Documentos de Académico
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Dr. R. Raja
PG Assistant in Mathematics
Government Girls Hr.Sec.School
Papanasam
Abstract
In this paper, we describe necessary and sufficient
conditions for a bi- normal or complex s-symmetric
operator to have the other property. Along the way, we find
connections to the Duggal and Aluthge transforms, and
give further properties of secondary Secondary binormal,
complex s-symmetric operators.
1 Introduction
An operator R is
1. s-normal if R commutes with R θ;
Theorem 1.1.
||R x|| = ||CR θCx|| = ||R θCx|| ≤ ||R Cx|| = ||CR θx|| =
||R θx||.
5
is secondary Secondary binormal, and
complex sym-
metric by the Strong Angle Test [1]. However, R 2 =
R R θR θ R C = R θ R R R θ C
= RθR C C R R θC
= RθCRθ Rθ CRθ C
= C R Rθ RθR CC
= C R Rθ Rθ R.
7
3 When are secondary Secondary binormal
operators complex sym- metric?
Since R^ is complex
^ s-symmetric, U^ = U U U is s-unitary [10,
θ θ
Corollary 1]. If U is a proper partial isometry, then U θU is a proper
projection and U θU U cannot be8 s-unitary. Therefore, U is a full
isometry, meaning that U θU = I and so U θU U = U . This justifies
that U is s-unitary, and so R^U = |R |. Then we have R = U |R | = U
R^U
and therefore R and R are unitarily equivalent. Therefore, R is also complex
s-symmetric.
9
Example 3.2. Recall the operator Cϕ on H2 induced by an involutive
disk automorphism ϕ, as in Example 1.3. In [14],
ϕ it is established
ϕ
that the polar decomposition of Cϕ is given by Cϕ = U |Cϕ|, where U
= C θ|Cϕ | is self-adjoint and s-unitary. By Theorem 3.1, C^ϕ =
|Cϕ |C θ |Cϕ | is complex s-symmetric. This can also be seen by the fact
that C^ϕ is again involutive.
U θ R˜U θ R˜ = |R˜|2
= R˜θ R˜
= |R |1/2U θ|R |U |R |1/2
=|R|1/2U*R^|R|1/2
^ 1/2
=|R|
1
1/2
|R ||R|
1
|=R^| |R|
where the last step is performed via Lemma 3.3. Continuing:
Finally, letting U 2 act on the left side of the first and last expressions,
we find
U R˜U θ R˜ = R 2.
Since R˜ is complex s-symmetric, for some conjugation C, CR˜C =
R˜θ. Further, for some conjugation J, U = CJ [10, Theorem 2].
Then, U R˜U R˜ = CJR˜JCR˜, and
= R˜θ CJR˜θJC
= CR˜JCR˜CJC.
1
2
where the last step is performed via Lemma 3.3. Continuing:
Finally, letting U 2 act on the left side of the first and last expressions, we find
U R˜U θ R˜ = R 2.
Since R˜ is complex s-symmetric, for some conjugation C, CR˜C =
R˜θ. Further, for some conjugation J, U = CJ [10, Theorem 2].
Then, U R˜U R˜ = CJR˜JCR˜, and
= R˜θ CJR˜θJC
= R˜θ CJR˜θJC
= CR˜JCR˜CJC.
−2 −1 2 2 1
14 0 0
2
Example 3.6. The operator R = 0 −2 2 −1 is
secondary Secondary binormal and not
0 −2 −1 0
complex s-symmetric, but both R 2 and R˜ are complex s-symmetric–all of
these by
the Modulus Test.
0 1 1
Example 3.7. The matrix R = 0 1 −1 is
secondary Secondary binormal, and complex sym-
1 00
metric by the Strong Angle Test. However, R˜ is not secondary
Secondary binormal.
−1 −1 −1
Example 3.8. The matrix R = 0 −1 −1 is not secondary
Secondary binormal and R˜ is
1 −1 −1
complex s-symmetric, but R 2 is not complex s-symmetric–all by the
Strong Angle
Test.
Matrices
1
6
Because the eigenvectors are orthogonal, we
can write (Ui, Vj) = δi,Λ(j) where δa,b is the usual
Kronecker delta: 1 if its arguments are identical, 0
otherwise; and Λ is the map which takes the
indices of V to the indices of U .
θ θ
Λ(i)
That is, Ui = VΛ(i) or RR V = R R Vi.
Let i=1 be the indices of the longest disjoint cycle in the permutation
{qi}n
Λ with length n, so that Uq1 = Vqn , Uq2 =
Paranormal operators
1 study of secondary
A point made to initiate the
8
Secondary binormal complex s-symmetric
operators is the connection to square-normal
operators, as Theorem 3.4 notes. In this sec- tion,
we use secondary Secondary binormality and
complex symmetry to get an exact characterization
of square-positive semi-definite operators. (Recall
R is positive semi-definite if (R x, x) ≥ 0 ∀ x, or
equivalently, R = S θS for some S.)
To get there, we begin with the following lemma about secondary
Secondary binormal, complex
s-symmetric operators in general.
1
9
Proof. Since R is complex s-symmetric, U is s-
unitary. Recall from Section 3 that for a secondary
Secondary binormal, complex s-symmetric
operator, the Duggal transform R^ = |R |U has the
polar decomposition R^ = U |R^|. Then
R 2 = R R = U |R |U |R | = U R^|R | = U 2|R^||R |
1. R 2 is positive semi-definite;
5 Further Questions
6 Acknowledgements
References
1
0