seeds reniform, glabrescent, brown 2.5-3.5mm across.
Flowering :- October – December
Habitat :- Found in river bank, waste places, road sides etc.
Distribution :- Hotter parts of India, tropic of both hemisphere.
Uses :- Stem yields a fibre which is used for ropes, carpets, cardage, linoleum, netting
& fishing lines. Roots are used as divretic. Decoction of stem & root is used for
flatulent colic. Infusion of flowers is used in sore throat.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:62,1921. Flora of Palamu district 108,2002. Flora of
Hazaribagh district 1:210,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 38,1985.
Botanical Name :- Vitex negundo L.

Family :- Verbenaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Sindwar, Shivari
Santhal – Sinduwar
Sanskrit - Nirgandi
A aromatic dediduous shrub or small trees to 8m tall. Branches obtusely quadrangular, silvery tomentose. Leaves
decussate, cuneate to short attenuate at base, dark green & glabrous above, sessile or sub-sessile. Petioles 2.5 – 6cm
long, panicles terminal. Calyx obconic cyathiform, 1.5 – 2mm long & wide. Corolla hypocarateriform. Blue or pale
blue. Stamen & pistil shortly exserted. Drupe globose, glabrous, purple or black.
53
Flowering :- June – September
Fruiting :- June – September
Distribution :- Native of Zangibar. Throughout India, Iran, Afgansitan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
Myanmar, Japan, Asia, North America, Thailand. Very common in forests,
fanncings near house, waste ground.
Uses :- Leaves are used as tonic & vermifuge their decoctionis employed for catarrhal
& rheumatic affections. Roots are used as febrifuge, divrective, anthelmintic,
fruits are used in diarrhea, fever & liver complaints.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:711,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:682,2000. Flora of
Botanical Name :- Vitis quadrangularis

Family :- Vitaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Harjora
Bengali - Harbhanga
Fleshy climber, stem jointed, internode 4 winged, often with a tendril a nodes, leaves brodly ovate, cordate, crenate,
serrate, glabrous stipules, foliaceous, ovate. Flowers in umbellate cymes. Berries upto 7mm in dia. 1-seeded.
Fruiting :- August – December
Distribution :- Throughout India, Nepal, Pakistan, common in village surrounding.
Uses :- Young shoots edible & root used as remedy of fracture.
Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:200,1921. Flora of Palamu district 154,2002. Forest flora of
Melghat 82,1985.
Botanical Name :- Ziziphus mauritiana Lamn.

Syn. Z. jujuba
Family :- Rhamnaceae
Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Ber
Bangali – Ber, Bar, Boyer, Baro
A thorny large shrub or small tree often with dropping branches, armed with hooked prickles. Young parts
pubescent. Leaves oblong or ovate, dark green, densly tomentose beneath, usually serrulate, shining glabrous above,
base 3 nerve, petiole, very short, prickles 1-2. Flowers small, greenish yellow in dense axilliary tomentose cymes or
fascicles. Calyx 05, pubescent outside, glabrous within. Petals concave, small, spathulate, white, concave. Disc 10
lobed. Stamen enclosed in petals. Ovary 2 chambered, immersed in disc, globose or avoid, yellow or red, fleshy.
Wood is globose hard, compact, tough, reddish.
Flowering :- March – October
Fruiting :- January – March
Distribution :- Tropical Asia & Australia. Common in forest, villages, along road sides.
Uses :- Wood is used for agriculture implements, cri mills & very good for fuel,
charcoal. Lac is prepared on its branches. The fruit is eaten. It is believed to
purify the blood. The bark contain much tannin & is remedy in diarrhea &
when powdered is used for dressing unhealthy wounds.
Ref.- Indigenous according to flora of Palamu district 149,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 77,1985. Haines Bot.
Bihar & Orissa 2:194,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:488,2000.
54
1. Acacia catechu 2. Acacia nilotica
3. Acacia pinnata 4A. Acalypha hispida
4B. Acalypha wilkesiana macrophyla 4C. Acalypha sp.
4D. Acalypha wilkesiana tricolor 4E. Acalypha wilkesiana tahiti

5. Achyranthes aspera 6. Adina cardifolia
7. Aegle marmelos 8. Albizia stipulata
9. Alstonia scholaris 10. Antidesma acidum
11. Artocarpus heterophyllus 12. Artocarpus lakoocha

13. Asparagus recemosus 14. Azadirachta indica
15. Bauhinia tomentosa 16. Bauhinia purpurea
17. Buchanania lanzan 18. Butea monosperma
19. Calliandra hybrida 20. Calotropis gigantea

21. Carissa carandas 22. Casearia graveolens
23. Cassia fistula 24. Cassia javanica
25. Cassia nodosa 26. Cassia siamea
27. Cedrela toona 28. Cinnamomum tamala

29. Cinnamomum zeylanicum 30. Citrus limon
31. Cleodendrum viscosum 32. Croton oplongifolius
33. Dalbergia latifolia 34. Dalbergia sissoo
35. Datura sp. 36. Delonix elata

37. Delonix regia 38. Derris indica
39. Diospyros melonoxylon 40. Elephantopus scaber
41. Erythrina variegata 42. Euforbia ligularia
43. Ficus benghalensis 44. Ficus cunia

45. Ficus hispida 46. Ficus racemosa
47. Ficus religiosa 48. Gardenia latifolia
49. Gmelina arborea 50. Helicteres isora
51. Hemidesmus indicus 52. Holarrhena antidysentrica

53. Holoptelea integrifolia 54. Kirganelia reticulata
55 A. Lagerstroemia indica 55 B. Legerstroemia indica
56. Lagerstroemia parviflora 57. Legerstroemia speciosa
58. Leucaena leucocephala 59. litsea glutinosa

60. Madhuca longifolia 61. Mangifera indica
62. Melia azedarach 63. Michelia champaca
64. Miliusa velutina 65. Murraya koenigii
66. Neolamarckia cadamba 67. Nerium oleander

68. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis 69. Odina wodier
70. Peltophorum ferrugineum 71. Peucedanium dhara
72. Phyllanthus emblica 73. Phyllanthus niruri
74. Polyalthia longifolia 75 A. Polyscias fruticosa

75 B. Polyscias balfouriana 76. Prosopis spicigera
77. Pterocarpus marsupium 78. Pterocarpus santalinus
79. Pterospermum acerifolium 80. Punica granatum
81. Santalum album 82. Sapindus emarginatus

83. Saraca asoca 84. Schefflera venulosa
85. Schleichera oleosa 86. Securinega obovata
87.Sasbania grandiflora 88. Shroea robusta
89. Sida acuta 90. Smilex zeylanica

91. Solanum ferox 92. Solanum surattense
93. Stereospermum chelonoides 94. Syzygium cumini
95.Tabernaementana divarica 96. Tectona grandis
97. Terminalia arjuna 98. Terminalia belerica

99.Terminalia chebula 100. Thespesia lampas
101. Tilospora cordifolia 102. Urena lobata
103. Vitex negundo 104. Vitis quadragularis
105. Ziziphus mauritiana

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1 Acacia catechu (L.F.) Willd. Mimosaceae KHAIR 1

29 Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. Syn.

57 Lagerstroemia speciosa Linn.

83 Saraca asocaSyn. S. indica Caesalpiniaceae SITA ASOK 43

1. Accacia Catechu Mimosaceae Khair

31. Melia azederach Meliaceae Bakain

1. Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Dub

1. Asparagus racemosus Liliaceae Satawar

2. Celastrus paniculata Celastraceae Kujari

3. Coccinia indica Cucurbitaceae Bon kundri

4. Cryptolepis buchananii Periplocaceae

5. Hemidesmus indicus Asclepidaceae Dudhlar

6. Smilex zylanica Liliaceae Ramdatwan

1. Anacyclus pyrethrum Asteraceae Akarkara

1. Achyranthus aspera Amaranthaceae Apamar

Botanical Name :- Acacia nilotica L

(A) Botanical Name :- Acalypha hispida

Genera Acalypha Have Following Species in this Zone

(B) Botanical Name :- Acalypha wilkesiana macrophyla

Botanical Name :- Adina cardifolia Roxb.

Botanical Name :- Albizia stipulatae Boiv.

Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:334,1922.

Botanical Name :- Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Kanthal

Botanical Name :- Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Botanical Name :- Bauhinia purpurea L.

Vernacular Name :- Hindi, Bengali – Deva Kanchan, Sona

Botanical Name :- Butea monosperma Lamk.

Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Palas, Dhak, Tesu, Paras

Botanical Name :- Calliandra hybrida

Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Akwan, Ak

Botanical Name :- Carissa carandas

Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Reri, Chilea

Botanical Name :- Cassia fistula L.

Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Flora of Hazaribagh District 1:300, 2000.

Hacins Bot. Bihar & Orrisa. 3:302, 1922.

Forest flora of Malghat. 131, 1968

Flora of Palamu District. 233, 2002.

Botanical Name :- Cassia nodosa Ham.

Botanical Name :- Cedrela toona Roxb.

Ref.- Indigenous according to Haines, Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:797,1925.

Botanical Name :- Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees.

Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Dalchini, Kalmi Dalchini

Ref.- Kokate, Purohit, Gokhale, Pharmacognosy 342 (22nd edition).

Botanical Name :- Clerodendrum viscosum

Vernacular Name :- Hindi – Bhant

Botanical Name :- Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.

Botanical Name :- Datura sp.

Botanical Name :- Delonix regia Boj.

Syn. Poinciana regia.

Botanical Name :- Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

Botanical Name :- Elephantopus scaber L.

Botanical Name :- Erythrina variegata L.

Botanical Name :- Euphorbia ligularia Roxb

Botanical Name :- Ficus benghalensis L.

Botanical Name :- Ficus cunia Ham.

Botanical Name :- Ficus hispida L.

Botanical Name :- Ficus racemosa L.

Botanical Name :- Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Botanical Name :- Hemidesmus indicus (L) R. Br.

Botanical Name :- Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb.

Botanical Name :- Lagerstroemia indica L.