Lampiran Laporan Praktikum 1

Name: Muhammad Hafizh Arrafi

Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 3: The Action Potential: Threshold Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Axons are
You correctly answered: d. long, thin structures that extend from a neuronal cell body.

2. Which of the following is easier?

You correctly answered: a. extracellular recordings of the action potential

3. An action potential is usually initiated in an axon at or near

You correctly answered: d. all of the above

4. The initiation of an action potential in a sensory neuron in the body normally You
correctly answered: a. follows a sufficiently large depolarizing receptor potential.
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: How will the action potential at R1 (or R2) change as you continue to increase the stimulus voltage?
Your answer : c. The action potential will not change.

Stop & Think Questions:

Why is the action potential recorded by the second recording electrode (R2) delayed relative to the action potential recorded
by the first recording electrode (R1)?
You correctly answered: c. The action potential had to propagate from R1 to R2.

An increase in extracellular K+ would depolarize a neuron. This depolarization would occur if neurons were damaged. From
what you have just learned about generating an action potential, what effect would this have on nearby axons? The nearby
axonal membranes will ___________.
You correctly answered: b. be depolarized to values near or above threshold voltages.

Experiment Data:

Stimulus Voltage (mV) Peak Value at R1 (µV) Peak Value at R2 (µV) Action Potential
10 0 0 No
20 100 100 Yes
30 100 100 Yes
40 100 100 Yes
50 100 100 Yes

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 3 out of 3 questions correctly.

1. The threshold voltage in an axon is usually

You correctly answered: a. less negative than the resting membrane potential.

2. If a graded receptor potential made the resting membrane potential of the axon more negative (for example, -70 mV
changes to -75 mV), you would expect
You correctly answered: d. it to be more difficult for this axon to reach the threshold voltage.

3. Failure to reach the threshold voltage in the axon of a sensory neuron could be caused by
You correctly answered: d. all of the above.

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Review Sheet Results
1. Define the term threshold as it applies to an action potential.
Your answer:
ketika stimulus melewati treshold maka kan timbul potensial aksi

2. What change in membrane potential (depolarization or hyperpolarization) triggers an action

potential? Your answer:
Aksi potensial dipicu karena terjadinya depolarisasi

3. How did the action potential at R1 (or R2) change as you increased the stimulus voltage above the threshold voltage?
How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
jika aksi potensial sudah mencapai treshold maka hanya itulah aksi potensial yang terjadi walaupun stimulasi voltagenya
ditambah berapa pun

4. An action potential is an "all-or-nothing" event. Explain what is meant by this phrase

Your answer:
hanya 2 kemungkinan yaitu terjadinya potensial aksi atau tidak sama sekali, jika sudah terjadi potensial aksi maka nilai
potensial itu akan selalu sama

5. What part of a neuron was investigated in this activity?

Your answer:
Axon
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Lampiran Praktikum 2

Name: Muhammad Hafizh Arrafi

Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics: Activity 1: Measuring Respiratory Volumes and Calculating Capacities Lab
Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

5. Which of the following statements describing the mechanics of breathing is false? You
correctly answered: d. Ventilation relies exclusively on contracting skeletal muscles.

6. The contraction of which of the following muscles will increase the thoracic cavity volume during inspiration?
You correctly answered: c. the external intercostals

7. At the beginning of inspiration, the

You correctly answered: b. thoracic cavity volume increases.

4. At the beginning of expiration, the

You correctly answered: a. pressure in the thoracic cavity increases.

5. A tidal volume refers to the

You correctly answered: b. amount of air inspired and then expired with each breath under resting conditions.
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: Lung diseases are often classified as obstructive or restrictive. An obstructive disease affects airflow,
and a restrictive disease usually reduces volumes and capacities. Although they are not diagnostic, pulmonary function
tests such as forced expiratory volume (FEV1) can help a clinician determine the difference between obstructive and
restrictive diseases. Specifically, an FEV1 is the forced volume expired in 1 second.

In obstructive diseases such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, airway radius is decreased. Thus, FEV1 will
Your answer : a. decrease proportionately.

Stop & Think Questions:

Which muscles contract during quiet expiration?
You correctly answered: d. None of these muscles contract during quiet expiration.

4. Minute ventilation is the amount of air that flows into and then out of the lungs in a minute. Minute ventilation (ml/min)
= TV (ml/breath) x BPM (breaths/min).

Using the values from the second recorded measurement, enter the minute ventilation in the field below and then click
Submit Data to record your answer in the lab report.
You answered: 7500 ml/min

5. A useful way to express FEV1 is as a percentage of the forced vital capacity (FVC). Using the FEV1 and FVC values
from the data grid, calculate the FEV1 (%) by dividing the FEV1 volume by the FVC volume (in this case, the VC is equal to
the FVC) and multiply by 100%.

Enter the FEV1 (%) for an airway radius of 5.00 mm in the field below and then click Submit Data to record your answer in
the lab report.
You answered: 73,9

6. A useful way to express FEV1 is as a percentage of the forced vital capacity (FVC). Using the FEV1 and FVC values
from the data grid, calculate the FEV1 (%) by dividing the FEV1 volume by the FVC volume (in this case, the VC is equal to
the FVC) and multiply by 100%.

Enter the FEV1 (%) for an airway radius of 3.00 mm in the field below and then click Submit Data to record your answer in
the lab report.
You answered: 70,2

Experiment Data:

Radius Flow TV ERV IRV RV VC FEV1 TLC Breath Rate

(L/min)
5.00 7485 499 --- --- --- --- --- --- 15
5.00 7500 500 1200 3091 1200 4791 3541 5991 15
4.50 4920 328 787 2028 1613 3143 2303 4756 15
4.00 3075 205 492 1266 1908 1962 1422 3871 15
3.50 1800 120 288 742 2112 1150 822 3262 15
3.00 975 65 156 401 2244 621 436 2865 15

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 60% by answering 3 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. To calculate a person's vital capacity, you need to know the TV, ERV, and
You correctly answered: c. IRV.

2. Measuring a person's FVC means that you are measuring

You correctly answered: d. the amount of air that can be expelled when the subject takes the deepest possible inspiration
and then forcefully expires as completely and rapidly as possible.

3. Measuring a person's FEV1 means that you are measuring

You correctly answered: b. the amount of the VC that is expired during the first second of the FVC test.

4. For a person suffering an asthma attack, inhaler medications are expected to

Your answer: b. reduce the FEV1.
Correct answer: a. reduce the airway resistance.

5. Which of the following values does not include the ERV?

Your answer: a. FVC
Correct answer: c. TV

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Review Sheet Results
1. What would be an example of an everyday respiratory event the ERV simulates?
Your answer:
The example of ERV in life is when we exercise, blow up a baloon, cough, or sneeze

2. What additional skeletal muscles are utilized in an ERV activity?

Your answer:
abdominal-wall muscles and the internal costal muscles

3. What was the FEV1 (%) at the initial radius of 5.00

mm? Your answer:
73,9%

4. What happened to the FEV1 (%) as the radius of the airways decreased? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
Karna ketika radius menurun FEV 1 juga akan ikut menurun dengan signifikan dan sebanding

5. Explain why the results from the experiment suggest that there is an obstructive, rather than a restrictive, pulmonary
problem.
Your answer:
Penyakit paru-paru sering diklasifikasikan sebagai penyakit obstruktif ketika mempengaruhi aliran udara sementara
mengurangi kapasitas volume. Tes fungsi paru seperti halnya FEV1 dapat menentukan perbedaan antara penyakit
obstruktif dan detriktif lebih khusus, jari-jari menurun karna penurunan aliran udara yang mempengaruhi aliran udara
dengan demikian itu akan mengakibatkan penyakit obstruktif
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Lampiran Praktikum 3

Name: Muhammad Hafizh Arrafi

Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Activity 5: Fatigue in Isolated Skeletal Muscle Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

8. When skeletal muscle twitches fuse so that the peaks and valleys of each twitch become indistinguishable from each
other, the muscle is in a state known as
You correctly answered: d. complete (fused) tetanus.

9. When the stimulus frequency reaches a value beyond which no further increase of skeletal muscle force can occur, the
muscle has reached its
You correctly answered: c. maximal tetanic tension.

10. A decline in a muscle's ability to maintain a constant level of force, or tension, after prolonged, repetitive stimulation is
called
You correctly answered: c. fatigue.

11. Which of the following is not thought to be a contributing factor to the development of fatigue?
You correctly answered: a. buildup of Ca2+ in the muscle fibers
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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: If the stimulator is briefly turned off for defined periods of time, what will happen to the length of time that
the muscle is able to sustain maximal developed tension when the stimulator is turned on again?
Your answer : c. The length of the rest period will proportionately decrease the length of time for sustained muscle tension.

Stop & Think Questions:

Why does the stimulated muscle force begin to decrease over time despite the maintained stimuli? (Note that a decrease in
maximal force indicates muscle fatigue is developing.)
You correctly answered: d. More than one of these answers could be correct.

Why did the length of the intervening rest period affect the length of time the skeletal muscle can maintain maximum tension
once the stimulator is turned on again?
You correctly answered: c. Intracellular concentrations of ADP and Pi declined during the rest period.

Experiment Data:

Voltage Stimuli/sec Rest Period (sec) Active Force (g) Sustained Maximal Force
(sec)
8.5 120 0 5.86 10
8.5 120 0 5.86 10
8.5 120 12 5.86 1.80
8.5 120 22 5.86 5.80

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

5. During cross bridge cycling in skeletal muscle, force is created by the

You correctly answered: c. power stroke of the myosin heads.

6. The term tetanus refers to

You correctly answered: b. sustained muscle tension due to repetitive stimuli.

6. A decline in a muscle's ability to maintain a constant level of force, or tension, after prolonged, repetitive stimulation is
called
You correctly answered: c. fatigue.

7. During fatigue
You correctly answered: c. the number of active cross bridges begins to decline although the rate of stimulus delivery
(frequency) remains constant.

7. If an intervening rest period is imposed on active skeletal muscle

You correctly answered: c. the development of fatigue will be delayed.

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Review Sheet Results
3. When a skeletal muscle fatigues, what happens to the contractile force over time?
Your answer:
Ketika otot rangka kelelahan, kekuatan kontraktil menurun karena kekuatan tidak dihasilkan lagi setelah mencapai
maksimal ketegangan tetanik oleh aktivitas kontraktil sebelumnya.

4. What are some proposed causes of skeletal muscle fatigue?

Your answer:
Asam laktat, ADP, fosfat, dan kalsium rendah dalam darah.

6. Turning the stimulator off allows a small measure of muscle recovery. Thus, the muscle will produce more force for a
longer time period if the stimulator is briefly turned off than if the stimuli were allowed to continue without interruption.
Explain why this might occur. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Dengan mematikan stimulator, periode istirahat dibuat, sehingga memungkinkan konsentrasi konsentrasi antar sel. Asam
Laktat, ADP, dan Pi menurun. Dengan konsentrasi ini berada pada level yang menurun, lamanya waktu.
Otot mampu mempertahankan peningkatan ketegangan maksimum.

7. List a few ways that humans could delay the onset of fatigue when they are vigorously using their skeletal muscles.
Your answer:
lakukan beberapa set latihan berulang rendah. istirahat sebentar.
Agar otot awet, seringlah berolahraga

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