2013 SECTION V ARTICLE 2 ARTICLE 2 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION 1-210 SCOPE ‘The radiographic method described in this Article for examination of materials including castings and welds shall be used together with Article 1, General Require- ments, Definitions of terms used in this Article are in Mandatory Appendix V of this Article. Certain product-specific, technique-specific, and application-specific requirements are also given in other Mandatory Appendices of this Article, as listed in the table of contents, These additional requirements shall also be complied with when an Appendix is applicable to the radiographic or radioscopie examination being conducted. 7-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 7-221 PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS: T-221.1 Written Procedure. Radiographic examina- tion shall be performed in accordance with a written pro- cedure. Each procedure shall include at least the following information, as applicable: (a) material type and thickness range (@) isotope or maximum X-ray voltage used (@) source-to-object distance (D in T-274.1) (@) distance from source side of object to film (din T2741) (@) source size (F in T-274.1) @) film brand and designation (@) sereens used T-221.2 Procedure Demonstration. Demonstration of the density and image quality indicator (IQI) image re- quirements of the written procedure on production or technique radiographs shall be considered satisfactory evidence of compliance with that procedure. 7-222 SURFACE PREPARATION 7-222.1 Materials Ineluding Castings. Surfaces shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable materials spect- fication or referencing Code Section, with additional con- ditioning, if necessary, by any suitable process to such a degree that the images of surface irregularities cannot ‘mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity on the resulting radiograph. 7-222 Welds. The weld ripples or weld surface irre gularities on both the inside (where accessible) and out- side shall be removed by any suitable process to such a degree that the images of surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity on the resulting radiograph. The finished surface of all butt-welded joints may be flush with the base material or may have reasonably uni form crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that speci= fied in the referencing Code Section, 7-223 BACKSCATTER RADIATION A lead symbol “B,” with minimum dimensions of 7 in. (23 mm) in heignt and Yq in. (1.5 rom) in thickness, shall be attached tothe bac of each film holder during each ex- posure to determine if backscatter radiation is exposing the fm ‘7-224 SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION A system shall be used to produce permanent identifica tion on the radiograph traceable to the contract, compo- nent, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, as appropriate, In addition, the Manufacturer's symbol or name and the date of the radiograph shall be plainly and. permanently included on the radiograph, This identifica tion system does not necessarily require that the informa tion appear as radiographic images. In any case, this information shall not obscure the area of interest. 7-225 MONITORING DENSITY LIMITATIONS OF RADIOGRAPHS Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film shall be used for judging film density. 7-226 EXTENT OF EXAMINATION ‘The extent of radiographic examination shall be as spe cified by the referencing Code Section. 7-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS 7-231 FILM T-231.1 Selection. Radiographs shall be made using industrial radiographic film. T-231.2 Processing. Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing, SE-999, or paragraphs 23 through 26 of Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination SE-94 shall be used as a guide for processing film.ARTICLE 2 1-232 _ INTENSIFYING SCREENS Intensifying screens may be used when performing radiographic examination in accordance with this Article 1-233 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR (IQI) DESIGN 7-233.1 Standard 1Q1 Design. 1's shall be either the hole type or the wire type. Hole-type 1QIs shall be manus factured and identified in accordance with the require- ments or alternates allowed in SE-1025, Wire-type IQs shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with the requirements or alternates allowed in SE-747, except that the largest wire number or the identity number ‘may be omitted. ASME standard IQIs shall consist of those in Table T-233.1 for hole type and those in Table T-233.2 for wire type, 7-233.2 Alternative IQ1 Design. 1QIs designed and ‘manufactured in accordance with other national or inter national standards may be used provided the require- ments of either (a) or (b) below, and the material requirements of T-276.1 are met. (a) Hole Type 1Qls. The calculated Equivalent 1Ql Sensi- tivity (EPS), per SE-1025, Appendix X1, is equal to or b ter than the required standard hole type IQ. (2) Wire Type IQIs, The alternative wire IQ) essential wire diameter is equal to or less than the required stan dard 1Q{ essential wire. 2013 SECTION V Table T-233.2 Wire 1Q1 Designation, Wire Diameter, and Wire Identity fom) Ident coos (008) oot (os) coos ans) 3 oss (a1) coca (02) cow (025) 6 Diameter in (om) entity [Dimete, in (om) ident] oo (ast) cao 254) 16 coo umn) | oes Ge) oso fia) 13 | aso) a8 os (aso) | 0200 (308) 9 oo fas) as | 02s (sas) 2 ogo zs) as | 0320 ay Table T-233.1 Hole-Type IOI Designation, Thickness, and Hole Diameters Thickness, in. 17 Hole Diameter, in, 27 Hole Diameter, im, Diameter, i 1 ion (am) am) (x) um) 0.005 (233) 2010 (025) ea20 (051) 0040 (1.02) 140075 (019), 10 (025) 8920 053) 0.040 (4.02) 010 (025) oto (225) so20 (051) ona (1.02) 125 (32) cor2s (032) co25 6n) 0950 (127) ots (238) ats (038) 230 0.76) 0.060 (152), 0175 (048) ots (448) 035 (089) 0070 (4.78) e020 (251) 020 (251) 040 (102) 0.090 (203) 1.025 (2.64) 025 (268) caso (127) 0.00 (254) 030 (276) 1030 (276) ogo (152) 0320 (3.05) 035 (289) 2035 (039) ca70 (178) 0340 856) 8.040 (1.02) 4040 (1.02) 8080 (203) 0360 (406) 1045 (14) 1045 (1214) 090 223) 000 (457) 050 (127 aso (127 oa00 238) 0200 (5.08) 060 (152) 1060 (152) 0220 (08) 0240 (610), 070 (478) 070 (178) ox40 (56) 0200 (741) 6.080 (203) 6.080 (2203) 60 06) 0320 (013) o.100 (258) 0.200 (258) 8.200 (5.8) 0400 (10.16) 0.320 (405) 0.320 (408) 0240 (610) aa (1219) 0240 358) 0.140 658) 0280 (733) 0560 (1422) 0.360 (406) 9.360 (4.06) 9320 813) 0640 (1626) 0.200 (08) 0.200 (3.08) 400 (1016) 0240 (610) 0240 (610) oatwo (12219) 0280 (21 560 (1422)2013 SECTION V 1-234 FACILITIES FOR VIEWING OF RADIOGRAPHS Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not cause reflections, sha- dows, or glare on the radiograph that interfere with the in- terpretation process. Equipment used to view radiographs for interpretation shall provide a variable light source suf- ficient for the essential IQI hole or designated wire to b visible for the specified density range. The viewing condi- tions shall be such that light from around the outer edge of the radiograph or coming through low-density portions of the radiograph does not interfere with interpretation 7-260 CALIBRATION 7-261 SOURCE SIZE T-2611 Verification of Source Size. The equipment ‘manufacturer's or supplier's publications, such as techni cal manuals, decay curves, or written statements docu- menting the actual or maximum source size or focal spot, shall be acceptable as source size verification 7-261.2 Determination of Source Size. When manus facturer’s or supplier's publications are not available, source size may be determined as follows: (a) X-Ray Machines. For X-ray machines operating at 500 KV and less, the focal spot size may be determined by the pinhole method,” or in accordance with SE-1165, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging, (2) Iridium-192 Sources. For tridium-192, the source size may be determined in accordance with SE-1114, Stan- dard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Ividium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources. 7-262 DENSITOMETER AND STEP WEDGE COMPARISON FILM T-262.1 Densitometers. Densitometers shall be cali- brated at least every 90 days during use as follows: (a) Anational standard step tablet or a step wedge cali= bration film, traceable to a national standard step tablet and having at least § steps with neutral densities from at least 1.0 through 4.0, shall be used. The step wedge ca libration film shall have been verified within the last year by comparison with a national standard step tablet unless, prior to fest use, it was maintained in the original light= tight and waterproof sealed package as supplied by the manufacturer. Step wedge calibration films may be used ‘without verification for one year upon opening, provided It is within the manufacturer's stated shelf life (2) The densitometer manufacturer's step-by-step In- structions for the operation of the densitometer shall be followed. (6) The density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film shall be read, ARTICLE 2 (@) The densitometer is acceptable if the density read- ings do not vary by more than +0.05 density units from the actual density stated on the national standard step ta blet or step wedge calibration film. T-262.2 Step Wedge Comparison Films. Step wedge comparison films shall be verified prior to first use, unless performed by the manufacturer, as follows: (a) The density of the steps on a step wedge comparison film shall be verified by a calibrated densitometer, (2) The step wedge comparison film is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than £0.1 density units from the density stated on the step wedge compari son fm, 1-262.3 Periodic Verification (a) Densitometers. Periadic cablibration verification checks shall be performed as described in T-262.1 at the beginning of each shift, after 8 hr of continuous use, or after change of apertures, whichever comes first. (b) Step Wedge Comparison Films, Verification checks shall be performed annually per T-262.2, T-262.4 Documentation. (a) Densitometers. Densitometer calibrations required by 1-262.1 shall be documented, but the actual readings for each step do not have to be recorded. Periodic densit- ‘ometer verification checks required by T-262.3(a) do not hhave to be documented. (b) Step Wedge Calibration Films. Step wedge calibra- tion film verifications required by T-262.1(a) shall be documented, but the actual readings for each step do not have to be recorded. (0) Step Wedge Comparison Films, Step wedge compari son film verifications required by T-262.2 and T-262.3(b) shall be documented, but the actual readings for each step do not have to be recorded, 7-270 EXAMINATION 1-271 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE® A single-wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical. When it is not practical to use a single-wall technique, a double-wall technique shall be used. An adequate number of exposures shall be made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been obtained. T-271.1 Single-Wall Technique. In the single-wall technique, the radiation passes through only one wall of the weld (material), which is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph, T-271.2 Double-Wall Technique. When itis not prac- tical to use a single-wall technique, one of the following double-wall techniques shall be used. (a) Single-Wall Viewing, For materials and for welds in components, a technique may be used in which the radia tion passes through two walls and only the weld (materi- al) on the film-side wall is viewed for acceptance on the