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ANNEX A
Additional
Resources

Contents
Technical and Scientific Organizations of the Welding Fabricating Industry ........................................................ .278

Examination Method Selection Guide ......................................................................................................................... 28 1

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ANNEX A-AC)DITIONAL RESOURCES

Annex A-Addìtìo na1 Resources

Technical and Scientific Organizations of the Welding Fabricating Industry

Abrasives Engineering Society (AES) American Institute of Plant Engineers (AIPE)

P.O. Box 3157 8 180 Corporate Park Drive
Butler, PA 16003 Suite 305
(724) 282-6210; fax 282-6210 Cincinnati, OH 45242
(513) 489-2473; fax 247-7422
Aluminum Association (AA)
900 19th Street, N.W. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
Suite 300 One E. Wacker Drive
Washington, DC 20006 Suite 3 1O0
(202) 682-8000; fax 682-8115 Chicago, IL 6060 1-2001
(312) 670-2400; fax 670-6573
America Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)
100 Barr Harbor Drive American Iron and Steel Institute (AISC)
W. Conshohocken, PA 19428 1101 17th Street, N.W.
(610) 832-9500; fax 832-9555 Washington, DC 20036-4700
(202) 452-7100; fax 463-6573
American Association of State Highway &
Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
444 N. Capital Street, N.W.
11 W. 42nd Street
Suite 249
13th Floor
Washington, I X 20001
New York, NY 10036-8002
(202) 624-5800; fax 624-5806
(212) 642-4900; fax 398-0023
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
Two World Trade Center American Nuclear Society (ANS)
106th Floor 555 N. Kensington Avenue
New York, NY 1004.8 La Grange, IL 60526
(212) 839-5000; fax 839-5130 (708) 579-8200; fax 579-8283

American Gas Association (AGA) American Petroleum Institute (API)

151 5 Wilson Boulevard 1220 L Street, N.W.
Arlington, VA. 22209 Washington, DC 20005-8029
(703) 841-8400; fax 841-8406 (202) 682-8000; fax 682-8115

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and American Railway Engineering Association (AREA)
Petroleum Engineers (AIME) 50 F Street, N.W.
Three Park Avenue Suite 7702
New York, NY 10016-5598 Washington, DC 20001-2183
(212) 419-7676; fax 371-9622 (202) 639-2190; fax 639-2183

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ANNEX A-ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) Compressed Gas Association (CGA)
1711 Arlingate Lane 1725 Jefferson Davis Highway
Columbus, OH 43228-0518 Suite 1004
(614) 274-6003; fax 274-6899 Arlington, VA 22202-4102
(703) 412-0900; fax 412-0128
American Society for Quality (ASQ)
61 1 E. Wisconsin Avenue Edison Welding Institute (EWI)
Milwaukee, WI 53202 1250 Arthur E. Adams Drive
(414) 272-8575; fax 272-1734 Columbus, OH 43221
(614) 486-5000; fax 688-5001
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
1801 Alexander Bell Drive Fabricators’ and Manufacturers’ Association (FMA)
Reston, VA 20191-4400 833 Featherstone Road
(703) 295-6000; fax 295-6222 Rockford, IL 61 107-6302
(815) 399-8700; fax 399-7279
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Three Park Avenue Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
New York, NY 10016-5990 (IEEE)
(800) 843-2763; fax (973) 882-1717 Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 1006
American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE)
(212) 419-7900; fax 752-4929
1800 East Oakton Street
Des Plaines, IL 60018-2187 Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE)
(708) 692-4121; fax 296-9220 25 Technology Park
American Water Works Association (AWWA) Norcross, GA 30092
6666 W. Quincy Avenue (770) 449-0460; fax 263-8532
Denver, CO 80235 International Oxygen Manufacturers’ Association
(303) 794-77 11; fax 794-73 1O (IOMA)
American Welding Society (AWS) P.O. Box 16248
550 N.W. LeJeune Road Cleveland, OH 44 1 16-0248
Miami, FL 33126 (216) 228-2166; fax 228-5810
(305) 443-9353; fax 443-7559
International Titanium Association (ITA)
ASM International (ASM) 1871 Folsom Street
9639 Kinsman Road Suite 200
Materials Park, OH 44073 Boulder, CO 80302-57 14
(440) 338-5151; fax 338-4634 (303) 443-7515; fax 443-4406

Association of American Railroads (AAR) Laser Institute (LI)

50 F Street, N.W. 12424 Research Parkway
Washington, DC 20001 Suite 125
(202) 639-2100; fax 639-2286 Orlando, FL 32826
(407) 380-1553; fax 380-5338
Association of Iron and Steel Engineers (AISE)
Three Gateway Center Material Handling Industry (MHI)
Suite 1900 S720 Red Oak Boulevard
Pittsburgh, PA 15222 Suite 201
(412) 281-6323; fax 471-4858 Charlotte, NC 28217-3957
(704) 522-8644; fax 676-1 199
Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
178 Rexdale Boulevard National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)
Rexdale, Ontario P.O. Box 218340
M9W 1R3 Canada Houston, TX 77218-8340
(416) 747-4000; fax 747-4149 (281) 228-6200; fax 228-6300

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National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Order and Inquiry Desk
Inspectors (NBBPVI) U.S. Government Printing Office
1055 Crupper Avenue Washington, DC 20402
Columbus, OH 43L29 (202) 512-1800; fax 512-2250
(614) 888-8320; fax 888-0750
Resistance Welder Manufacturers’ Association
National Electrical Manufacturers’ Association (RWMA)
(NEMA) 1900 Arch Street
1300 N. 17th Street Philadelphia, PA 19103
Suite 1847 (215) 564-3484; fax 963-9785
Rosslyn, VA 22209
(703) 841-3200; fax 841-5900 Robotics Industries Association (RIA)
900 Victors Way
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Ann Arbor, MI 48 106
P.O. Box 9101 (734) 994-6088; 994-3338
One Batterymarch Park
Quincy, MA 02269-9101 Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
(617) 770-3000; fax 770-0700 222 Palisades Creek Drive
Richardson, TX 75083
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
(972) 952-9393; fax 952-9435
325 Broadway
Boulder, CO 80303-3328 Society of Women Engineers (SWE)
(303) 497-3000 120 Wall Street
National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) New York, NY 10005-3902
1420 King Street (212) 509-9577; fax 509-0224
Alexandria, VA 223 14 Steel Tank Institute (STI)
(703) 684-2800; fax 836-4875 570 Oakwood Road
National Welding Supply Association (NWSA) Lake Zurich, IL 60047
1900 Arch Street (847) 438-8265; 438-9766
Philadelphia.,PA 19 103
Uniform Boiler and Pressure Vessel Laws Society
(215) 564-3444; fax 564-2175
(UBPVLS)
Naval Inventory Point Center 308 N. Evergreen Road
700 Robins Avenue Suite 240
Philadelphia, PA 19111 Louisville, KY 40243-1010
(215) 697-22,47;fax 697-5914 (502) 244-6029; fax 244-6030

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Examination Method Selection Guide

Equipment Needs Applications Advantages Limitations

Visual
~~

Magnifiers, color enhancement,
projectors, other measurement
equipment, i.e., rulers,
micrometers, optical
comparators, light source.
Weldments that have
discontinuities only on the
surface.
The method is economical
and expedient, and requires
relatively little training and
relatively little equipment for
many applications.
The method is limited to
external or surface conditions
only and by the visual acuity of
the observer or inspector.

Penetrant

Fluorescent or dye penetrant,
developers, cleansers (solvents,
emulsifiers, etc.). Suitable
cleaning gear. Ultraviolet light
source if fluorescent dye is
used.
Weldments that have
discontinuities only on the
surface.
The equipment is portable
and relatively inexpensive.
The inspection results are
expedient. Results are easily
interpreted. Requires no
electrical energy except for
light sources.
Surface films such as coatings,
scale, smeared metal may mask
or hide discontinuities. Bleed
out from porous surfaces can
also mask indications. Parts
must be cleaned before and
after inspection.

Prods, yokes, coils suitable for
inducing magnetism into the
weld. Power source (electrical).
Magnetic powders-some
applications require special
facilities and ultraviolet lights.
Magnetic Particle
Weldments that have
discontinuities on or near the
surface.
The method is relatively
economical and expedient.
Inspection equipment is
considered portable. Unlike
dye penetrants, magnetic
particle can detect some
discontinuities slightly below
the surface.
The method is applicable only
to feromagnetic materials.
Parts must be cleaned before
and after inspection. Thick
coatings may mask rejectable
discontinuities. Some
applications require the part
to be demagnetized after
inspection. Magnetic particle
inspection requires use of
electrical energy for most
applications.

Gamma ray sources, gamma
ray camera projectors, film
holders, film, lead screens, film
processing equipment, film
viewers, exposure facilities,
radiation monitoring
equipment.
Radiography (Gamma)
Weldments that have
voluminous discontinuities
such as porosity, incomplete
joint penetration, slag, etc.
Lamellar type discontinuities
such as cracks and incomplete
fusion can be detected with a
lesser degree of reliability. It
may also be used in certain
applications to evaluate
dimensional requirements
such as fit-up, root conditions,
and wall thickness.
The method is generally not
restricted by type of material
or grain structure. The
method detects surface and
subsurface discontinuities.
Radiographic images aid in
characterizing discontinuities.
The film provides a permanent
record for future review.
Planar discontinuities must be
favorably aligned with
radiation beam to be reliably
detected. Radiation poses a
potential hazard to personnel.
Cost of radiographic
equipment, facilities, safety
programs, and related licensing
is relatively high. A relatively
long time between exposure
process and availability of
results. Accessibility to both
sides of the weld required.

Radiography (X-Rays)

X-ray sources (machines),
electrical power source, same
general equipment as used with
gamma sources (above).
Same application as above.
Same as above, except that x- High initial cost of X-ray
ray radiography can use equipment. Not generally
adjustable energy levels, and considered portable. Also,
it generally produces higher same limitations as above.
quality radiographs than
gamma sources. The process
also enjoys the same
advantages as above.

(continued)

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ANNEX A-AC)DITIONAL RESOURCES
Examination Method Selection Guide (Continued)
Equipment Needs
Pulse-echo instrument capable
of exciting a piezoelectric
material and generating
ultrasonic energy within a
weld, and a suitable cathode
ray tube scope capable of
displaying the magnitudes of
received sound energy.
Calibration standards, liquid
couplant.
An instrument capable of
inducing eletromagnetic fields
within a weld and sensing the
resulting electrical currents
(eddy) so induced with a
suitable probe or detector.
Calibration standards.
Leak testing requires a gas or
liquid medium, a pump to
apply a differential pressure to
one side of a weldment and a
device to contain the pressure if
the weldment is not a closed
structure. A detection
instrument if the medium
penetrating the weld cannot be
detected visually may also be
required.
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Applications
Ultrasonic
The method can detect most
weld discontinuities including
cracks, slag, and incomplete
fusion. It can also be used to
verify base metal thickness.
Eddy Current
Weldments that have
discontinuities on or near the
surface. Alloy content and
heat treatment condition may
affect results.
Leak Testing
Weldments with through
thickness discontinuties
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Advantages
The method is most sensitive
to planar type discontinuities.
The test results are known
immediately. The method is
portable, and most ultrasonic
flaw directors are battery
operated. The method has
high penetration capability.
Equipment used with surface
probes is generally
lightweight and portable,
Painted or coated welds can
be inspected. The method can
be partially or completely
automated for a high speed,
relatively inexpensive
examination.
Relatively cheap and easy to
do if visual detection of leaks
is possible. Special mediums
such as helium require more
sofisticated equipment to
detect. However helium leak
testing is very sensitive.
Limitations
Surface condition must be
suitable for coupling of
transducer. A liquid couplant is
required. Small, thin welds may
be difficult to inspect.
Reference standards and a
relatively skilled operator or
inspector are required.
Relatively shallow depth of
inspection. Many material and
test variables can effect the test
signai.
Requires a source of water or
other medium, a means of
disposing of the medium, and
the weldment may require
cleaning after testing.