English B2

INDICE

MÓDULO 1: LET’S GO ON A TRIP................................................................................................... 3

About travelling ......................................................................................................................... 3
1. VERB TENSES REVIEW ................................................................................................... 3
2. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ................................................................................................ 8
3. FIRST AND SECOND CONDITIONALS............................................................................ 15
Let’s practice! .................................................................................................................. 18
1. Reading: At the airport ........................................................................................ 18
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 20
MÓDULO 2: HUMAN BODY ......................................................................................................... 24
About our body ....................................................................................................................... 24
1. MAKE VS DO ................................................................................................................ 24
2. Emphatic ¨DO¨ ............................................................................................................ 27
3. Indirect Speech............................................................................................................ 29
Let’s practice! .................................................................................................................. 34
1. Reading: Strange Fingertips ................................................................................ 34
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 36
MÓDULO 3: TELL ME ABOUT IT................................................................................................... 39
About describing ..................................................................................................................... 39
1. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE – THE....................................................................................... 39
2. USED TO ...................................................................................................................... 47
3. ANAPHORIC TO............................................................................................................ 50
Let’s practice! .................................................................................................................. 53
1. Reading: Physical Description ............................................................................. 53
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 56
KEY ANSWERS.............................................................................................................. 59

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MÓDULO 1: LET’S GO ON A TRIP

WARMING UP

What are you going to see in this lesson?

 At the airport

 About travelling

• Verb tenses review

• Indefinite pronouns

• First and second conditionals

 Learning words and expressions in context

• Travelling troubles

• Flying

About travelling

1. VERB TENSES REVIEW

Introduction

 In this lesson we are reviewing some of the different verb tenses that we
have in English, such as simple present, present progressive, simple past, past
progressive and simple present perfect.

 Regarding verb tenses, we have to take into account that, in many cases, they
will not have a direct translation into Spanish, so we better learn to think like a
native speaker, rather than translate from one language into the other.

 Finally, there are some words which require a certain verb tense, we call them
signal words and they will indicate us the right verb tense to use.

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Explanation

Simple present:

Signal words

Every day, usually, sometimes, seldom, always, never, often, first…then

 Use:

Something happens repeatedly.

How often something happens.

One action follows another.

When something is generally true

Future meaning: timetable, programmes

 Form:

Infinitive he/she/ it  Verb +-s

 Examples:

Examples affirmatives

• I work/ he works
• I go/ he goes

Examples negatives:

• I don’t work/He doesn’t work

• I don’t go/ He doesn’t go

Example interrogative:

• Do I work?/ Does he work?

• Do I go?/ Does he go?

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Present progressive:

Signal words:

Now, at the moment, look, listen

 Use:

Something is happening at the same time of speaking or around it

Future meaning: when you have already decided and arranged to do it ( a fixed
plan, a date)

 Form:

To be (am/are/is) + infinitive + -ing

 Examples:

Examples affirmative:

• I’m working/ he’sworking

• I’m going/ he’s going

Examples negative:

• I’m not working/ he isn’t working

• I’m not going/ he isn’t going

Examples interrogative:

• Am I working?/Is he working?
• Am I going?/Is he going?

Simple past:

Signal words:

Last…, …ago, in 1990, yesterday.

 Use:

The action took place in the past. It is normally followed by an expression of time
(no connection to the present).

 Form:

Regular: Infinitive + -ed

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 Irregular: (second column of the list of irregular verbs)

 Examples:

Examples affirmative:

• I worked/He worked
• I went/ he went

Examples negative:

• I didn’t work/ he didn’t work

• I didn’go/ he didn’t go

Examples interrogative:

• Did I work?/ Did he work?

• Did I go?/ Did he go?

Past progressive:

Signal words:

While

 Use:

An action happened in the middle of another action

Someone was doing something at a certain time (in the past) you don’t know
whether it was finished or not.

 Form:

Was/were + infinitive + -ing

 Examples:

Examples affirmative:

• I was working/He was working

• I was going/ he was going

Examples negative:

• I wasn’t working/ he wasn’t working

• I wasn’t going/ he wasn’t going

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 Examples interrogative:

• Was I working?/ Was he working?

• Was I going? / Was he going?

Simple present perfect

Signal words:

Just, already, for, yet, so far, recently, never, up to now, ever, since.

 Use:

Something has happened in the past and it has a connection to the present

Action started in the past and continues up to the present.

 Form:

Have/has +past participle*

*(infinitive + -ed) or (3rd column of the table of irregular verbs)

 Examples:

Examples affirmative:

• I have worked/ he has worked

• I have gone/ he has gone

Examples negative:

• I haven’t worked/ he hasn’t worked

• I haven’t gone/ he hasn’t gone

Examples interrogative:

• Have I worked? / Has he worked?

• Have I gone?/ Has he gone?

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EXERCISE 1

Drag and drop every word and join it to its corresponding sentence. Click the arrow
after filling in every gap.

Disappears / was / have risen / leaves / are consuming / arrives / has fallen

The TV is dead, long live television

For the first time, the number of UK homes with a television ____1____ , with
ownership dropping from 26.33 million households to 26.02 million between 2012 and
2013, according to media regulator Ofcom.

It would be jolly to think that this __2___ a kind of revolutionary reaction to the
traditional autumn onslaught of Strictly, The X Factor, I’m a Celebrity … and the bladdy
Apprentice – an advent reality-TV endurance test that __3___ viewers not so much
counting down the days until Father Christmas ___4___, as until Simon Cowell
___5___– but the reality is more complicated. While the television might be making an
exit from our homes, the content is not necessarily leaving with it.

Instead we__6___ it in different ways: according to Ofcom, nearly 1 million homes

have broadband but no telly, while in the past 18 months BBC iPlayer requests from
tablets or mobiles ___7___from 25% to 47%. So long, enormous great box in the
corner … and hello an evening on the sofa with your iPad.

Source: Adapted from the article in theguardian.com, Tuesday 9 December 2014

2. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Introduction

Indefinite pronouns are those pronouns which do not refer to a specific –definite-
thing, person or amount.

In this lesson, we are going to study those indefinite pronouns which are
compound words of some, any and no, which follow the same grammatical rules as
these ones, plus others.

Examples:

• Somebody has knocked the door

• You can’t do anything for him
• I went nowhere on Friday

Finally, we have to take into account that some of these indefinite pronouns
are singular, others are plural, and some of them can be singular or plural

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depending on the context.

Explanation

One type of indefinite pronouns is formed by two elements, one of which is some,
any or no, so in general they behave the same way as they do. Pay attention to the
meaning of these compound words, which varies depending on the use of them
in affirmative, negative or interrogative sentences.

 Compound words of some

Somebody/ Someone (Alguien)

• Somebody’s at the door.

• Someone called you last night.

Something (algo)

• There’s something for you.

• I’ve got something you want.

Somewhere (En algún lugar):

• We will go somewhere nice this summer.

• She’d like to go somewhere quiet.

 Compound words of any

Anyone/ Anybody (nadie en frases negativas) (alguien en frases interrogativas):

• I couldn’t see anybody in the dark.

• She doesn’t know anyone here.

Anything (nada en frases negativas) (algo en frases interrogativas)

• They don’t want anything.

• Did she like anything?

Anywhere (En ningún lugar en frases negativas) (en algún lugar en frases
interrogativas)

• Did you go anywhere for holidays?

• We don’t want to go anywhere.

 Compound words of no:

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 Nobody/No one (nadie):

• Nobody came
• No one is here

Nothing (nada):

• There’s nothing to do
• Nothing happened

Nowhere (en ningún lugar):

• Nowhere is good enough for him.

• There’s nowhere she wants to go.

Notice that in English there cannot be two negations in the same sentence. In this
way, in Spanish you can say: “No tengo nada que decir”, but in English it would
be: “I don’t have anything to say or I have nothing to say”

See that with somebody/someone/everybody/everyone we have a special feature: in

general, they are usually followed by a verb in singular form:

• Nobody has come

• Someone is here

However, when we have to use an object pronoun to substitute one of these

indefinite pronouns, we have to use a plural object pronoun, ‘them’, and not a
singular pronoun such as him, her or it, as you can see in the following example:

• Someone has called.

• Tell them I’ll be up in five minutes.

On the other hand, we have the following indefinite pronouns: Everyone,

everybody, everything and everywhere. We use them to refer to a total number of
people, things and places. Notice that they are written as one single word and they
are singular pronouns.

Examples:

Everybody “Todo el mundo” Everybody calls me Ann.

Everyone “Todo el mundo” Everyone wants to go to the cinema

Everything “todo” I have bought everything we need.

Everywhere “todas partes” I would like to go everywhere

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Finally, other indefinite pronouns are:

 Indefinite pronouns used in singular:

- another “otro”  That cake was delicious. May I have another?

- each “cada” This is not your bed. Each has his own.
- either “cualquiera (de los dos)”, “ninguno (de los dos)”(in negative sentences) 
Would you like wine or beer? Either is good for me.
- enough “suficiente”  Enough is enough.
- less “menos”  The cook used too much oil. I’d have used less.
- little “poco”  Little is known about the crime.
- much “mucho” Much must be explained about that issue.
- neither “ninguno”  Neither is good for me.
- one “uno”  One never knows what to say in that situation.
- other “otro”  This is a long film, the other is shorter.
- You* “tú”  You never know how to react.

* In this case it refers to an unidentified person

 Indefinite pronouns used in plural:

- Both “ambos”  I love the sea and the mountain. Both are fantastic.
- Few “pocos”  Few have agreed with the manager on that issue.
- Many “muchos”  Many voted for the conservative candidate.
- Others “otros”  I’m sure that others have arrived in the island before.
- Several “varios”  Politicians started to shout and several left the room.
- They* “ellos”  They say that too much sugar is harmful.

*In this case ‘they’ refer to unidentified people.

 Indefinite pronouns used in singular or plural:

- All “todo(s)”  All is forgotten / All have arrived

- Any “algo/alguno”  Is any left?/ Are any coming?
- More “más”  There is more on that table/ More are coming
- Most “la mayoría/ la mayor parte”  Most is lost/ Most have refused
- None “nada, ninguno”  There is not any coffee, why haven’t you bought none? I
invited ten people but none have come
- Such “tal”  He is a native and he must be paid as such. They are guests and they must

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 be treated as such.

EXERCISE 1

Write SOMEBODY/ANYBODY/NOBODY/EVERYBODY in the following sentences:

1. Music is___________ that everybody likes.

2. He’s a very strange boy, he doesn’t go out with___________

3. I need_____________ to help me finish the report today.

4. I haven’t spoken to__________ about that.

5.___________ told me Margaret got married last month, but I don’t remember who.

6._____________ would be able to paint this picture in only two hours, it’s impossible.

EXERCISE 2

Fill in the gaps with somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, nothing,
somewhere, anywhere or nowhere.

1. I know __________ about this issue that you may find interesting, but if I tell
you, you must promise to keep it (a) secret.
2. __________ lives here. There is no water.
3. I spent the night __________ near the beach.
4. __________ could have jumped over this wall, and stole your rake. It's very
low.
5. __________ scares him. He's very brave.
6. There is __________ to park here. Let's go __________ else to park.
7. Would you like __________ to wash your hands?.
8. May I have __________ for dessert, please?
9. They took him __________ in London, and he never returned.
10. Please don't leave __________ behind at home. We'll be away for a fortnight.

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EXERCISE 3

Fill in the gaps with the following words: something/anything - somebody/anybody -

somewhere/anywhere.1.

1. She said ________________ but I didn't understand anything.

2. Has __________________found my blue pencil? No, I'm sorry.
3. Would _______________ help me, please? Yes, I can help you.
4. Have you got _______________ to eat? No, I haven't.
5. Tom, can you give me _____________ to drink, please?
6. Is there ______________ in the house? No, it's deserted.
7. Do you know _____________ about London transport? No, I don't.
8. What's wrong? "There's _____________ in my eye."
9. _______________ has broken the window. I don't know who.
10. Would you like _______________ to drink? Yes, please.
11. He didn't say ________________ .
12. I'm looking for my keys. Has _________________ seen them? No, I'm sorry.
13. Teach me _______________ exciting.
14. I didn't eat _______________ because I wasn't hungry.
15. Dad, can we go _______________ on Sunday? Yes, what about going to the
zoo?

EXERCISE 4

Fill in the gaps with the appropriate indefinite pronoun. Pay attention to the
instructions given in some sentences in brackets; when everybody or everyone are
possible, use everybody.

1. There isn’t ______ in the office today.

2. If you gamble, you run the risk of losing _________
3. One of the problems with an addict is that they always want _____
4. I don’t mind if you bring pizza or pasta, _____ are good for me.
5. There is _____ we can do to help them (negative sense)

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 6. ______ has been said about the terrible murder (they have told something but
not much)
7. ______ has been convinced by that political party. (positive sense, it refers to
more than two people)
8. Please, can I borrow one of your suits? I need _____ for my graduation.
9. I don’t like ______ for the managerial post.(the employer has to choose
between two candidates)
10. That man is a criminal, so he must be tried as _____.
11. You don’t need to know _______ I go.
12. Do you have a piece of paper? I have _____ on my desk. (negative sense)
13. _______ were given the chance to study in The United States. (positive sense,
more than two people)
14. As the proverb says “_____ is _____”.
15. Many of them complained about the service and ______ complained about the
food. (you cannot use ‘many’ again)

EXERCISE 5

Match the phrases 1 to 9 to the phrases A to I in order to form a full sentence.

1. I didn’t see George at the meeting.

2. Please tell the children at the door that

3. Henry, come here!

4. We are really bored in this hotel,

5. That woman has a job in the morning

6. Peter is unemployed and he has been trying to get a job for six months

7. There are two people working in the new project,

8. Both are perfectly capable of fulfilling the task properly;

9. The political campaign is being completely a disaster;

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 A. this year we have nothing to give them for Halloween.
B. there’s really little to do here.
C. but neither has been informed of the deadline.
D. as far as the people responsible of carrying it out are concerned, several have
resigned.
E. someone wants to talk to you on the telephone
F. and another at night
G. but he has found none yet
H. however, they lack self-confidence.
I. In fact, I didn’t see anybody, the place was empty

3. FIRST AND SECOND CONDITIONALS

Introduction

If I were you, I would study English.

The conditionals are those structures in English in which, if a certain

situation, condition or circumstance is true, then a specific result occurs.

In English, there are four types of conditionals, called zero conditional, first
conditional, second conditional, and third conditional.

In this lesson we are going to study the First and Second conditional, which
structure you can see in the following examples:

If I save enough money, I will travel to London for New Year’s Eve. (first
conditional)

If you studied harder, you would pass the exams (second conditional)

Explanation

1st Conditional

It is used to express a situation which is very probable that happens as the result of
another action.

If + Present simple + Future simple

• If you study English you will have more job offers  Si estudias ingles
tendrás más ofertas de trabajo
• If she comes, we will enjoy ourselves  Si ella viene nos lo pasaremos muy
bien.

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2ndConditional

If + past simple + would sentence

It is used when a situation is hypothetical or it is not very probable that it occurs.

• If the students had a dictionary, they would look up all these words  Si los
alumnos tuvieran diccionario buscarían todas estas palabras.
• If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world  Si me tocara la lotería
viajaría alrededor del mundo

Were can be used with the first and third person singular of the verb to be,
although was is more frequent.

• If were/ was ill, I would be at home  Si estuviera enfermo estaría en casa

But in the expression If I were you, you can only use were.

• If I were you I would buy this car and not that.  si yo fuera tu
compraría este coche y no aquel.

EXERCISE 1

Match these conditional sentences:

1. If I saw a UFO a. I would visit Japan

2. If it rains b. I would live by the sea

3. If I didn’t feel well c. I would call a doctor

4. If I spoke Japanese d. I will not go to the countryside

5. If I had the opportunity e. You will go to see a doctor

6. If you don’t feel well f. I would start running

EXERCISE 2

Choose the correct answer:

1. If I lose my job now, I ...

will take a long holiday and apply for a new job later.

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would start a business of my own.

2. If he calls me 'lazy' again, I ...

won't ever help him again if he's in trouble.
go and tell his parents.

3. Philipa won't ever speak to me again if ...

I would let her down now.

I let her down now.

4. If the demand increases, prices ...
Will rise.
rise.

5. Our dog Gelert will start licking you if ...

you will give it a cuddle.

you pat him on the back.

6. If Jeremy doesn't answer the phone this time, I ...

don't call again.

won't call again.

EXERCISE 3

Choose if the following sentences are true or false:

1. If I saw John, I'll tell him your news.

2. He would be very pleased if it were really true.

3. If you will go to town on Monday, you will meet my brother.

4. If you need help, my father will help you.

5. We had a picnic lunch if the day is fine.

6. I would finish the job tomorrow if I could

7. I will not require an umbrella if it doesn’t rain

8. If she thought it over carefully, she will form a clear opinion.

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9. If they catch the bus now, they will arrive at half past nine.

10. If they love each other, they wouldn’t quarrel so much.

Let’s practice!

1. Reading: At the airport

London Heathrow Airport or Heathrow is one of the busiest airports in the

world. The airport is the United Kingdom's busiest airport, as well as being Europe's
busiest airport for passenger traffic and the airport with the highest international
passenger traffic in the world. The airport is owned and operated by BAA which is
owned by the Spanish Ferrovial Group. The airport is also a primary hub of British
Airways and a major hub for rivals BMI and Virgin Atlantic.

The airport is located towards the southern end of the London Borough of
Hillingdon, 24 km (15 miles) west of Central London, England. It is one of two
international London airports to be located within the boundary of the Greater
London Area, the other being London City Airport. To the north, Heathrow is
surrounded by the built-up areas of Harlington, Harmondsworth, Longford and
Cranford, to the east are Hounslow and Hatton, and to the south are East Bedfont
and Stanwell. To the west, the M25 motorway separates the airport from
Colnbrook in Berkshire.

Heathrow has two parallel main runways running east-west and four terminals.
A new terminal, Terminal 5, is under construction and will open in March 2008.
There are plans to redevelop or rebuild other terminals and add extra runways.
Beginning in 2008 and finishing by 2012, the construction of Heathrow East will
replace Terminal 2 and The Queens Building.

To own tener, poseer, ser dueño de…

Hub aeropuerto central
Boundary frontera, límite
Surrounded by rodeado por
Redevelop remodeler, reurbanizar
Rebuild reconstruir, reedificar
Runway pista de aterrizaje

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EXERCISE.
Are the following statements TRUE or FALSE?

1. It is the airport with the highest international passenger traffic in the world.
a) True
b) False

2. The airport is located 15 km from central London.

a) True
b) False

3. There is a project to build a new terminal in 2012.

a) True
b) False

4. By 2012 the airport will be closed.

a) True
b) False

5. The airport was built by the Spanish Ferrovial group

a) True
b) False

6. Flying instructions are given at the airport.

a) True
b) False

7. London Heathrow Airport is a hub of British Airways.

a) True
b) False

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GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH EXAMPLE

The aim of this meeting is to let you know

aim objetivo
about the new process.

Aisle seat asiento de pasillo I prefer aisle seat

He said a very important announcement during

announcement anuncio, comunicación
the diner

cinta transportadora/
Belt Can you put your luggage on the belt?
cinturón

Bladdy (South African (=bloody) sangriento,

The attack was really bladdy (bloody)
English) violento

Boarding Gate puerta de embarque Your boarding gate is 18C

You have to go to the boarding gate 50 minutes

boarding gate puerta de embarque
before the plane leaves

Boarding pass tarjeta de embarque Here you have your boarding pass

Boarding pass tarjeta de embarque If you want to fly don´t lose your boarding pass!

From your body language I deduce that you are

body language lenguaje corporal
not satisfied

boundary frontera, límite The airport is located near the boundary

challenge reto I accept the challenge

mostrador para hacer el When he arrived to the airport he went to the

check-in desk
check-in check-in desk

deadline fecha límite, vencimiento We don't know the deadline for the project.

desestimar, despedir (a
I had to dismiss several of my employees
dismiss alguien de un
because of the crisis
trabajo)

Hand luggage equipaje de mano Do you have hand luggage?

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hub aeropuerto central There are many shops in this hub

Jolly alegre People were jolly at the party

luggage equipaje Don´t forget to take your baggage with you

Onslaught ataque violento It was a terrible onslaught on those people

compartimento de Please, place your luggage in the overhead

Overhead locker
equipaje locker

We will need an overhead projector for our

overhead projector retroproyector
presentation tomorrow

Ownership propiedad, posesión Private ownership was abolished

Purse bolso/ monedero Put the books in your purse

redevelop remodelar, reurbanizar The architect try to redevelop these all houses

Nowadays we have a lot of resources to learn

Resource recurso
English
The airplane stopped in the runway because of
runway pista de aterrizaje
the fog
etiqueta de seguridad Write your name in the security tag in order not
security tag
para la maleta to lose your baggage

Shopping list lista de la compra Don't forget to put milk in the shopping list

In order to manage a language, you need to

skills habilidades work on conversational
skills

slide diapositiva I used several slides in my presentation

informal abbreviation of
Telly Nowadays everybody has a telly at home.
TV

to argue discutir, argumentar We prefer to argue our point of view

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 To arrange organizar We have already arranged the meeting

to back up respaldar You better confess, we will back you up.

To drop descender, caer Purchases dropped during the summer

We need to figure this problem out

to figure out resolver
immediately

They eventually fulfilled their promise and paid

To fulfill cumplir, realizar
back the money

Aportar, dar (su)

To give input She gave input a number of good ideas
aportación
to lead (somebody) to do llevar a alguien a hacer
This leads me to the following point.
(something) algo
At he beginning you have to outline what you
to outline resumir
are going to explain

poseer, tener, ser dueño

to own I own a big house
de...
I will provide you with the necessary
to provide with proporcionar
information

To quarrel discutir, pelearse They are quarrelling all the time

To think over pensar, deliberar You have to think it over before acting

Window seat asiento de ventanilla Can I have window seat?

EXPRESSIONS SPANISH

Where are you travelling to? ¿A dónde viajan?

Can we both have window seats? ¿Nos puede asignar asientos de ventanilla a los dos?

It won’t fit in the overhead locker No cabrá en el compartimento de equipaje

I’m sorry about this Lo siento (por este motivo)

Did anyone give you anything to carry for ¿Alguien le ha dado algo para que se lo lleve (en su
them? equipaje)?

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Your flight boards at eight thirty Su vuelo embarca a las ocho y media.

There you are Aqui tiene

To run the risk Correr el riesgo

As far as......is/am/are concerned En lo que a xxx se refiere

Let's move on Vamos a continuar...

To turn our attention to... Poner atención...

Take a look at... échale un vistazo a...

Let me introduce myself Permítame/Permítanme presentarme

to hold your own para dominar la situación

to cast doubt on something lanzar la duda sobre algo

retail business venta al por menor

to make your point expresar tu opinion

surrounded by rodeado por

to be delayed retrasarse, llevar retraso (an airplane, a train...)

to be cancelled cancelarse

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MÓDULO 2: HUMAN BODY

WARMING UP

What are you going to see in this lesson?

 Science of the obesity

 About our body

• Make vs Do

• emphatic

• Indirect speech

 Learning words and expressions in context

• illness

• At the doctor

About our body

1. MAKE VS DO

Introduction

In this lesson, we will talk about MAKE and DO and their differences in use.

 DO A FAVOUR = hacer un favor

 Make a decision = tomar una decisión

Explanation

Both MAKE and DO can mean ¨hacer¨, but they are used in different cases. It is very important to know
when to use them and the translation of a few expressions

DO

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* We use the verb 'do' when someone performs an action, activity or task.

do a crossword = resolver/hacer un crucigrama

do the ironing = planchar

do the laundry = lavar la ropa

do the washing = lavar los platos

do business = hacer negocios

do harm = hacer daño

do a test = hacer un test

do an experiment = hacer un experimento

do the shopping = hacer la compra

do the cleaning = hacer la limpieza

* 'Do' is often used when referring to work of any kind.

do your work = hacer tu trabajo

do homework = hacer los deberes

do housework = realizar las tareas domésticas

do exercise = hacer ejercicio

Note - these activities do not usually produce a physical object.

* 'Do' for General Ideas

Use the verb 'do' when speaking about things in general. In other words, to describe an action without
saying exactly what the action is. This form is often used with the words 'something, nothing, anything,
everything, etc.'

I'm not doing anything today. (Hoy no haré nada)

He does everything for his mother. (Él hace lo que sea por su madre)

She's doing nothing. (No está haciendo nada)

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MAKE

- We use the verb 'make' for constructing, building or creating

make a dress = hacer un vestido

make food = hacer la comida

make a cup of tea / coffee = preparar una taza de café/hacer café

- 'Make' is often used when referring to preparing food of any kind.

make a meal - breakfast / lunch / dinner = hacer una comida/el desayuno/almuerzo/cena

Note - these activities usually create something that you can touch.

- Other expressions using ´MAKE´

make a scene = causar un escándalo

make plans = hacer planes
make an offer = hacer una oferta
make a suggestion = hacer una sugerencia
make a decision = tomar una decisión
make a bed = tender la cama
make an effort = hacer un esfuerzo
make an excuse = hacer una excusa
make a mistake = hacer un error
make a noise = hacer ruido
make a phone call = hacer una llamada
make money = hacer dinero
make trouble = hacer problemas
make a list = hacer una lista
make a promise = hacer una promesa
make time = hacer tiempo
make an exception = hacer una excepción

EXERCISE 1

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Complete the sentences using DO or MAKE in the appropriate tense

1. Don’t do it, I think you’re __________ a big mistake.

2. We need to __________ a plan as soon as possible.
3. She is bringing something to drink and I’m __________ a chocolate cake.
4. I don’t like him; he’s more likely to __________ harm than good.
5. Excuse me, can I __________ a suggestion?
6. I admit I’m lazy; I don’t like __________ the ironing.
7. My son never __________ his bed.
8. In this case, I think we should __________ an exception.
9. Can you __________ me a favour, please?
10. Your brother is not the sort of person you can’t __________ business with.
11. Please, be quiet and don’t __________ a noise!
12. They __________ an experiment with rats last week, how disgusting.

EXERCISE 2

Match the following English verbs to their meanings

1. MAKE A PROMISE a. hacer la compra

2. DO HOUSEWORK b. cometer un error
3. DO A FAVOUR c. prometer/hacer una promesa
4. MAKE A NOISE d. Hacer daño
5. MAKE PLANS e. Hacer las labores de la casa
6. DO THE SHOPPING f. Hacer un favor
7. MAKE A MISTAKE g. Hacer ruido
8. DO HARM h. Esforzarse
9. DO THE IRONING i. Hacer planes
10. MAKE AN EFFORT j. Planchar

2. Emphatic ¨DO¨

Introduction

Now, it is the turn of EMPHATIC ´DO´. We will learn when and how to use it.

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 Anne doesn’t believe in spirits but she does believe in angels.
 I don’t like people in general but I do like you.
 Do sit down, please.
 It is true, I did play the guitar when I was younger

Explanation

Emphatic ´DO´ is the use of a form of the verb do (do, does, or did) to add emphasis to an affirmative
sentence in present, past and imperative. We place it between the subject and the verb, except in the
case of the imperative form. In this case, it is placed just before the verb (at the beginning of the
sentence because there isn’t any subject)

The emphatic ‘do’ is far more common in speech than in formal written English.

Unlike ordinary auxiliary verbs, which are typically unstressed in speech, « emphatic do » is almost
always extra stressed in the pronunciation.

• I LIKE FRUITS = I DO LIKE FRUITS

• I WORKED IN LONDON = I DID WORK IN LONDON
• OPEN THE WINDOW = DO OPEN THE WINDOW

EXERCISE 1

Complete the sentences using Emphatic ‘Do’ :

1. Paul has a new girl friend. => Paul ______ a new girl friend.

2. My parents missed their flight. => My parents _________their flight.

3. My best buddy sings in a choir. => My best buddy _________in a choir.

4. You got into serious trouble. => You ________into serious trouble.

5. Have another glass of water! => _______ another glass of water!

6. You knew a lot about pets. => You ________a lot about pets.

7. Come in! => ________ !

8. She thinks you are wrong. => She _______ you are wrong.

9. Your brother needs a new satchel. => Your brother _______ a new satchel.

10. Sit down! => _________ !

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3. Indirect Speech

Introduction

Now, we will learn how to report people’s speech. That is, telling someone what other people said.

Explanation

If we use the same words as a speaker to report what he or she says, we are using direct speech. In
written language, direct speech is usually signalled by being enclosed in question marks:

• Paul told me: ¨You’re very pretty¨ = Paul me dijo: ¨Estás muy guapa¨.

If, on the other hand, we report what was said by means of a subordinate clause, we are using indirect
or reported speech.

• Paul told me that I was very pretty = Paul me dijo que (yo) estaba muy guapa.

When going from direct to indirect speech, we have to take into account some changes or shifts.

TENSE SHIFTS
Reported speech is used to express something that other person said before. For that, we use a
subordinated clause:

Direct speech:

• She told me:” you

are working too much”. Me dijo: “Estás trabajando demasiado”.
• She told me that I
was working too much. Me dijo que estaba trabajando demasiado
When changing from direct to indirect speech, we need to change the verbs tense. Have a
look at the following chart to see some of these changes.

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When changing from direct to indirect speech, we need to change the pronouns and adverbs.

Direct speech:

She told me “I went to the cinema yesterday” -> Ella me dijo: “Fui¡í al cine ayer”

Indirect speech:

She told me she had gone to the cinema the day before = Me dijo que había ido al cine el día anterior.

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TYPES OF SENTENCES

We can classify the reported speech sentences in four groups:

a) statements

b) questions (two types): yes/no questions; and wh- questions

c) commands

d) exclamations

Statements or declarative sentences, whether they are affirmative or negative, change into indirect
speech by means of a that-clause. The omission of the conjuction that is optional. We can use SAY
(SAID) or TELL (TOLD).

• Bill said: ¨I don’t like meat¨ = Bill said (that) he didn’t like meat. Bill dijo: ¨No me gusta la carne¨ = Bill
dijo que no le gustaba la carne.
• John said: I will eat with you tomorrow = John said (that) he would eat with me the next day = John

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dijo: ¨Comeré contigo mañana¨ = John dijo que comería conmigo el próximo día¨.

Questions requiring a yes-no question go into indirect speech in the form of a clause introduced by if
or whether (they mean ¨si¨). The verb ASK (ASKED) is mainly used.

• Peter asked: ¨Did you sleep?¨ = Peter asked if/whether I had slept.

• Pedro preguntó: ¨Has dormido?¨ = Pedro preguntó si (yo) había dormido.

Questions beginning with a question word (wh- questions) which request specific information are
changed into indirect speech using an interrogative clause introduced by the appropriate question
word.

• Mike asked: ¨What are they doing?¨ = Mike asked what they were doing. = Mike preguntó: ¨¿Qué
están haciendo?¨ = Mike preguntó que qué estaban haciendo.

Alternative questions normally go into indirect speech in the form of a clause introduced by
whether.

• He asked her: ¨Are you ready or not? = He asked her whether she was ready or not. Él le preguntó:
¨ ¿Estás lista o no? = Él le pregunto si estaba lista o no.

Commands change into indirect speech in English using the to-infinitive.

• He told me: ¨Wait for me here¨ = He told me to wait for him there. Él me dijo: ¨Esperamé aquí¨ =
Él me dijo que esperara allí.
• He told me: ¨Don’t cry¨ = He told me not to cry. Él me dijo: No llores = Él me dijo que no llorara.

Exclamations change to indirect speech in the form of a that-clause with the same meaning as the
corresponding exclamative sentence or by means of a clause introduced by the exclamative particle
itself.

• She said: ¨What a wonderful day = She exclaimed that it was a wonderful day = she said what a
wonderful day it was.

• Ella dijo: ¨ ¡Qué día más maravilloso! = Ella exclamó que era un día maravilloso = Ella dijo que qué
maravilloso día hacía.

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EXERCISE 1

Finish the sentences using Reported Speech.

1. Andrew: "Clean the blue bike!"

Andrew told me__________
2. Jessica: "Write a text message!"
Jessica told me___________
3. Nelly: "Help Peter's sister!"
Nelly told me__________
4. Fred: "Wash your hands!"
Fred told me___________
5. Anna: "Open the window!"
Anna told me__________
6. Tom: "Come at 8!"
Tom told me___________
7. Teacher: "Do your homework!"
The teacher told me __________
8. Doris: "Dance with me!"
Doris told me___________
9. Sabine: "Meet Sandy at the station!"
Sabine told me______________
10. Victoria: "Check your e-mails!"
Victoria told me______________

EXERCISE 2

Fill the gaps using Reported Speech:

1. “I am going to buy a new pair of boots”, my sister said___________.

2. “My wife is wearing a red dress and a big hat”, the man told the receptionist__________.
3. “The driver tried to stop the car”, the witness told the policeman___________.
4. “I enjoyed the opera very much”, I answered_____________.
5. “It is a beautiful model”, the assistant said____________.

EXERCISE 3

Finish the sentences using the Reported Speech (Questions).

1. "What are you looking for?", he asked = He asked what ____________.

2. He asked: "Where can we go tonight?" = He asked where ____________.
3. They asked: ¨Does Peter sing a lot?¨ = They asked if _____________.
4. We asked: "Why did Carla leave so early?" = We asked why ____________.
5. He asked: ¨Is your father from France?¨ = He asked if ______________.

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Let’s practice!

1. Reading: Strange Fingertips

Do the preparation exercise first. Then, read the text about Finger science and do the exercises to
check your understanding.

Vocabulary Preparation

Match the vocabulary with the correct definition and write a – h next to the number 1 – 8.

1. to shrink a. the part at the end of your finger

2. to wrinkle b. a dried plum; it is black and has many lines on its
skin
3. to grip c. to get smaller (sometimes an article of clothing can
do this when you wash it)
4. treads d. to form small lines and folds on skin or material
5. a prune e. the lines on a tyre which help it stick to the road
6. your fingertip f. to hold something in your hand with great force
7. your index g. a small, glass ball which children play games with
finger
8. a marble h. the finger next to your thumb

Reading comprehension:

Have you ever wondered why your fingers get wrinkled in water? A new theory could explain all!

Strange fingertips

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We are all familiar with the prune-like fingers we get when we are in the bath. Most people think it’s
caused by water making the skin in our fingers bigger. In fact it could be an evolutionary feature caused
by a reaction in our body’s central nervous system. Rather than the skin getting bigger, fingertips
actually shrink when they wrinkle, because the blood vessels inside them contract. The lines could have
evolved in our ancestors as they collected food from wet vegetation or streams.

Dr Tom Smulders, an evolutionary neuroscientist at Newcastle University, wanted to test the theory
proposed by Mark Changizi in 2011, which said that wrinkled fingers were an evolutionary adaptation.
Like treads on tyres, Changizi said that wrinkles served the function of removing water from between
the fingers and objects, making it easier to pick things up.

Perfect student project

Smulders saw that it should be easy to prove that wrinkled fingers were better at gripping in wet
conditions and it was an ideal student project. He explains, ‘we had the idea of timing how long it takes
to move marbles from one container to another, between thumb and index finger. The people in the
experiment did that underwater or not underwater, with wrinkled fingers or not wrinkled fingers – so
one person did all four conditions.’

They found that people are in fact better at moving objects from underwater with wrinkled fingers
than with normal fingers. Smulders said how the original theory was based on the wrinkling as an
active process, controlled by the nervous system. People who have damage to their peripheral nerves
in their fingers don’t get wrinkles any more.

Adaptation to environment

Whether that means that wrinkled fingers are an adaptation is open to question; it could be a side
effect of something that evolved for a different reason. As Smulders explains, ‘it all points towards that
it may well be an adaptation for wet conditions, but you can’t prove that from a single experiment; you
have to think about many pieces of evidence.’ The research suggests that there may be a loss of
sensitivity in our hands, which explains why our fingers return to their normal state when not under
water.

Smulders hopes these results will encourage colleagues to continue this research and understand what
the evolutionary advantages were for having wrinkled fingers.

EXERCISE 1

Check your understanding: true or false

1. When we have a bath, the tips of our fingers sometimes become covered with lines and folds.
2. Wrinkled fingertips are caused by water making our skin bigger.

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3. The lines on wet fingers are caused by changes in blood vessels in the fingers.
4. Mark Changizi thinks that the lines that appear on wet fingers are connected with evolution.
5. In experiments, it was discovered that people could move objects from underwater better with
normal fingers.
6. It is certain that wrinkled fingers are an evolutionary adaptation for wet conditions.

EXERCISE 2

Check your understanding: gap fill. Complete the sentences with a suitable word.

grip / sensitivity / prove / reason / shrink / research

1. When fingertips wrinkle, it's actually because the blood vessels in the fingers _______________.
2. According to Mark Changizi, wrinkled fingers are an evolutionary adaptation that makes things easier
to _______________ in water.
3. Smulders said it should be easy to _______________ that wrinkled fingers grip better than normal
fingers.
4. Scientists are not completely sure if wrinkled fingers are an adaptation, or a side effect of something
that evolved for a different _______________.
5. The research suggests that wrinkled fingers may lose some _______________, which is why they
soon return to normal.
6. Smulders hopes that his colleagues will continue to _______________ this topic.

GLOSSARY

PALABRA SIGNIFICADO EJEMPLO

crossword crucigrama Many people enjoy the New York Times crossword puzzle

ironing planchado Nobody likes doing the ironing

laundry colada, lavado de ropa On Sundays, I do laundry.

to perform llevar a cabo, If you can't perform the activities required, find someone who
desempeñar can
task tarea, deber, trabajo His task was to restock the shelves at the shop.

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emphatic enfático/categórico Martha was very emphatic about what she saw.

emphasis énfasis/hincapié His emphasis on good communication made the boss happy.

imperative imperativo The imperative in English looks just like the infinitive.

speech discurso, habla The vice president's speech was politely applauded.

stressed acentuado The first syllable is the stressed one.

unstressed inacentuado The second syllable is unstressed

buddy colega, compañero Thanks, buddy!

satchel cartera, bolso Doesn't that satchel weigh you down when you're walking?

to report informar, reportar The journalist reported each new development in the talks.

enclosed adjuntado I sent my Cv enclosed

shift cambio The shift in the weather surprised the residents.

statement declaración, enunciado Your statement is completely false.

clause oración, clausula Grammatically speaking, thie clause is not correct

gap hueco, espacio Mind the gap between the train and the platform as you board.

torch linterna Take a torch with you, downstairs is very dark

complaint queja If you have any complaint about the food don´t hesitate to
contact me
weird raro, extraño He is a very weird person, he doesn´t have any friends

journalistic periodístico The articles in the newspaper are written in a journalistic style

thief ladrón The thief left the house and nobody heard him

issue asunto, problema The party was cancelled because of a very serious issue

to sign firmar You have to sign the contract before you start to work

joy alegría, júbilo She couldn´t hide her joy when she won the lottery

morbidly obeso mórbido A morbidly obese is a person who has overweight with a lot of
obese body fat.

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weight gain aumento de peso I am afraid of my weight gain at Christmas.

overeating exceso de comida At Christmas many people have overeating

to strain fortalecer It is necessary to strain heart and lungs of obese people

outcomes resultados The outcomes of this course were excellent.

trimmer más esbelto He became trimmer after one year going to the gym

bodybuilder culturista He is a budybuilder so he eats very healthy

EXPRESIONES SIGNIFICADO
to miss the flight perder el vuelo
now, let´s learn how to ... ahora, aprendamos a cómo ...
question marks signos de interrogación
to take into account tener en cuenta
on the one hand ... por un lado ...
and on the other hand ... y por otro lado ...
pick somebody up recoger a alguien
cheat on somebody ser infiel a alguien
lack of something falta de algo
At risk for En riesgo de
I am out of borrowed time Estoy fuera del tiempo prestado

If you don’t need it for fuel Si no las necesitas para quemar calorías
Gastric bypass surgery Cirugía de bypass gástrico
Complication rates Porcentaje de complicación
I underwent gastric bypass Me sometí a la cirugía de bypass gástrico
surgery

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MÓDULO 3: TELL ME ABOUT IT

WARMING UP

What are you going to see in this lesson?

 Descriptions

 About describing

• Use of the article “the”

• Used to

• Anaphoric To

 Learning words and expressions in context

• Appearance

• Personality

About describing

1. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE – THE

Introduction

 The word "the" is one of the most common words in English. It is our only
definite article. Nouns in English are preceded by the definite article when the
speaker believes that the listener already knows what he is referring to. The
speaker may believe this for many different reasons, some of which are listed
below.

Explanation

When to use "the"

General rules

Use the to refer to something which has already been mentioned.

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Examples

• An unarmed man stole 1000$ from the bank on Monday. The thief hasn't been
caught yet.
• I was walking past Benny's Bakery when I decided to go into the bakery to get
some bread.
• There's a position available in my team. The job will involve some international
travel.

Use the when you assume there is just one of something in that place, even if it has
not been mentioned before.

Examples

• We went on a walk in the forest yesterday.

• Where is the bathroom?
• Turn left and go to number 45. Our house is across from the Italian restaurant.
• My father enjoyed the book you gave him.

Use the in sentences or clauses where you define or identify a particular person or
object.

Examples

• The man who wrote this book is famous.

• I scratched the red car parked outside.
• I live in the small house with a blue door.
• He is the doctor I came to see.

Use the to refer to people or objects that are unique.

Examples

• The sun rose at 6:17 this morning.

• You can go anywhere in the world.
• Clouds drifted across the sky.
• The president will be speaking on TV tonight.
• The CEO of Total is coming to our meeting.

Use the before superlatives and ordinal numbers.

Examples

• This is the highest building in New York.

• She read the last chapter of her new book first.
• You are the tallest person in our class.
• This is the third time I have called you today.

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Use the with adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people.

Examples

• The French enjoy cheese.

• The elderly require special attention.
• She has given a lot of money to the poor.

Use the with decades.

Examples

• He was born in the seventies.

• This is a painting from the 1820's.

Use the with clauses introduced by only

Examples

• This is the only day we've had sunshine all week.

• You are the only person he will listen to.
• The only tea I like is black tea.

Proper nouns

Use the with names of geographical areas, rivers, mountain ranges, groups of islands,
canals, and oceans.

Examples

• They are travelling in the Arctic.

• Our ship crossed the Atlantic in 7 days.
• I will go on a cruise down the Nile.
• Hiking across the Rocky Mountains would be difficult.

Use the with countries that have plural names

Examples

• I have never been to the Netherlands.

• Do you know anyone who lives in the Philippines?

Use the with countries that include the words "republic", "kingdom", or "states" in
their names.

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Examples

• She is visiting the United States.

• James is from the Republic of Ireland.

Use the with newspaper names.

Examples

• I read it in the Guardian.

• She works for the New York Times.

Use the with the names of famous buildings, works of art, museums, or monuments.

Examples

• Have you been to the Vietnam Memorial?

• We went to the Louvre and saw the Mona Lisa.
• I would like to visit the Eiffel Tower.
• I saw King Lear at the Globe.

Use the with the names of hotels & restaurants, unless these are named after a
person.

Examples

• They are staying at the Hilton on 6th street.

• We ate at the Golden Lion.

Use the with the names of families, but not with the names of individuals.

Examples

• We're having dinner with the Smiths tonight.

• The Browns are going to the play with us.

When not to use "the"

Do not use the with names of countries (except for the special cases above).

Examples

• Germany is an important economic power.

• He's just returned from Zimbabwe.

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Do not use the with the names of languages.

Examples

• French is spoken in Tahiti.

• English uses many words of Latin origin.
• Indonesian is a relatively new language.

Do not use the with the names of meals.

Examples

• Lunch is my favorite meal.

• I like to eat breakfast early.

Do not use the with people's names.

Examples

• John is coming over later.

• Mary Carpenter is my boss.

Do not use the with titles when combined with names.

Examples

• Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son.

• President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.

Do not use the after the 's possessive case

Examples

• His brother's car was stolen.

• Peter's house is over there.

Do not use the with professions

Examples

• Engineering is a well-paid career.

• He'll probably study medicine.

Do not use the with names of shops

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Examples

• I'll get the card at Smith's.

• Can you go to Boots for me?

Do not use the with years

Examples

• 1978 was a wonderful year.

• He was born in 1995.

Do not use the with uncountable nouns

Examples

• Rice is an important food in Asia.

• Milk is often added to tea in England.
• War is destructive.

Do not use the with the names of individual mountains, lakes and islands

Examples

• Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in Alaska.

• She lives near Lake Windermere.
• Have you visited Long Island?

Do not use the with most names of towns, streets, stations and airports

Examples

• Victoria Station is in the centre of London.

• Can you direct me to Bond Street?
• She lives in Florence.
• They're flying into Heathrow.

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EXERCISE 1

Decide whether to use the definite article ‘the’ or not. If you do not need the article
‘the’, use x.

1. My grandmother likes x/the flowers very much.

2. I love x/the flowers in your garden.
3. See you on the/x Wednesday.
4. I always listen to the/x radio in the morning.
5. Alex goes to work by the/x bus.
6. Don't be late for the/x school.
7. Listen! Dennis is playing x/the trumpet.
8. We often see our cousins over the/x Easter.
9. She has never been to x/the Alps before.
10. What about going to Australia in the/x February?

EXERCISE 2

Decide whether to use the definite article ‘the’ or not. If you do not need the article
‘the’, use x.

1. Last year we visited the/x St. Paul's Cathedral and the Tower.

2. x Mount Everest is x/the highest mountain on earth.

3. x Loch Ness is x/the most famous lake in Scotland.

4. x most children like the/x sweets.

5. x/The summer of 1996 was hot and dry.

6. x/The Plaza Hotel is on the corner of the/x 59th Street and the/x 5th Avenue.

7. My sister often stays at the/x Uncle Tim's in Detroit.

8. Our friends x/the Millers moved to Florida last August.

9. The/x smog is a problem in the/x big cities.

10. Our children go to the/x school by the/x bus.

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EXERCISE 3

Decide whether to use the definite article ‘the’ or not. If you do not need the article
‘the’, type an x.

Hi John,

I arrived in x/the USA last Monday. We left the/x Rome, flew over the Alps and
made a quick stop in the/x London. There we went shopping in the/x Harrods,
visited x/the Tower and enjoyed a sunny afternoon in the/x Hyde Park. On the
following day we left for the/x New York. x/The time on board wasn't boring as
there were two films to watch on the monitor. x/The people on x/the plane were
all the/x Italian. Before we landed at the/x JFK airport, we saw x/the Statue of
Liberty, the/x Ellis Island and x/the Empire State Building. x/The hotel I stayed in
was on x/the corner of the/x 42nd Street and the/x 5th Avenue. I don't like the/x
hotels very much, but I didn't have the/x time to rent an apartment.

Please say hello to Peter and Mandy.

Yours,
Peter

EXERCISE 4

Decide whether to use the definite article ‘the’ or not. If you do not need the article
‘the’, type an x.

1. On _______Sundays my father stays in ________bed and reads _______Sunday

papers.

2. ______youngest daughter has just started going to ______school; ______eldest

daughter is at ______university.

3. ______darkness doesn't worry _______cats because they can see in _______dark.

4. He had an accident and was taken to _______hospital. Have you rung

_______hospital to see how he is?

5. Ann has given up ______gymnastics and is taking ________ballet lessons instead.

6. ______most of _______stories that ________people tell about ______Irish aren't

true.

7. _____married couples with _____children often rent _____cottages by

_____seaside for ______summer holidays.

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8. ______girls in my class are going to ______cinema this Saturday.

9. My grandmother goes to ________church in ________mornings.

10. You can fool some of ______people all _______time, and all _______people some
of _____time; but you cannot fool all _____people all _______time.

2. USED TO

Introduction

 Used to is used for past habits. Used to is generally treated as an ordinary verb
to form the negative and the interrogative. In a more formal context, used to
can act as a modal verb.

 Be/get used to must be followed by a noun, pronoun or gerund. Be used to

means be accustomed to;

 Get used to, get accustomed to. This structure implies a process, whereas the
process is over in the structure of be used to.

Explanation

1. USED TO + INFINITIVE

We use this structure to express habits in the past , It is not a tense but it is like a
tense. It is a special expression. It is a defective verb, that means it only has the past
tense. if we want to express a habit in the present we use the simple present and a
frequency adverb (usually).

• I used to go there in summer. But I usually go there in summer.

We can never say I use to go there ... The usual question form with “used to” is:

• Did you use to see them very often?

Answers:

• Yes, I used to.

• No, I didn’t use to.
• No, I never used to.

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Remember that “use” and not “used” is used after “did” and “didn’t”.

2. TO BE USED TO + ING

We use this structure to say that something is normal, not unusual.

• I'm used to living on my own. I've done it for quite a long time.
• Hans has lived in England for over a year so he is used to driving on the left now.
• They've always lived in hot countries so they aren't used to the cold weather here.

To be used to+ gerund/noun/pronoun

• I am used to working with children

• I am used to children
• I am used to them

3. TO GET USED TO + ING

We use this structure to talk about the process of something becoming normal for us.

• I didn't understand the accent when I first moved here but I quickly got used to it.
• She has started working nights and is still getting used to sleeping during the day.
• I have always lived in the country but now I'm beginning to get used to living in the city.

To get used to+ gerund/noun/pronoun

• I am getting used to working with children/

• I am getting used to children
• I am getting used to them

We can also say to become used / accustomed to with the same structure.

EXERCISE 1

Complete these sentences with used to, get used to or be used to and
their correct tense.

1. We ________ go to school walking through the park when we were

children.

2. They_______ getting up early everyday, they can meet you at 7:00.

3. Sarah and George will ___________ living together very soon, I am sure.

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4. ______ Inés ______ do exercise last year? Now she never does any!

5. The puppy____________ sleeping in his kennel very soon after we

brought him home.

6. My grandmother ___________ having dinner late, so don’t give her

pizza now, it’s too early for her.

EXERCISE 2
Choose the right answer:

1. My sister ____ to smoke.

uses

is used

uses to

2. Did you ____ to live in Liverpool?

use

used

are used

3. I ____ like her.

didn't use to

don't use

used to not

4. We ____ going to the library all days.

were used

got used

got used to

5. ____ play basketball a lot?

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Did you use to

Did you used to

Used you to

6.____ to run when I broke my leg.

'm getting used

was getting used

was getting used

7. Do you think we ____ the noise?

'll get used to

get used too

didn't got used to

3. ANAPHORIC TO

Introduction

‘Anaphoric to’ receives this name because its use implies references to elements,
aspects, situations or characters previously mentioned.

Explanation

The main uses of to when placed with a verb are:

 To form the infinitive of a verb.

- to wrap (envolver), to spoil (estropear, consentir), to lend (prestar).
 To act as a preposition.
- I’ll go to the meeting. (Iré a la reunión.)
 To substitute a verb or a clause. This use is known as ‘anaphoric to’ and
presents characteristics which are detailed below.

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The anaphor produced by to happens on three occasions:

 When we use a verb followed by an infinitive.

- I don’t know whether he’s going to Lisbon, but I think he’s planning to.
(to = to go to Lisbon)

- Don’t worry about passing the test; I know you’ll manage to.
(to = to pass the test)

Do not forget the list of verbs followed by a verb with a to infinitive, including:

afford – learn – expect – pretend – agree – manage – fail – forget – propose –

attempt – refuse – be able – hope – plan – decide – seem – prepare – want.

 When we use an infinitive clause (subject + to + verb)

- Can you tell the teacher to send me more examples?
Yes, I’ll tell him to.

(to = to send you more examples).

- Are you sure you would like her to tell you the truth?
Of course I’d like her to!

(to = to tell me the truth).

 When we use the following auxiliary verbs:

- Used to.

Imagine that Charles used to smoke a packet of cigarettes a day last year.
This year, he smokes 10 cigarettes per day. We can say:

• Charles doesn’t smoke as he used to. (to = to smoke)

- Ought to.

Now imagine that Charles’ girlfriend always asks him to give up smoking.
However, he refuses to do so. We can say:

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 • Charles doesn’t want to give up smoking, but his girlfriend thinks
that he ought to. (to = to give up smoking)
- Have to.

Eventually, Charles goes to the doctor’s. He tells Charles that he must give
up smoking in order not to have serious health problems. We can say:

• Charles doesn’t want to give up smoking; nevertheless, the doctor

tells him that he has to. (to = to give up smoking)

EXERCISE 1

Complete the sentences using the anaphoric to and one of these verbs:

Ought love used has tell planning afford refused expect

1. Nancy says that you don’t need to buy her anything, but I think you__________ to.

2. Frank doesn’t want to go to work, but he___________ to.

3. Mum! Could you tell my sister to call me? Yes, I will ____________to.

4. Will you marry me? I will ___________to.

5. I don’t know whether he’s going to Lisbon, but I think he’s__________to.

6. He was offered a better job in the company. He didn’t want to move to another city
that’s why he__________to.

7. I was about to buy the house, but I could’t __________to.

8. Surprisingly, I did pass the exam but I didn’t ____________to.

9. He was a very nice guy but now he is not the same he__________to.

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Let’s practice!

1. Reading: Physical Description

Read this text about famous anthropologist, Jane Goodall, considered being the
world's best expert on chimpanzees:

“Jane Goodall had long been an idol of mine before I had the opportunity to meet her
personally. She is very busy and always travelling, so the chance to see her is quite
rare.

It was two years ago, that Jane Goodall came to the German JG-Institute in Munich to
give a lecture, and so I took a flight to Munich to see her. She did not look like what I
had expected a popular world-renowned scientist would look like. In spite of having
been born in Britain in April 1934, she had nothing of a typical British behaviour about
her. She wore blue jeans, trainers and a cotton blouse. She looked like a normal and
modest woman, one that you would meet in a supermarket. And she did not even look
like a woman over 50, though her long hair tied in a ponytail was grey. Her face was
smooth and in a very mysterious way looked carefree like a child ´s face does.

There was a very lively and wise expression in her eyes, but most impressible was the
deep love and peace they transmitted to everybody when she spoke to the audience.

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She had lived over 30 years next to chimpanzees in the rainforest, studying and
learning from them as she said. You could see the marks of that life, as her whole body
seemed to transmit peace and wisdom and was as fit as that of a young woman in her
mid-twenties. And even though she has been back to the civilized world for many
years now, where she has taught at many universities and fought battles against
politicians, businesses and other strong opponents to get protection for chimpanzees
and other apes, she must have done this with those very calm gestures that are more
convincing than any powerful and eloquent talk.

by Judith Burgdorfer

a lecture – una conferencia

In spite of – a pesar de

she wore /was wearing – ella llevaba puesto

trainers – zapatilla de deporte

a cotton blouse – una blusa de algodón

she looked like – ella parecía /se parecía a

behavior - comportamiento

over 50 – más de 50 años de edad

ponytail – una coleta

carefree – despreocupado/a

lively - vivaz

wise – sabia/o

she transmitted – ella transmitía

the marks – las marcas

seemed to transmit - parecía transmitir

as fit as – tan en forma como

calm gestures – gestos relajados

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EXERCISE.

True or false. Read the text and answer these questions:

1. The author really wanted to meet Jane Goodall. True / False

2. Jane Goodall went to Munich for an important meeting. True / False.

3. Jane Goodall looked exactly like the author expected. True / False.

4. Jane Goodall was born in May 1934. True / False.

5. Jane Goodall looked like a normal woman. True / False

6. There was a lively and wise expression in her eyes. True / False

7. She had lived over 40 years next to chimpanzees. True / False

8. Her body was as fit as that of a young woman. True / False

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 GLOSSARY

INGLÉS ESPAÑOL EJEMPLO

Tall alto/a Pau Gasol is tall
Short bajo/a Hitler was short
Cute guapo/a. Brad Pitt is very cute
Mono/a(físico)
estatura media I'm medium height
Medium height
Full lips labios gruesos I love full lips
Cool guay That's cool!
Clingy ajustada That dress is very clingy
Superficial superficial I'm not a superficial
Down to earth realista, práctico/a He's down to earth
Casual casual, informal I'll buy some casual clothes
Funny divertido/a She is very funny
Open abierto/a, sociable Try to be open when you meet people
Permed hair pelo con permanente Permed hair is back!
Dyed hair pelo tintado I used to have dyed hair
Makeup maquillaje I need better makeup
Brand marca Loreal is the best brand
Kind of un poco/ algo I'm kind of nervous
Lecture una conferencia I went to a long conference
Trainers zapatilla de deporte Where are my trainers?
Behavior comportamiento His behaviour is very bad
Ponytail una coleta She had a long ponytail
Carefree despreocupado/a My sister has a carefree attitude

Lively vivaz the athmosphere in the bar was lively

Wise sabia/o He was known as a very wise man

Marks las marcas The marks were from the car´s tyres

Avid ávido He was an avid learner of french

Relentless incansable They were relentless in their search for gold

Exuding rebosando He exuded arrogance

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Outbursts estallido / explosión How I have deserved this extraordinary
outburst?
Onset arranque It happened before the outset of the war

EXPRESIONES SIGNIFICADO

I’m sort of addicted to that Soy algo adicto a eso

I was spending way too much time Estaba pasando demasiado tiempo
You could put it that way Podrías decirlo así
It’s looking good Se ve bien/Tiene buena pinta
What’s she look like? ¿Cómo es ella? (fisicamente)
If you don’t mind me asking Si no te importa que te pregunte
Save me the details Ahorrame los detalles
I have got a date lined up for the
Tengo otra cita programada para el fin
weekend de semana

Dress to kill Vestida provocativa

Call it a night Dar por acabada la noche
Fair enough Muy bien/ me parece bien
In spite of a pesar de
she wore /was wearing ella llevaba puesto
a cotton blouse una blusa de algodón
she looked like ella parecía /se parecía a
over 50 mas de 50 años de edad
she transmitted ella transmitía
the marks las marcas
seemed to transmit parecía transmitir
as fit as tan en forma como
calm gestures gestos relajados
accomplished civil servant un funcionario consumado
saw action estuvo en batallas
House of Commons cámara de los comunes
ominous circumstances circunstancias de mal augurio
a bird’s eye view vista de pájaro
the big picture desde una perspectiva global

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ear to the ground
driving passion
core qualities
tempered his character
estar informado de lo que
alrededor
passion inspiradora
cualidades base
tranquilizó su carácter

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 KEY ANSWERS

MÓDULO 1: LET’S GO ON A TRIP

4. Verb Tenses Review

EXERCISE 1

1. has fallen
2. was
3. leaves
4. arrives
5. disappears
6. are consuming
7. have risen

5. Indefinite Pronouns

EXERCISE 1

1. Everybody
2. Anybody
3. Somebody
4. Anybody
5. Somebody
6. Nobody

EXERCISE 2

1. Something
2. Nobody
3. Somewhere
4. Anybody and somebody
5. Nothing
6. nowhere, somewhere
7. Something
8. Something
9. Somewhere
10. anything

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EXERCISE 3

1. Something
2. anybody
3. somebody
4. anything
5. something
6. anybody
7. anything
8. something
9. somebody
10. something
11. anything
12. anybody
13. something
14. anything
15. somewhere

EXERCISE 4

1. anybody
2. everything
3. more
4. both
5. nothing
6. little
7. everybody
8. one
9. either
10. such
11. everywhere
12. none
13. many
14. less / more
15. others

EXERCISE 5

1. I
2. A
3. E
4. B
5. F
6. G
7. C
8. H
9. D

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 3. First and Second Conditionals

EXERCISE 1

1. F
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. E

EXERCISE 2

1. If I lose my job now, I ...

will take a long holiday and apply for a new job later.

2. If he calls me 'lazy' again, I ...

won't ever help him again if he's in trouble.

3. Philipa won't ever speak to me again if ...

I let her down now.
4. If the demand increases, prices ...
Will rise.

5. Our dog Gelert will start licking you if ...

you pat him on the back.
6. If Jeremy doesn't answer the phone this time, I ...
won't call again.

EXERCISE 3

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. False
6. True

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 7. True
8. False
9. True
10. False

Reading
EXERCISE 1

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. False
6. False
7. True

MÓDULO 2: HUMAN BODY

1. Make vs Do

EXERCISE 1

1. Making
2. Make
3. Making
4. Do
5. Make
6. Doing
7. Makes
8. Make
9. Do
10. Do
11. Make
12. did

EXERCISE 2

1C; 2E; 3F; 4G; 5I; 6A; 7B; 8D; 9J; 10H

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 2. Emphatic ¨DO¨
EXERCISE 1

1. DOES HAVE
2. DID MISS
3. DOES SING
4. DID GET
5. DO HAVE
6. DID KNOW
7. DO COME IN
8. DOES THINK
9. DOES NEED
10. DO SIT DOWN

3. Indirect Speech

EXERCISE 1

1. to clean the blue bike.

2. to write a text message.
3. to help Peter's sister.
4. to wash my hands.
5. to open the window.
6. to come at 8.
7. to do my homework.
8. to dance with her.
9. to meet Sandy at the station.
10. to check my e-mails.

EXERCISE 2

1. My sister said that she was going to buy a new pair of boots. 2.
2. The man told the receptionist that his wife was wearing a red dress and a big
hat.
3. The witness told the policeman that the driver had tried to stop the car.
4. I answered that I had enjoyed the opera very much.
5. The assistant said that it was a beautiful model.

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EXERCISE 3

1. I was looking for

2. they could go that night
3. Peter sang a lot
4. Carla had left so early
5. my father was from France

Reading
EXERCISE pre-reading

1. c
2. d
3. f
4. e
5. b
6. a
7. h
8. g

EXERCISE 1. Reading

1. True.
2. False.
3. True.
4. True.
5. False.
6. False.

EXERCISE 2. Reading

1. shrink
2. grip
3. prove
4. reason
5. sensitivity
6. research

MÓDULO 3: TELL ME ABOUT IT

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 1. The definite article – the

EXERCISE 1

11. x
12. the
13. x
14. the
15. x
16. x
17. the
18. x
19. the
20. x

EXERCISE 2

1. x , the
2. x ,the
3. x , the
4. x ,x
5. The
6. The ,x
7. x
8. the
9. x, x
10. x ,x

EXERCISE 3

Hi John,

I arrived in x/the USA last Monday. We left the/x Rome, flew over the Alps and
made a quick stop in the/x London. There we went shopping in the/x Harrods,
visited x/the Tower and enjoyed a sunny afternoon in the/x Hyde Park. On the
following day we left for the/x New York. x/The time on board wasn't boring as
there were two films to watch on the monitor. x/The people on x/the plane were

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 all the/x Italian. Before we landed at the/x JFK airport, we saw x/the Statue of
Liberty, the/x Ellis Island and x/the Empire State Building. x/The hotel I stayed in
was on x/the corner of the/x 42nd Street and the/x 5th Avenue. I don't like the/x
hotels very much, but I didn't have the/x time to rent an apartment.

Please say hello to Peter and Mandy.

Yours,
Peter

EXERCISE 4

1. x/x/the
2. the/x/the/x
3. x/x/the
4. x/the
5. x/x
6. x/the/x/the
7. x/x/x/the/the
8. the/the
9. x/the
10. the/the/the/the/the/the

2. Used to

EXERCISE 1

1. Used to
2. Are used to
3. Get used to
4. Did Inés used to
5. Got used to
6. Is used to

EXERCISE 2
1. is used
2. use
3. didn't use to
4. got used to
5. Did you use to
6. was getting used

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 7. 'll get used to

3. Anaphoric to

EXERCISE 1

a. Ought
b. Has
c. Tell
d. Love
e. Planning
f. Refused
g. Afford
h. Expect
i. used

Reading

EXERCISE 1

1. True
2. False.
3. False.
4. False.
5. True
6. True
7. False
8. True

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