SOUTH ASIA

SOUTH ASIA
 INDUS RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION
3300 to 1300 BCE
Civilization in India began with the Harappa culture
developed by the Dravidians.
INDUS RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION
3300 to 1300 BCE
INDUS RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION
3300 to 1300 BCE
INDUS RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION
3300 to 1300 BCE
 INDUS RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION
SUMMARY Political Economic Socio-cultural
Indus River A priest-king is Agriculture Activities
Valley believed to economy based included
Civilization have ruled on wheat, rice, fashioning
(3300 to 1300 alongside a peas, dates and articles made of
BCE) bureaucracy mustard pottery, bronze,
copper, as well
There has been Cotton for as weaving
worship of the clothing cotton
deity Shiva
Trade with the
Persian Gulf
region and
Mesopotamia
 THE VEDIC AGE
1500 to 500 BCE
This period began with the entrance of the semi-nomadic
Aryans into the Indus River Valley.

Many historians consider

this “invasion” to be a
myth; this Aryan/Dravidian
divide has caused racial
discrimination in India.

The entrance of the Aryans

may have led to the
decline of the Harappan
culture.
THE VEDIC AGE
1500 to 500 BCE
 THE VEDIC AGE
1500 to 500 BCE

1. The Aryans were divided into three social classes: the

warriors and rulers, the priests, and the common people.

2. They introduced sanskrit, the language in which the Vedas

are written. Also, the Aryans placed great importance on
rituals and animism. These two factors led to the rise of the
Brahmin.

3. Between 1000 and 450 BCE, the Aryans expanded further

south and east. It was during this period of transition where
Brahmanism hardened into the caste system.
 THE VEDIC AGE
SUMMARY Political Economic Socio-cultural
The Vedic Age The Aryans had The semi- The Veda were
(1500 to 500 a strict social nomadic Aryans writen down,
BCE) hierarchy that settled down further
eventually and intensifying the
developed into strengthened caste system in
the Hindu caste metallurgy, India
system pottery,
weaving, and
commercial
trading
 THE AXIAL AGE IN INDIA
As Brahmanism strengthened however, there were several reactions
to it, especially against the discrimination in the caste system.

599 – 527 BCE: Vardhamana, later known as Mahavira (“Great

Hero”)
He spoke of spiritual independence, equality of all life, self-
control and ahimsa (non-violence). This would later become
Jainism.

563 – 483 BCE: Siddhartha Gautama, later known as Buddha

(“The Enlightened One”)
He spoke of enlightenment, nirvana and practical compassion.
This would later become Buddhism.
THE AXIAL AGE IN INDIA
BUDDHISM

4 Noble Truths
1. All life is suffering.
2. Expectation from desire is the
root of suffering.
3. Desire must be renounced.
4. Renunciation can be achieved by
following the 8-fold path.

3 Dharma Seals
1. Dukkha – we can never be
satisfied
2. Annica – the world is in flux
3. Annata – there is no soul or self
 AN OVERVIEW OF EMPIRES

1. MAURYA: The first empire to successfully unite most of

the subcontinent is the Maurya which ruled from 320 to 184
BCE.

2. GUPTA: The second empire to unite the subcontinent is

the Gupta (240 to 550) which many consider the Classical
Age of Hindu and Buddhist Arts and Literature or Golden Age
of Hinduism.

3. MUGHAL: The third empire to unite the subcontinent is

the Mughal (1526 to 1707) which is the height of Islamic
influence in India, and the empire to come in direct contact
with the European imperialists.
 THE MAURYA EMPIRE
320 to 184 BCE

The approximate
extent of the
Magadha state in
the 5th century
BCE.
 THE MAURYA EMPIRE
320 to 184 BCE

The Nanda
Empire at its
greatest extent
under Dhana
Nanda circa 323
BCE.
 THE MAURYA EMPIRE
320 to 184 BCE

The Maurya
Empire when it
was first founded
by Chandragupta
Maurya circa 320
BCE, after
conquering the
Nanda Empire
when he was only
about 20 years
old.
 THE MAURYA EMPIRE
320 to 184 BCE

Chandragupta
extended the
borders of the
Maurya Empire
towards Seleucid
Persia after
defeating Seleucus
circa 305 BCE.
 THE MAURYA EMPIRE
320 to 184 BCE

Chandragupta
extended the
borders of the
empire southward
into the Deccan
Plateau circa 300
BC.
 THE MAURYA EMPIRE
320 to 184 BCE

Ashoka the Great

extended into
Kalinga during the
Kalinga War circa
265 BCE, and
established
superiority over
the southern
kingdoms.
 THE MAURYA EMPIRE
320 to 184 BCE

Chandragupta Maurya was schooled by Kautilya (also Chanakya)

who wrote the Arthashastra.

“In the happiness of his subjects lies the king's

happiness, in their welfare his welfare. He shall
not consider as good only that which pleases
him but treat as beneficial to him whatever
pleases his subjects.”

Kautilya also favors an autocratic welfare state, and

believes that no kingdom can survive without a good and efficient
economy.
 THE MAURYA EMPIRE
320 to 184 BCE

The Arthashastra also describes the Rajarishi (wise and virtuous

king) as:

1. Has self-control, having conquered the inimical temptations of

the senses;
2. Cultivates the intellect by association with elders;
3. Keeps his eyes open through spies;
4. Is ever active in promoting the security & welfare of the
people;
5. Ensures the observance (by the people) of their dharma by
authority & example;
6. Improves his own discipline by (continuing his) learning in all
branches of knowledge; and
7. Endears himself to his people by enriching them & doing good
to them.
 THE MAURYA EMPIRE
SUMMARY Political Economic Socio-cultural
The Maurya Centralized State revenue Buddhism
Empire (320 to system of was composed flourished
184 BCE) government of 25 to 50% of under the reign
(CH) produce (CH) of Ashoka

Utilized spies Enhanced trade

and powerful between and
armies (CH) among regions
(CH, AS)
Divided land
into provinces
and established
roads (CH)
THE GUPTA EMPIRE
240 to 550

The Gupta empire

is often credited
for being the
Classical Age
or the Golden Age
of Hinduism and
Buddhism.

Hinduism
received royal
patronage.
THE GUPTA EMPIRE
240 to 550
THE GUPTA EMPIRE
240 to 550
THE GUPTA EMPIRE
240 to 550
THE GUPTA EMPIRE
240 to 550
THE GUPTA EMPIRE
240 to 550
THE GUPTA EMPIRE
240 to 550
 ISLAM ARRIVES IN INDIA
A clash of civilizations?

HINDUISM ISLAM
Fundamental beliefs Complete freedom of belief Strictly monotheistic;

Brahman is the supreme There is only one God (Allah)

being with many and Muhammad is His
manifestations prophet
Society and culture Bhakti (devotion) can be Worship is congregational
personal
Deities are rendered God has no face; no idols or
through idols images
Duties and social status are Social status is defined by
ascribed by caste birth; duties are in the 5
pillars; egalitarian
Government Brahmin and Kshatriya are The state is theocratic (ruled
separate by God)
 ISLAM ARRIVES IN INDIA

712 – 850: Muslim raiders from

Persia are stopped by the Rajputs

997 – 1030: Mahmud of

Ghazni raided India and
destroyed and looted temples
1210 – 1526: The Delhi Sultanate
and its various dynasties
implemented a monetary system,
and required non-Muslims to pay
jizyah
 THE MUGHAL DYNASTY
1526 to 1707

Founded by Babur Akbar the Great is known for the

in 1526 by defeating his mansabdari (salary) system, and
rival, Ibrahim Lodi. religious tolerance. He has one of the
longest reigns in history (1543 - 1605).
THE MUGHAL DYNASTY
1526 to 1707
 THE MUGHAL DYNASTY
1526 to 1707
SIKHISM
Founded by Guru Nanak in the late
15th century, this began as a synthesis
of Hinduism and Islam but evolved
into something completely unique.

1. Believes in the unity of an

indescribable and all-
powerful God
2. Rejects idols or images; worship is either personal
or congregational
3. They were egalitarian and opposed the caste
system
4. Believed in karma and samsara.
 THE MUGHAL DYNASTY
1526 to 1707

Completed in 1648,
the Taj Mahal was
built by Shah
Jahan for his wife,
Mumtaz Mahal.

EXPLORE: http://www.taj-mahal.net
THE MUGHAL DYNASTY

Aurangzeb’s reign
begins the decline of
Mughal India.
He was an orthodox
Muslim who
reinstituted the jizyah
and attempted to
conquer the Deccan.
 THE MUGHAL DYNASTY
SUMMARY Political Economic Socio-cultural
The Mughal Granted Hindus Abolished special Religious
Empire (1526 – administrative taxes on Hindus tolerance: weekly
positions (up until interreligious
1707) (zamindars) Aurangzeb) debate, allowed
Hindus to judge
Mansabdari Cosmopolitanism: according to their
system (salary) the Mughals own laws
enhanced and
Divided the land beautified cities Multiculturalism
into provinces and
districts Produced
agricultural
surpluses and
sustained wealth
(although this led
to corruption)
 GTI Lecture
History and Culture of India

Thursday, November 8, 2007

By Dr. R. Agarwal
Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
San Jose State University
San Jose, CA 95192
Current Leaders
India and Neighbors
India Close-
up
Albert Einstein said:

We owe a lot to the Indians, who

taught us how to count, without which
no worthwhile scientific discovery
could have been made
Land of Contrast - Poverty

There are 250 million
poor people in India
But,

Three of the 20 most riches people in the world are from

India.
Culturally Rich - Inventions

The digit zero and the numbering system

Chess

Algebra, Trigonometry, and Calculus

The decimal system

The game of Snakes and Ladders

The value of “pi”

Noble prizes in Literature, Physics, Economics, Peace,
and Medicine
And,

Ayurveda is the earliest literature of medicine known to

mankind. The father of medicine, Charaka, practiced
medicine 2500 years ago.

Until 1896, India was the only source for diamonds to the
world

India never invaded any country in her 10,000 years of
history

Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism borne in
India and followed by 25% of the world's population
Achievement made by Indian Engineers in the
Silicon Valley include:

 Vinod Khosla Founded Sun Microsystems

 Vinod Dham Invented Pentium
Microprocessor
 Sabeer Bhatia created and founded Hotmail
There are 3.22 millions Indians in USA (1.5% of
population), but they constitute

38% of doctors

12% scientists

36% of NASA scientists

34% of Microsoft employees

28% of IBM employees

17% of INTEL scientists

13% of XEROX employees
History of India

Divided in 7 Periods
1. Original Indians (1700BC – 3300BC)
 Indus Valley Civilization: Mohenja-daro and
Harappa People
2. Aryans (2500BC – 322BC)
 India’s Root Culture
3. The Mauryan Empire (322BC – 188BC)
 Spread of Buddhism
4. Gupta Period (320AD – 480AD)
 Golden Age of India
5. Muslim Period (1175AD – 1800AD)
 Turks and Mughals
6. European Rule (1800AD – 1947AD)
 Portuguese, French, Dutch, and English
7. Independence and Democratic India
1. Indus Valley Civilization (1700BC – 3300BC)
Indus Valley Civilization

Excavation in Northwest part of Pakistan has discovered

civilization that is over 5,000 years old.

This is the period where people in the rest of the world

were nomadic
The artifacts discovered from the excavation
reveal the knowledge of:

Urban planning

Sanitation system

Advancements in Art and science

Agriculture and trade

Engineering – metallurgy

Medicine – dentistry

Peaceful egalitarian society
Remains of a 5,000 years old city
Sewage System – view of a drain
Same size Houses – Egalitarian Society
Sindhu River – Navigation Know-how
Impact of Indus Valley Civilization

Legacy of knowledge and appreciation of arts, science,
engineering, and peaceful co-existence

Manifested for centuries in India and by Indians living

abroad through achievements in:
 Engineering
 Science
 Medicine
 Arts
2. Aryans (2500BC – 322BC)

Group of nomadic tribes who had originally inhabited

Central Asia (There is a dispute on this)

Tall, fair haired, with clear cut features, they settled in

Punjab, in the Indus Valley River region.

Fought with the original people of Indus Valley

Civilization, who were dark skin and known as Dasyus or
Dravidians

The superiority of the Aryans resulted in the Dravidian

submission and retirement to the south.

The Aryan society was very well organized, ruled by a
monarch.

Practiced the four Vedas

Caste system was introduced and practiced, based on

one’s profession:
 Brahmins: Priests, teachers, intellectuals
 Khsatriyas: Warriors, soldiers
 Vashya: Traders, merchants, peasants
 Shudras: People in service of others

Aryan period ended At the end of 322BC.

Cultural Impact of Aryans

The culture of the Aryan period exist today and has been
an integral pat of Hindus all over the world.

All Hindus accept Vedas as their most sacred scripture.

Hindu religion originated with Aryans

With the invasion of Persian kings Cyrus and Darius in

the 500 BC, there were significant changes and
commingling of Aryan and Persian culture.
Persian and Greek Invasion

The Persian Invasion in 500BC, and the invasion of

Alexander the Great of Greece in 327 BC, changed the
Indian culture for ever.

The most significant impact of this period was:

 (1) Cultural mixing
 (2) Establishment of contacts with foreign countries
3. Mauryan Empire (322BC -188BC)

The Mauryans were better rulers and culturally rich.

They had a highly centralized and hierarchical
government, well developed trade and commerce,
welfare of foreigners, maintenance of public places
including markets, and temples.

The most significant ruler of this period was Emperor
Ashoka who converted to Buddhism and introduced
Buddhism outside India

After the death of Ashoka, the Mauryan Empire
disintegrated rapidly and all of South Asia fragmented
into regional powers.
Cultural Impact of Mauryans

Origin of non-violence in India
 War in Kalinga

Ashoka promoted non-violence, along with Buddhism.

spread of Buddhism to neighboring countries of China,
Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, etc.

Education and Intellectual movement
 The World's first university was established in India. More than
10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60
subjects.
Mauryan Art – Ajanta Ellora Caves
Ajanta and Ellora Caves – One piece carving
Symbol of non-violence and secularism

Ashoka Lion and Chakra

Symbol on Indian
currency and flag
4. Gupta Period (320 AD – 480 AD)

After the decline of Mauryans, Gupta rulers rose to
power

The Gupta period in Indian history is known as the

Golden Age of India.

Era of the most advanced civilization, flush with wealth,

higher education, trade with foreign countries, and an
overall happy life.

Religious tolerance and freedom of worship

Period of Hindu renaissance.

Impact of the Gupta Period

Emperor Ashoka promoted Buddhism, but Gupta rulers

showed a preference for Hindu religion

Music, architecture, sculptures and painting were at its
best.

Various copper statues images of Buddha reflect the
craftsmanship of the Gupta period.

After the death of the last Gupta ruler in 570 AD, the
Gupta empire declined and broke off.
Gupta Period (320 AD – 480 AD)

Huien Tsang has

provided a good historical
account of the life in this
period.
Foreign Invasions
Due to its wealth and culture, India has attracted
foreigners throughout its history:

Persian invasion in 500BC

Greek Invasion in 327 BC

Turks in 1175AD

Mughal in 1526

Portuguese in 16th century

Dutch and French in 17th century

English in 18th through 20th century
5. Muslim Period – Turks and Mughals (1175 –
1800 AD)

Turks from Central Asia invaded India and ruled from
1175 to 1340 AD.

Attracted by India’s wealth, looted and destroyed
temples.

More interested in wealth rather than politics and were
soon replaced by the Mughals.

The Turks’ dominance ended in 1526 with the invasion
of Mughals from central Asia
The Turks

Fierce and famous

Turk invader,
Mahmud of Ghazni
Muslim Period (1175 – 1800 AD) – The Mughals

Nomadic people of central Asia. The first invader was

Babur, related to Genghis Khan.

He defeated Rajputs and Afgans and ruled in India

Babar’s successors: Akbar and Shahjahan are the most
prominent in Indian history.

Akbar is known to be the first Muslim emperor to unite
Hindus and Muslims, and marrying a Hindu woman.

Shahjahan is known in history for building the world
famous monument Tajmahal.

Shahjahan built the Tajmahal in memory of his
deceased wife Noorjahan, who died on June 17,
1631 in child birth.

Aurangzeb was the last significant ruler of the Mughal
Empire, preceding the european rulers

His successors were week and corrupt, Aurangjeb is
generally regarded as the last significant Mughal ruler.

The Hindu Maratha Empire mostly replaced Mughal rule
during the rest of the 18th century

Last Mughal Emperor -
Aurangzeb
Cultural Impact of Muslim Period

Today, 13.4% of India’s
population is Muslim

Muslims are an integral

part of the Indian
culture.

Hindus and
Muslims live
side by side

However,
Inter-
religious
marriages
are rare
6. European Rule (1800 – 1947) – Discovery of
India

The invasion of Alexander had boosted trade contacts

outside India

Italians and Portuguese made several attempts to find

an easy route to India that will avoid the hostile route
through northern part of India.

Columbus, in his quest to find India ended up in North

America and erroneously thought he had reached India,
calling the native of the new land as Indians.

On April, 1498 Vasco da Gama reached the western
coast of India and the quest for Europeans to reach India
was fulfilled.

Subsequent to Vasco Da Gama’s arrival in India, the

Portuguese fought and established their dominance and
appointed Portuguese Governor in India.

After a century, due to the incompetent administration,

the Portuguese power began to decline.
European Rule (1800 – 1947)

Portuguese Explorere –
Vasco da Gama
Dutch Rule

After the Portuguese, the Dutch rose to power and

established the Dutch East India Company

Only after a short rule, the Dutch East India Company

declined under the pressure from the English.

The British navy was much superior to the Dutch and the
English controlled the Dutch possessions in India.
The British Rule

Lured by the Portuguese’s success in India, the English

too wished to have their share of wealth and profits.

Despite the looting and plundering by Muslims and east

Europeans, India was still one of the most rich countries
in the world.

In 1600 Queen Elizabeth granted a charter to a company

of merchants to trade freely with India.

British East India Company flourished and controlled the
whole country.

India was ruled by British from 1858 to 1947. Lord Mount

Batten was the last governor general to rule over India.

The independence movement by Indians ended the

British rule on August 15, 1947.
Impact of Europeans

The impact of Portuguese and Dutch rule was
insignificant

However, there was a significant impact of the British
rule

Before the advent of the British, India was ruled by
selfish kingdoms under rival chiefs and rulers.
Impact of British Rule

The British influence inspired western education and

thoughts:
 Created a new educated class.
 Created a common language – English
 Inspired freedom and exchange of ideas

Built a railway system

 The largest single employer in the world today, employing over a
million people.

Created the largest English speaking nation in the world

7. Independence and Modern India

Although unintended, the
British rule helped
Indians become
organized and united for
freedom.

Gandhi’s non-violence
movement for freedom
appealed to the civilized
world and helped achieve
India’s freedom.
Independence of India

The main historical figures of the Indian independence

movement include Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru,
and Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

India and Pakistan become free and independent
countries on August 15, 1947

Nehru became the first prime minister of newly formed
democratic country of India
Independence of India
Independence of India

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

became the first governor
general of Pakistan.
Sad Chapter - Partition of India and Pakistan

At independence, the British partitioned India into India

and Pakistan

Two parts of India were divided, Bengal and Punjab. The
eastern part of Bangal became East Pakistan and
western part of Punjab formed the West Pakistan.

Mohandas Gandhi believed that Hindus and Muslims
could and should live in amity and opposed the partition
Partition of India and Pakistan

Gandhi’s support for Muslims and low caste hindus

enraged many people. (Gandhi was assassinated
soon after Partition by a Hindu Nationalist

Once the lines of partition were established, about
14.5 million people crossed the borders to seek shelter
in religious majority.

Based on 1951 Census of
displaced persons,
7,226,000 Muslims went
to Pakistan from India
while 7,249,000 Hindus
and Sikhs moved to India
from Pakistan after
partition.

East and West Pakistan,
shown in green

The newly formed governments were completely
unequipped to deal with migrations of such staggering
magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter
occurred on both sides of the border.

Estimates of the number of deaths range around
500,000, with high estimates at 1,000,000.
Carnage after partition
Independence and Democratic India

The Constitution declares India to be a socialist

democratic republic.

It adopted features from the constitution of many

countries, especially, the Parliamentary form of
government from Britain and the Federal Structure of
governance from USA.

As Pakistan went through several dictators, including the

current one, India has remained as the largest
democratic country in the world.
FACTS and Statistics

India is one of the ten nuclear state in the world

Has a labour force of over 509 million, 60% of which is
employed in agriculture and related industries

India is the second most populous country, and the
most populous democracy in the world.

It is the world’s 4th largest economy in terms of
purchasing power.

India's median age is 24.9, and the population growth
rate of 1.38% per annum.

Hindi is the national language. There are 21 other
languages that are either spoken or have classical
status. The number of dialects in India is as high as
1,652.

Over 800 million Indians, or about 80.5% of the country's
population, are Hindu

Other religious groups include Christians (2.3%), Sikhs
(1.9%), Buddhists (0.8%), Jains (0.4%)

And minorities include Jews, Zoroastrians, Bahá'ís and
aboriginals

The national gender ratio is 944 females per 1,000
males.

Major industries include automobiles, cement,
chemicals, consumer electronics, food processing,
machinery, mining, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, steel,
transportation equipment, and textiles.

Almost 70% of Indians reside in rural areas.

India's largest cities are Mumbai (formerly Bombay),
Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), Delhi, Chennai (formerly
Madras), Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad

It is the largest democracy in the world
Glimpse of everyday Life in India
Q & A
Environment - current issues

deforestation

soil erosion

overgrazing

desertification

vehicle emissions

water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural
pesticides

tap water is not potable throughout the country

huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources
Population

Population: 1,129,866,154 (July 2007)

0-14 years: 31.8%

15-64 years: 63.1%

65 years and over: 5.1%

Median Age: 24.8

Growth Rate: 1.606% (2007)
Economy

GDP: 4.164 trillion (2006 est) (6th)

GDP Growth rate: 9.4% (2206 est.) (23rd)

GDP per Capita: $3,800 (2006 est.) (154th)

Labor force: 506.9 million (2006 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:

- agriculture: 60%
- industry: 12%
- services: 28% (2003)

Unemployment rate: 7.8% (2006 est.)

Population below poverty line: 25% (2002 est.)
Birth of Religions

Religion How Old

Hindu 4000 – 2500 BC

Judaism 2000 BC

Buddhism 560 -490 BC

Shinto, Confucianism 500 BC

Jain 420 BC

Christanity 30 BC

Islam 622 AD

Sikhism 1500 AD

Bahai 1863
Street Scene
Delhi Haat
Delhi Haat
Shopping Lane