103.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Describe the structure of an ecosystem.
Ans) Structure of Ecosystem:
The structure of an ecosystem is basically a description of the organisms and physical features of
environment including the amount and distribution of nutrients in a particular habitat. It also provides
information regarding the range of climatic conditions prevailing in the area.
From the structure point of view, all ecosystems consist of the following basic components:
1. Abiotic components
2. Biotic components
1. Abiotic Components:
Ecological relationships are manifested in physicochemical environment. Abiotic component of ecosystem
includes basic inorganic elements and compounds, such as soil, water, oxygen, calcium carbonates,
phosphates and a variety of organic compounds (by-products of organic activities or death).
2. Biotic Components:
The biotic components include all living organisms present in the environmental system.

2. Write about AIDS.

Ans) AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a syndrome caused by a virus called HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus). The disease alters the immune system, making people much more vulnerable to
infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens as the syndrome progresses.
HIV is found throughout all the tissues of the body but is transmitted via the body fluids of an infected
person (semen, vaginal fluids, blood, and breast milk).

3. Explain biogenesis .
Ans) The term biogenesis refers to the production of life from already-living matter or organisms. This is in
contrast to abiogenesis, which refers to the production of life from non-living matter. Natural abiogenesis
has never been observed, nor are there any generally accepted models for how it could occur. Biogenesis, on
the other hand, is routinely observed at all levels of life. When a bacteria divides, a plant produces seeds, or
a mammal gives birth, biogenesis is occurring.
4. Explain briefly about food preservation.
Ans) food preservation is to prevent the growth of microorganisms (such as yeasts), or other
microorganisms (although some methods work by introducing benign bacteria or fungi to the food), as well
as slowing the oxidation of fats that cause rancidity. Food preservation may also include processes that
inhibit visual deterioration, such as the enzymatic browningreaction in apples after they are cut during food
preparation.

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Many processes designed to preserve food involve more than one food preservation method. Preserving fruit
by turning it into jam, for example, involves boiling (to reduce the fruit’s moisture content and to kill
bacteria, etc.), sugaring (to prevent their re-growth) and sealing within an airtight jar (to prevent
recontamination).
5. What are vaccines?
Ans) A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A
vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from
weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the
body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, recognize and destroy any of these
microorganisms that it later encounters. Vaccines can be prophylactic (example: to prevent or ameliorate the
effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (e.g., vaccines against cancer are
being investigated)
6)Define carbohydrates.
Ans) Carbohydrates are present in varying amounts in most of the foods you eat including fruits, vegetables,
grains, beans, legumes, milk and milk products, and foods containing added sugar such as candy, soda and
other sweets. Carbohydrates are present in food in the form of starch, sugar and fiber. A carbohydrate is a
molecule containing carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, and can be either simple or complex. Both simple and
complex carbohydrates can be healthy food options. Simple carbohydrates are monosaccharides and
disaccharides. Monosaccharides are a single sugar molecule, while disaccharides are two simple sugar
molecules linked together. More complex carbohydrates are called polysaccharides and are multiple sugar
molecules linked together.
7. What are lipids?
Ans) Lipids are molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and
function of living cells. Examples of lipids include fats, oils, waxes, certain vitamins, hormones and most of
the non-protein membrane of cells.
Lipids are not soluble in water. They are non-polar and are thus soluble in nonpolar environments like in
choloroform but not soluble in polar environments like water.
Lipids have mainly hydrocarbons in their composition and are highly reduced forms of carbon. When
metabolized, lipids are oxidized to release large amounts of energy and thus are useful to living organisms.
8. What is satellite? And its types.
Ans) A satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit. Such objects are
sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as Earth's Moon.
Types:
Pupil Worksheet
Satellites are usually classified according to the type of orbit they are in.

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Low Earth Orbits
Satellites in low Earth orbits are normally military reconnaissance satellites that can pick out tanks from 160
km above the Earth.
Sun-Synchronous orbits
Meteorological satellites are often placed in a sun-synchronous or heliosynchronous orbit. These satellites
are in polar orbits.
Geosynchronous satellites
Earth-synchronous or geosynchronous satellites are placed into orbit so that their period of rotation exactly
matches the Earth's rotation.

Geostationary satellites
The majority of communications satellites are in fact geostationary satellites.

9. Lamarckism (or Lamarckian inheritance) is the hypothesis that an organism can pass on characteristics
that it has acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime to its offspring. It is also known as
the inheritance of acquired characteristics or soft inheritance. It is inaccurately named after the
French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829), who incorporated the action of soft inheritance into
his evolutionary theories as a supplement to his concept of orthogenesis, a drive towards complexity. The
theory is cited in textbooks to contrast with Darwinism.

10. Write a short note on antibiotic?

Ans) Antibiotics ), also called antibacterials, are a type of antimicrobial drug used in
the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A
limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective
against viruses such as the common cold or influenza; drugs which inhibit viruses are termed antiviral
drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics.

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11. Write any three properties of magnet?
Ans)
PROPERTIES OF MAGNET
1. Magnets attract objects of iron, cobalt and nickel.
2. The force of attraction of a magnet is greater at its poles than in the middle.
3. Like poles of two magnets repel each other.
4. Opposite poles of two magnets attracts each other.
5. If a bar magnet is suspended by a thread and if it is free to rotate, its South Pole will move towards
the North Pole of the earth and vice versa.

12. Describe the structure of an atom.

Ans) The structure of an atom
Although the word 'atom' comes from the Greek for indivisible, we now know that atoms are not the
smallest particles of matter. Atoms are made from smaller subatomic particles.

At the centre of an atom is a nucleuscontaining protons and neutrons. Electronsare arranged around the
nucleus in energy levels or shells. Make sure you can label a simple diagram of an atom like this one.

13. Explain about Ecosystem

Ans) An ecosystem, a term very often used in biology, is a community of plants and animals interacting with
each other in a given area, and also with their non-living environments. The non-living environments
include weather, earth, sun, soil, climate and atmosphere. The ecosystem relates to the way that all these
different organisms live in close proximity to each other and how they interact with each other. For instance,
in an ecosystem where there are both rabbits and foxes, these two creatures are in a relationship where the
fox eats the rabbit in order to survive. This relationship has a knock on effect with the other creatures and
plants that live in the same or similar areas. For instance, the more rabbits that foxes eat, the more the plants
may start to thrive because there are fewer rabbits to eat them.

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14.Write some applications of poly vinyl chloride ( PVC )
Ans) Economical, versatile polyvinyl chloride (PVC, or vinyl) is used in a variety of applications in the
building and construction, health care, electronics, automobile and other sectors, in products ranging from
piping and siding, blood bags and tubing, to wire and cable insulation, windshield system components and
more.
Vinyl is versatile: it can be as rigid as industrial pipes, as pliable as plastic wrap, and as thin and flexible as
wallcovering. It can also be completely clear or matched to any color desired.

15. uses of electricity.

Ans) We use electricity virtually every minute of every day, yet few of us understand the major uses of
electricity in our homes.
Uses of Electricity
Electricity is used in various fields of human activity. The importance of electricity in various fields in
which electricity works are discussed below:
1. Engineering: All engineering and technical activities depend on electricity.
2. Communication and transport: Modern man today is enjoying all the facilities of transport and
communication and these are possible only through electricity.
3. Surgery: Modern treatment of many diseases is surgical.
4. Entertainment programs: Today all our entertainment programs depend on electricity.
5. House-building: Modern house-building also needs electricity, especially for getting grills for the
windows, gates and other materials of iron and steel.

16. Darwinism
Ans) Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles
Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural
selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive,
and reproduce. Also called Darwinian theory, it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of
species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published On the Origin of
Species in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories. It subsequently referred to the
specific concepts of natural selection, the Weismann barrier, or the central dogma of molecular biology

17. Explain about Blue revolution

Ans) The term "blue revolution" refers to the remarkable emergence of aquaculture as an important and
highly productive agricultural activity. Aquaculture refers to all forms of active culturing of aquatic animals
and plants, occurring in marine, brackish, or fresh waters.

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Aquaculture has long been practiced in China and other places in eastern Asia, where freshwater fish have
been grown as food in managed ponds for thousands of years. In recent decades, however, the practice of
aquaculture has spread around the world. Many species of freshwater and marine organisms are being
cultivated as highly productive and nutritious crops for consumption by humans. The tremendous growth of
aquaculture has been stimulated by knowledge that there are intrinsic limitations to the productivity of the
wild, unmanaged aquatic ecosystems that humans have traditionally exploited as sources of fish,
aquatic invertebrates, and seaweeds. Moreover, in a depressingly large number of cases, the usable
productivity of natural aquatic ecosystems has been overexploited or otherwise degraded by humans, and the
harvested yields have declined substantially.
In many cases, however, the productivity of valuable aquatic species can be greatly increased under
managed conditions, and also by genetic selection for varieties having desirable traits, such as higher
productivity. The principal goal of aquaculture science is to develop systems by which aquatic organisms
can be grown and harvested at high but sustainable rates, while not causing unacceptable environmental
damage.
18.Define green revolution.
Ans) The Green Revolution was a period when the productivity of global agriculture increased drastically
as a result of new advances. During this time period, new chemical fertilizers and synthetic herbicides and
pesticides were created. The chemical fertilizers made it possible to supply crops with extra nutrients and,
therefore, increase yield. The newly developed synthetic herbicides and pesticides controlled weeds,
deterred or kill insects, and prevented diseases, which also resulted in higher productivity.

19. What is an electro magnet.

Ans) An electromagnet is a magnet that runs on electricity. Unlike a permanent magnet, the strength
of an electromagnet can easily be changed by changing the amount of electric current that flows
through it. The poles of an electromagnet can even be reversed by reversing the flow of electricity.An
electromagnet works because an electric current produces a magnetic field. The magnetic field
produced by an electric current forms circles around the electric current,

20.What are Bioethics.

Ans) Bioethics is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine. It is also
moral discernment as it relates to medical policy and practice. Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical
questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law,
and philosophy. It includes the study of values ("the ethics of the ordinary") relating to primary care and
other branches of medicine.

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21. Structure and Function of an Ecosystem:
Each ecosystem has two main components:
(1) Abiotic

(2) Biotic

(1) Abiotic Components:

The non living factors or the physical environment prevailing in an ecosystem form the abiotic components.
They have a strong influence on the structure, distribution, behaviour and inter-relationship of organisms.

Abiotic components are mainly of two types:

(a) Climatic Factors:
Which include rain, temperature, light, wind, humidity etc.

(b) Edaphic Factors:

Which include soil, pH, topography minerals etc.?

The functions of important factors in abiotic components are given below:

Soils are much more complex than simple sediments. They contain a mixture of weathered rock fragments,
highly altered soil mineral particles, organic matter, and living organisms. Soils provide nutrients, water, a
home, and a structural growing medium for organisms. The vegetation found growing on top of a soil is
closely linked to this component of an ecosystem through nutrient cycling.

The atmosphere provides organisms found within ecosystems with carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and
oxygen for respiration. The processes of evaporation, transpiration and precipitation cycle water between the
atmosphere and the Earth’s surface.

Solar radiation is used in ecosystems to heat the atmosphere and to evaporate and transpire water into the
atmosphere. Sunlight is also necessary for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis provides the energy for plant
growth and metabolism, and the organic food for other forms of life.

Most living tissue is composed of a very high percentage of water, up to and even exceeding 90%. The
protoplasm of a very few cells can survive if their water content drops below 10%, and most are killed if it is
less than 30-50%.

Water is the medium by which mineral nutrients enter and are trans-located in plants. It is also necessary for
the maintenance of leaf turgidity and is required for photosynthetic chemical reactions. Plants and animals

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 receive their water from the Earth’s surface and soil. The original source of this water is precipitation from
the atmosphere.

(2) Biotic Components:

The living organisms including plants, animals and micro-organisms (Bacteria and Fungi) that are present in
an ecosystem form the biotic components.

22. What are blood groups.

Ans) Blood groups are complex chemical systems found on the surface of blood cells. The two main blood
group systems in transfusion practice are the ABO system and the Rh(D) type. Identification of the correct
blood group is important to prevent reaction following transfusion.
Within the ABO system, people can be one of four groups - O, A, B or AB, while in the Rh(D) system they
can be either Rh(D) positive or Rh(D) negative. Each system is inherited independently of the other. As a
result, there are eight main blood groups.

23. What diseases occur due to malnutrition.

Ans) Malnutrition results from a poor diet or a lack of food. It happens when the intake of nutrients or
energy is too high, too low, or poorly balanced.
Signs and symptoms of undernutrition include:
 lack of appetite or interest in food or drink
 tiredness and irritability
 inability to concentrate
 always feeling cold
 loss of fat, muscle mass, and body tissue
 higher risk of getting sick and taking longer to heal
 longer healing time for wounds
 higher risk of complications after surgery
 depression
 reduced sex drive and problems with fertility

24. functions of ecosystem.

Ans) Function of Ecosystem:
An ecosystem is a discrete structural, functional and life sustaining environmental system. The
environmental system consists of biotic and abiotic components in a habitat. Biotic component of the
ecosystem includes the living organisms; plants, animals and microbes whereas the abiotic component
includes inorganic matter and energy.

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Abiotic components provide the matrix for the synthesis and perpetuation of organic components
(protoplasm). The synthesis and perpetuation processes involve energy exchange and this energy comes
from the sun in the form of light or solar energy.
25.Explain urey and miller experiments and discuss its result
Ans) The Miller–Urey experiment(or Miller experiment) was a chemical experiment that simulated the
conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth, and tested the chemical origin of life under
those conditions. The experiment supported Alexander Oparin's and J. B. S. Haldane's hypothesis that
putative conditions on the primitive Earth favoured chemical reactions that synthesized more
complex organic compounds from simpler inorganic precursors. Considered to be the classic experiment
investigating abiogenesis, it was conducted in 1952by Stanley Miller, with assistance from Harold Urey, at
the University of Chicago and later the University of California, San Diegoand published the following year

26. Ionic bonding

Ans) Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely
charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. The ions are atoms that have
gained one or more electrons (known as anions, which are negatively charged) and atoms that have lost one
or more electrons (known as cations, which are positively charged). This transfer of electrons is known
as electrovalence in contrast to covalence. In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is
a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be of a more complex nature, e.g. molecular ions like NH4+ or SO42−. In
simpler words, an ionic bond is the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal in order to obtain a full
valence shell for both atoms.

27. Fibers

Ans) Fiber or fibre (see spelling differences, from the Latin fibra) is a natural or synthetic substance that is
significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest
engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example carbon fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight
polyethylene.

Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for
clothing natural fibers can give some benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.

28. endangered species

Ans) An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct.
Endangered (EN), as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, is
the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN's schema after Critically
Endangered (CR).

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