Selection of Antifriction Bearings

Prepared By
Sunil Mandore
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
MET’s Institute of Polytechnic,
Bhujbal Knowledge City, Nasik.
 Bearings

Machine elements that permit relative motion between two

components and transmission of load from one to the other,
with minimum friction.

e.g. there is relative motion between a transmission shaft and

the housing.

 Provide the support points to the shaft.

 Help in reducing power losses due to friction between the
shaft and the housing
 Transmit the loads from the shaft to the housing.
 Classification of Bearings
Depending upon Direction of Load
Radial Bearings: Bearings used to support the load that acts
perpendicular to the axis of shaft are called radial bearings.

Thrust Bearings :Bearings used to support the load that acts parallel to
the axis of shaft are called thrust bearings
 Classification of Bearings
Depending upon Nature of Contact
Sliding Contact Bearings:
• Sliding takes place between the moving and fixed elements along the
contact surfaces.
• To reduce friction and wear, sliding surfaces are separated by a
lubricating oil film.
• Also known as plain bearings, journal bearings and sleeve bearings.
• Applications: engine crankshaft bearings, centrifugal pumps, turbines,
large size electric motors, concrete mixers, rope conveyors etc.
 Classification of Bearings
Depending upon Nature of Contact
Rolling Contact Bearings
• Rolling elements (balls or rollers) are introduced between the surfaces
having relative motion.
• These bearing thus have rolling friction instead of sliding friction.
• Rolling contact bearings, are also known as antifriction bearings.
• Applications: automobile axles, gear boxes, machine tool spindles,
small size electric motors, crane hooks, etc.
 Sliding Contact Bearings
• Starting friction is very high due to
metal to metal contact between the two
surfaces.
• Deformation of contacting surfaces,
changes type of contact changes from
point/ line to surface contact, leading to
a positive value of friction.
• Higher starting torque compared to
operating torque.
• Maintenance is difficult.
• Lubricant consumption is more.
• High Load absorbing capacity due to
large lubrication area.
• Insensitive to impact and shocks
• High Speed & infinite service of life
• Simple in construction.
• Easy to mount and dismount.
Rolling Contact Bearings
• For condition of pure rolling,
friction is zero.
• Same type of contact always.
Same friction
• Lesser starting torque
compared to operating torque.
• Easy standard maintenance.
• Lubricant consumption is Less.
• Less load carrying capacity
• Sensitive to impact & shocks
• Limited max speed & service
life.
• Construction is complex.
• Difficult to mount &unmount.
 Rolling Contact Bearings or Antifriction Bearings
Four main parts:
• Outer Race
• Inner Race
• Balls/Rollers
• Retainers
Various types of rolling contact bearings
Various types of rolling contact bearings
Various types of rolling contact bearings
Various types of rolling contact bearings
 Selection of Bearings
The guidelines for selecting a proper type of bearing are as follows:
(i) For low and medium radial loads, ball bearings are used, whereas for
heavy loads and large shaft diameters, roller bearings are selected.
(ii) Self-aligning ball bearings and spherical roller bearings are used in
applications where a misalignment between the axes of the shaft
and housing is likely to exist.
(iii)Thrust ball bearings are used for medium thrust loads whereas for
heavy thrust loads, cylindrical roller thrust bearings are
recommended. Double acting thrust bearings can carry the thrust
load in either direction.
(iv)Deep groove ball bearings, angular contact bearings and spherical
roller bearings are suitable in applications where the load acting on
the bearing consists of two components— radial and thrust.
 Selection of Bearings
The guidelines for selecting a proper type of bearing are as follows:

(v) The maximum permissible speed of the shaft depends upon the
temperature rise in the bearing. For high speed applications, deep
groove ball bearings, angular contact bearings and cylindrical roller
bearings are recommended.

(vi) Rigidity controls the selection of bearings in certain applications

like machine tool spindles. Double row cylindrical roller bearings or
taper roller bearings are used under these conditions. The line of
contact in these bearings, as compared with the point of contact in ball
bearings, improves the rigidity of the system.

(vii) Noise becomes the criterion of selection in applications like

household appliances. For such applications, deep groove ball bearings
are recommended.
 Selection of Bearings
STATIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY :
Static load is defined as the load acting on the bearing when the shaft is
stationary.

It produces permanent deformation in balls and races, which increases

with increasing load.

The permissible static load, therefore, depends upon the permissible

magnitude of permanent deformation.

The static load carrying capacity of a bearing is defined as the static

load which corresponds to a total permanent deformation of balls and
races, at the most heavily stressed point of contact, equal to 0.0001 of
the ball diameter.
 Selection of Bearings
DYNAMIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
The life of a ball bearing is limited by the fatigue failure at the surfaces
of balls and races.

The dynamic load carrying capacity of the bearing is, therefore, based
on the fatigue life of the bearing.

The life of an individual ball bearing is defined as the number of

revolutions (or hours of service at some given constant speed), which
the bearing runs before the first evidence of fatigue crack in balls or
races.

The dynamic load carrying capacity of a bearing is defined as the radial

load in radial bearings (or thrust load in thrust bearings) that can be
carried for a minimum life of one million revolutions.
 Selection of Bearings
EQUIVALENT BEARING LOAD
In actual applications, the force acting on the bearing has two
components—radial and thrust.

The equivalent dynamic load is defined as the constant radial load in

radial bearings (or thrust load in thrust bearings), which if applied to
the bearing would give same life as that which the bearing will attain
under actual condition of forces.

The expression for the equivalent dynamic load is written as,

P = XVFr + YFa
where, P = equivalent dynamic load (N)
Fr = radial load (N) Fa = axial or thrust load (N)
V = race-rotation factor
X and Y are radial and thrust factors respectively and their values are
given in the manufacturer’s catalogues.
 Selection of Bearings
EQUIVALENT BEARING LOAD
The race-rotation factor depends upon whether the inner race is
rotating or the outer race.

The value of V is 1 when the inner race rotates while the outer race is
held stationary in the housing.

The value of V is 1.2 when the outer race rotates with respect to the
load, while the inner race remains stationary.

In most of the applications, the inner race rotates and the outer race is
fixed in the housing.

Assuming V as unity, the general equation for equivalent dynamic load

is given by,

P = XFr + YFa
 Selection of Bearings
LOAD-LIFE RELATIONSHIP
The relationship between the dynamic load carrying capacity, the
equivalent dynamic load, and the bearing life is given by,
𝐶 𝑝
𝐿10 = ( )
𝑃
Where
L10 = rated bearing life (in million revolutions)
C = dynamic load capacity (N),
and p = 3 (for ball bearings)
p = 10/3 (for roller bearings)
Rearranging above Eq. , C = P ( L10 )1/p
For all types of ball bearings, C = P ( L10)1/3
For all types of roller bearings, C = P ( L10)0.3
The relationship between life in million revolutions and life in working
60𝑛𝐿10ℎ
hours is given by 𝐿10 =
106
where, L10h = rated bearing life (hours)
n = speed of rotation (rpm)
 Selection of Bearings
SELECTION OF BEARING LIFE
 SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER’S CATALOGUE

(i) Calculate the radial and axial forces acting on the bearing and
determine the diameter of the shaft where the bearing is to be fitted.

(ii) Select the type of bearing for the given application.

(iii) Determine the values of X and Y, the radial and thrust factors, from
the catalogue. The values of X and Y factors for single-row deep groove
ball bearings are given in table. The values depend upon two ratios,
𝐹𝑎 𝐹
and 𝑎
𝐹𝑟 𝐶𝑜
where 𝐶𝑜 is static load capacity
 SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER’S CATALOGUE

(iv)Selection is done by trial and error. Static and dynamic load capacities
of single row deep groove ball bearings of different series are given in
Table.
(v) e.g. a bearing of light series, such as 60, is selected for the given
diameter of the shaft and the value of C0 is found from Table.
 SELECTION OF BEARING FROM MANUFACTURER’S CATALOGUE
𝐹𝑎 𝐹𝑎
(iii) Knowing the ratios and the values of X and Y factors are
𝐹𝑟 𝐶𝑜
found from table.
(iv) Calculate the equivalent dynamic load from the equation.
P = XFr + YFa
(v) Make a decision about the expected bearing life and express the life
L10 in million revolutions. C = P ( L10)1/3
(vi) Check whether the selected bearing of series 60 has the required
dynamic capacity. If not, select the bearing of the next series and go
back to Step (iii) and continue.