Other stuff learnt: Arm fractures (broad fold, narrow fold, arm sling, elevation sling), choking

(Aquarius): CPRAED (from CPR+AED course), angina, stroke, head to toe, how to approach a
casualty,

Shock

Caused by:
- Blood Loss (1.2l or more)
- E.g Internal Injury or external injury

Signs & Symptoms

1. Rapid Pulse -----------> Weak pulse
2. Pale, Cold, Clammy skin

Treatment:
1. Ask the casualty to lie down
2. Raise casualty’s legs
3. Wrap casualty in blanket
4. Remove constricting items (e.g watches, belts)
5. Monitor Vital Signs!!! + Call 995 for Ambulance
6. If casualty falls unconscious and stops breathing, commence CPR
7. Remember to treat other injuries after treating shock

Types of Wounds
Acronym to remember: ​ASLACPIG
A: ​Avulsion - Pad sterile padding to treat bleeding
S: ​Stab Wound
L:​ Laceration
A:​ Abrasion
C: ​Contusion
P: ​Puncture
I: ​Incision
G: ​Gunshot (Pew pew pew)

Treatment
1. Pad 1 sterile padding and apply pressure
2. If blood seeps through, remove first layer and apply another sterile
padding
3. Remove both layers
4. Repeat steps 1-3 until blood stops seeping through
5. Treat all wounds even if casualty falls into shock

Asthma Attack

Causes:
- Swelling of airway

Treatment:
1. Reassure the casualty
2. Give him/her inhaler
3. If casualty’s condition worsens, call an ambulance
4. Monitor Vital signs

Hyperventilation

Causes:
-Anxiety

S&S
- Rapid and deep breathing
- Quickening pulse rate
 - Dizziness
- Attention-Seeking behaviour
- Trembling and Cramps

Treatment:
1. Reassure the casualty
2. If there are bystanders, politely ask them to leave the casualty alone
3. Ask casualty to seek further medical advice

Puncture Chest Wound (PCW)

Treatment:
1. Lay the casualty on injured side (make sure the wound is close to the
ground to allow for the blood to drain away
2. Place sterile padding on top of the wound
3. Call an ambulance and monitor vital signs

Cramps:

Treatment:
1. Ask casualty to stretch out cramped limb/area (e.g leg)
2. If available, apply cold spray to relieve pain
3. If casualty is able to, ask him/her/apache to stand up and utilise the
limb to prevent further cramping

Burns:

Causes:
1. Heat- 1st, 2nd, 3rd Degree burns
2. Electrical Burns
3. Chemical Burns
4. Burns to the Airway
5. Rope Burn
 6. Flash Burn

Heat:

S & S of 1st Degree Burn:

1. Redness of skin
2. Tenderness
3. Swelling
4. Peeling of skin

S&S of 2nd Degree Burn:

1. Blisters
2. Redness of skin
3. Swelling
4. Tenderness

S&S of 3rd Degree Burn:

1. Black, charred flesh
2. Loss of sensation in affected area

Treatment:

1. Remove all constricting items (i.e belts, watches, jewellery from

casualty)
2. Run ​room​ temperature water over affected area for 10-20 min (10
min for 1st Degree burns, 20min for 2nd and 3rd degree burns)
3. Wrap wound in ​non-fluffy​ sterile padding or kitchen cling film
4. Monitor vital signs of casualty

Cases that Require Hospital Treatment:

1. All 3rd degree burns
 2. All burns involving face, hands, feet and genitalia area
3. All burns that extend around an arm or leg
4. All burns above 1st degree burns that cover more than 1% of a
casualty’s surface area (1% is roughly the size of the casualty’s palm)
5. All burns (including 1st degree burns) that are larger than ​5%​ of the
casualty’s surface area
6. Burns comprising of a mix of all types

Take note: If unsure of severity of burn, seek medical advice immediately

Electrical Burns:

Causes:
1. Low or high voltage currents passing through casualty
2. Lightning strikes
(The causes are pretty common sense, tbh)

S&S of Electrical Burn:

1. Unconsciousness
2. 3rd degree burns
3. Signs of Shock
4. Burns at entry and exit point on casualty (exit pt is usually on the foot)

Treatment:

1. Call 995 for an ambulance

 2. Flood water at site of entry and exit wound until pain is relieved
3. Wrap wounds in cling film or ​non-fluffy​ sterile padding
4. Monitor vital signs until ambulance arrives

Chemical Burn:

Causes:
1. Spilled chemicals (No, it’s highly unlikely you’ll become the Flash- no,
just don’t try it)

S&S of Chemical Burn:

1. Spilled chemicals nearby (Perhaps)
2. Intense Stinging pain
3. Discolouration, blistering, peeling of skin
4. Swelling of affected area

Treatment:
1. Ensure safety of yourself and casualty (Clearing for danger, i.e
ventilate room, wear protective gloves, and move casualty if
necessary)
2. Call 995 for ambulance or arrange transport of casualty to the
hospital
3. Remove any contaminated clothing
4. Flood burn area with water for 20 minutes to disperse chemical and
stop burning (Take note to make sure the contaminated water does
not pool under casualty)
5. Monitor Vital signs

Special Case:​ Chemical Burn to the Eye

S&S of Chemical Burn to the Eye:

1. Redness of the eye
2. Swelling
 3. Intense pain in the eye (duh)

Treatment:

1. Arrange for transport to bring the casualty to the hospital

2. Ask the casualty to place their head under a running tap, ensuring
that the affected eye is closer to the sink
3. Flush affected area with water for 10-20 minutes
4. Ask casualty to hold ​non-fluffy​ sterile padding to their eye while
waiting for medical attention

Burns to the Airway

Causes:
1. Smoke/hot gas inhalation (e.g during a fire)
2. Being an idiot and drinking a too hot drink
3. Eating fire but failing

S&S of Burns to the Airway:

1. Hoarseness of voice
2. Soot around mouth
3. Breathing difficulties
4. Difficulties speaking
5. Redness or swelling of tongue
6. Damage to skin around mouth

Treatment:
 1. Call 995 for an ambulance
2. Offer casualty small sips of cold water to reduce swelling and pain in
throat
3. Reassure casualty and monitor vital signs till ambulance arrives

Take note: Treat burns to the airway quickly, if not swelling may block
airway and casualty will fall unconscious

Rope Burn (Friction burn):

Causes:
1. Sliding down a rope to quickly
2. Falling onto a carpet

S&S of Rope Burn:

1. Redness of skin
2. Pain at affected area
3. Peeling skin

Treatment:
1. Run it under cool water for 10 minutes (No need to wrap in cling film)

Flash Burn
Causes:
1. Staring at a bright light for too long (e.g the Sun. Ikr, humans are
idiots)
2. Bright sources of light (e.g welder’s torch, sunlight reflecting off snow)

S&S of Flash Burn

1. Intense Pain in eyes
2. Gritty feeling in eyes (e.g like having sand in your eyes)
3. Sensitivity to light
4. Redness and watering of eyes

Treatment of Flash Burn:

1. Reassure the casualty
2. Ask casualty to hold an eye pad against each injured eye
3. If medical help will take some time to arrive, lightly tape down each
pad
4. Arrange for transport for casualty to a hospital