An Introduction

®
to ZigBee 019-0162 • 080924-C
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 An Introduction to ZigBee®
Part Number 019-0162–C • 080924 • Printed in U.S.A.
Digi International Inc. © 2008 • All rights reserved.
No part of the contents of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means
without the express written permission of Digi International Inc.
Permission is granted to make one or more copies as long as the copyright page contained therein is
included. These copies of the manuals may not be let or sold for any reason without the express written
permission of Digi International Inc.
Digi International Inc. reserves the right to make changes and
improvements to its products without providing notice.
Trademarks
Rabbit and Dynamic C® are registered trademarks of Digi International Inc.
Windows® is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation
ZigBee® is a registered trademark of the ZigBee Alliance
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 Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Wireless Communication
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2.1 Communication Systems .................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Wireless Network Types..................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2.1 WPAN ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2.2 WLAN ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2.3 WWAN ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Wireless Network Topologies ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.4 Wireless Standards.............................................................................................................................................. 5
2.5 Security in a Wireless Network .......................................................................................................................... 6
2.5.1 Security Risks ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Chapter 3. IEEE 802.15.4 Specification
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3.1 Scope of 802.15.4 ............................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1.1 PHY Layers ................................................................................................................................................. 7
3.1.2 MAC Layer ................................................................................................................................................. 7
3.2 Properties of 802.15.4 ......................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2.1 Transmitter and Receiver ............................................................................................................................ 8
3.2.2 Channels ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 Network Topologies ........................................................................................................................................... 9
3.4 Network Devices and their Operating Modes..................................................................................................... 9
3.5 Addressing Modes Supported by 802.15.4 ....................................................................................................... 10
3.5.1 PAN ID ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 4. ZigBee Specification
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4.1 Logical Device Types ....................................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 ZigBee Stack Layers ......................................................................................................................................... 12
4.2.1 Network (NWK) Layer ............................................................................................................................. 12
4.2.2 Application (APL) Layer .......................................................................................................................... 13
4.2.2.1 Application Support Sublayer (APS) ................................................................................................ 13
4.2.2.2 Application Framework ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.2.2.3 ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) ........................................................................................................... 14
4.3 ZigBee Addressing ........................................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.1 ZigBee Messaging ..................................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.2 Broadcast Addressing ............................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.3 Group Addressing ..................................................................................................................................... 15
4.4 ZigBee Application Profiles ............................................................................................................................. 16
4.4.1 ZigBee Device Profile ............................................................................................................................... 17
Chapter 5. Rabbit and ZigBee
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5.1 Implementation Overview ................................................................................................................................ 19
5.1.1 Initialization State ..................................................................................................................................... 19
5.1.2 Discovery State ......................................................................................................................................... 20
5.1.3 Ready State ............................................................................................................................................... 21
5.1.4 End Device Sleep Mode ............................................................................................................................ 21
5.2 Sample Programs .............................................................................................................................................. 22
5.2.1 Sample Program Initialization Requirements ........................................................................................... 23
5.2.2 Summary of ZigBee Sample Programs ..................................................................................................... 24
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 5.2.2.1 Sample Programs for One Rabbit-Based Board ................................................................................24
5.2.2.2 Sample Programs for Two Rabbit-Based Boards ..............................................................................25
5.2.3 GPIO Server/Client Sample Programs ......................................................................................................25
5.2.3.1 Running the GPIO Applications ........................................................................................................26
5.2.3.2 Studying the Code .............................................................................................................................30
5.3 Dynamic C Library for ZigBee Applications.................................................................................................... 31
5.3.1 Communication with an RF Module .........................................................................................................31
5.3.1.1 Sending Data to a Remote Device .....................................................................................................31
5.3.1.2 Radio Commands ..............................................................................................................................32
5.3.2 Configuration Macros and Constants ........................................................................................................32
5.3.2.1 Compile-Time Macros .......................................................................................................................32
DEFAULT_CHANNELS ......................................................................................................................... 32
DEFAULT_EXTPANID .......................................................................................................................... 32
DEFAULT_PANID .................................................................................................................................. 32
ENDPOINT_TABLE_*............................................................................................................................ 33
NODEID_STR.......................................................................................................................................... 34
XBEE_DEBUG ........................................................................................................................................ 34
XBEE_IN_BUF / XBEE_OUT_BUF ...................................................................................................... 34
XBEE_ROLE............................................................................................................................................ 34
XBEE_VERBOSE.................................................................................................................................... 34
ZB_CONSTRUCT_NODE_ID ................................................................................................................ 34
ZB_FATAL_ERROR ............................................................................................................................... 35
ZB_MULTI_PROFILE ............................................................................................................................ 35
5.3.2.2 Information Macros ...........................................................................................................................35
XBEE_IS_COORD .................................................................................................................................. 35
XBEE_IS_ENDDEV ................................................................................................................................ 35
XBEE_IS_ROUTER ................................................................................................................................ 35
5.3.2.3 Deprecated Device Type Macros .......................................................................................................35
ZIGBEE_COORDINATOR ..................................................................................................................... 35
ZIGBEE_ENDDEV.................................................................................................................................. 35
ZIGBEE_ROUTER .................................................................................................................................. 35
5.3.3 Error Codes ................................................................................................................................................35
5.3.4 Data Structures ..........................................................................................................................................36
api_frame_t ............................................................................................................................................... 36
xb_io_sample_t ......................................................................................................................................... 36
_zb_NodeData_t ....................................................................................................................................... 36
zb_sendAddress_t .................................................................................................................................... 36
5.3.5 API Functions and Macros ........................................................................................................................37
GET_NODE_DATA................................................................................................................................. 37
resetRadio ................................................................................................................................................. 37
xbee_awake............................................................................................................................................... 38
xbee_init.................................................................................................................................................... 38
xbee_protocol............................................................................................................................................ 39
xbee_tick ................................................................................................................................................... 40
xbee_wait_for_wake................................................................................................................................. 41
xb_get_register.......................................................................................................................................... 42
xb_hexdump.............................................................................................................................................. 43
xb_io_conf_desc ....................................................................................................................................... 43
xb_io_sample_clear .................................................................................................................................. 44
xb_IS_parse .............................................................................................................................................. 44
xb_listNodes ............................................................................................................................................. 45
xb_nd_nodetype_str.................................................................................................................................. 46
xb_sendAPIremoteATcmd ....................................................................................................................... 47
xb_send_command ................................................................................................................................... 55
xb_set_register .......................................................................................................................................... 56
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 xb_sleep.................................................................................................................................................... 57
xb_stayawake ........................................................................................................................................... 59
zb_adc_in.................................................................................................................................................. 60
zb_API_ATCmdResponse ....................................................................................................................... 61
zb_check_sleep_params ........................................................................................................................... 62
zb_dio_in .................................................................................................................................................. 63
zb_dio_out ................................................................................................................................................ 63
ZB_ERROR.............................................................................................................................................. 64
ZB_GENERAL_MESSAGE_HANDLER............................................................................................... 64
zb_getATCmdResponse ........................................................................................................................... 65
zb_io_init.................................................................................................................................................. 66
ZB_LATEST_MESSAGE ....................................................................................................................... 67
ZB_LAST_MSG_DATA ......................................................................................................................... 68
ZB_LAST_MSG_DATALEN ................................................................................................................. 68
ZB_LAST_STATUS................................................................................................................................ 69
zb_MakeEndpointClusterAddr................................................................................................................. 70
zb_MakeIEEENetworkAddr .................................................................................................................... 71
zb_missed_messages ................................................................................................................................ 72
ZB_ND_RUNNING................................................................................................................................. 72
zb_Rabbit_poweroff ................................................................................................................................. 73
zb_Rabbit_Sleep....................................................................................................................................... 74
zb_receive................................................................................................................................................. 75
zb_reply .................................................................................................................................................... 76
zb_send ..................................................................................................................................................... 77
zb_sendAPICmd....................................................................................................................................... 78
zb_sendATCmd........................................................................................................................................ 79
zb_swapBytes ........................................................................................................................................... 80
zb_tick ...................................................................................................................................................... 80
ZB_XMIT_OVERHEAD......................................................................................................................... 81
ZB_XMIT_STATUS................................................................................................................................ 81
zigbee_init (deprecated) ........................................................................................................................... 82
5.4 Protocol Firmware ............................................................................................................................................ 83
5.4.1 Updating RF Module FW on a Rabbit-Based Target ............................................................................... 83
5.4.2 X-CTU: Updating RF Module FW on a DIGI XBee USB Device ........................................................... 83
5.4.2.1 X-CTU Installation ............................................................................................................................ 83
5.4.2.2 PC Settings Tab ................................................................................................................................. 84
5.4.2.3 Modem Configuration Tab ................................................................................................................ 85
5.5 Summary ........................................................................................................................................................... 92
Appendix A. Glossary of Terms
ad-hoc network .........................................................................................................................................
application object......................................................................................................................................
attribute.....................................................................................................................................................
Bluetooth ..................................................................................................................................................
BPSK ........................................................................................................................................................
cluster .......................................................................................................................................................
cluster ID ..................................................................................................................................................
cluster tree ................................................................................................................................................
coordinator................................................................................................................................................
CSMA-CA................................................................................................................................................
device description.....................................................................................................................................
end device.................................................................................................................................................
endpoint ....................................................................................................................................................
FFD...........................................................................................................................................................
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